euro history chp. 17 – Flashcards
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scientist-philosopher who provides link between scientists of 17th century philosophes of the next was:
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Fontenelle
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Enlightenment thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended:
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applying scientific methods to all aspects of human life
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how did Immanuel Kent define the Enlightenment?
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"have the courage to use your own intelligence"
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European intellectual life in the 18th century was marked by the emergence of:
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secularization and a search to find natural laws to life
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The works of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment because they:
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popularize a growing skepticism towards God
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A major inspiration for travel literature in the 18th century were the Pacific Ocean Adventures of:
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James cook
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John Locke argued that every person was born with:
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a blank slate
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French philosophes:
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intellectuals that wanted to change the world through reason and rationality
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What Newton and Locke provided inspiration for
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the enlightment
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The French philosophes mostly included people from:
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nobility and the middle class
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What argument is made in Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws ?
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balance in government
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recognized capital of the Enlightenment
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paris
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key new type of enlightened writing fueling skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity and European society
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travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures
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The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was:
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francios quesnay
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Voltaire was best known for his criticism of:
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religious intolerance
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An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was:
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marquis du chatelet
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Deism is the belief that:
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God created the universe but does not actively run it.
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The purpose of Diderot's encyclopedia, according to him, was to:
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change the general way of thinking.
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The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to:
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social sciences
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Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery was his:
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encyclopedia
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Adam Smith believed that government:
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should not interfere in people's economic decisions
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The author of The Progress of the Human Mind and who became a victim of the FrenchRevolution was:
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marie condorcet
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Who said that individuals "will forced to be free"?
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rousseau
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Montesquieu's Persian Letters was a method that allowed him to:
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criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy
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For Rousseau, the "general will" was:
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a social consensus to which the individual must bow.
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For Rousseau, what was the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes?
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private land
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What was Rousseau's influential novel and what key Enlightenment themes does it deal with?
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proper child rearing and human education.
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Salons were:
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literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed
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The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by:
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mary wilstonecraft
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Rococo artistic style of 18th century was evident in the masterpieces of:
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Balthasar Neumann
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Who produced religious music as a way to worship God?
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johann sebastian
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European music in the later 18th century was well characterized by ____ and ___, who shifted musical center from ____ and _______ to the _____ Empire.
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Haydn and Mozart, Italy and Germany, Austrian Empire
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18th century composer was considered most innovative and wrote the opera, The Marriage of Figero
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mozart
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What were novels used for by 18th century writers?
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to attack the hypocrisies of the era/provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers
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Who was the author of A Serious Proposal to the Ladies and what did this work argue?
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mary astell
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What aided and characterized the growth of reading and publishing in the 18th century?
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magazines for the general public
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High culture in 18th century Europe was characterized by the:
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enormous impact of the publishing industry
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Fully describe Handel's Messiah
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musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order
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What is Beccaria associated with?
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less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century
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European legal system by the end of the eighteenth century; what things were on the decline?
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corporal and capitol punishment were on the decline
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The punishment of crime earlier in the 18th century can be described as:
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public and gruesome
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What was celebrated in the weeks leading up to Christmas?
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carnival
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A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in 18th century England was:
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gin
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Pograms were:
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instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities
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What still played a major role in 18th century Europe?
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churches, both Catholic and Protestant
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What areas did Jews thrive in during the 18th century?
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the right to publicly practice of their religion in Austria with Joseph II's Toleration Patent of 1781
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Who founded Methodism and why?
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John Wesley
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In reaction to significant elements of rationalism/deism in what countries did ordinary churchgoers chose new religious movements?
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england and germany
