question

Cornelius Vanderbilt

answer

In 1867 the NY Central passed into the hands of "Commodore", who made a large fortune in the shipping business, and already controlled lines running from Albany to NYC; now merged these properties with the NY Central. By his death 1877 his network operated over 4,500 miles of track.

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Jay Gould

answer

ruthless, cynical, agressive dominant system builder of the Southwest.

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air brake

answer

invented in 1869 which enabled an engineer to apply the brakes to all cars simultaneously (formerly each car had to be braked separately by its own conductor as brakeman), this made possible revolutionary increases in the size of trains and the speed at which they could safely operate.

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sleeping car

answer

invented in 1864 by George Pullman

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bessemer process

answer

invented in 1850s; stream of air directed into a mass of molten iron caused the carbon and other impurities to combine with oxygen and burn off.

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Mesabi

answer

enormous iron regions that made a compass needle spin like a top.

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Edwin Drake

answer

drilled the first successful well in Pennsylvania in 1859.

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rebates

answer

secret reductions below the published rates that the competition gave to large shippers in order to capture their business.

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Morganizations

answer

reorganizations after the true depression of the 1890s, where big systems came under the control of financiers like JP Morgan.

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Trust

answer

formerly signifying a fiduciary arrangements fro the protection of the interests of individuals incompetent or unwilling to guard them themselves, became a synonym for monopoly.

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General electric

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1892 when Edison and Thomson-Houston companies merged into a $35 million corporation, and maintained dominance in the manufacture of bulbs and electrical equipment as well as in the distribution of electrical power.

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Progress and Poverty

answer

written by Henry George in 1879

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Wealth against commonwealth

answer

written by Henry Demarest Lloyd in 1894

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Gospel of Wealth

answer

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

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Looking Backward

answer

written by Edward Bellamy in 1888

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National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry

answer

a farmers' organization, founded in 1867 by Oliver H. Kelley, that initially provided social and cultural benefits but then supported legislation, known as laws providing for railroad regulation.

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Munn vs. Illinois

answer

1877 railroads protested they were being deprived of property without due process. decision: state legislature can regulate economic enterprises. consequence: expansion of state powers against powerful corporations and trusts.

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Wabash Case

answer

1886 decision: state legislatures can NOT regulate interstate economic activity; only federal govt. can. consequence: congress passes interstate commerce act in 1887, regulating railroad behavior.

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Interstate Commerce Act

answer

federal law established in 1887 as the nation's first regulatory agency.

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Laissez-faire

answer

literally means, " to let alone" -used in economic contexts to signify the absence of governmental interference in or regulation of economic matters.

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Sherman Anti-trust act

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a federal law passed in 1809 that outlawed monopolistic organizations that functioned to restrain trade.

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US vs. EC Knights

answer

1895 decision: huge corporations that dominated markets cannot be broken up if they do not also behave badly. consequence: weakens Sherman Antitrust Act.

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Knights of Labor

answer

a national labor organization, formed in 1869 and headed by Uriah Stephens and Terence Powderly, that promoted union solidarity, political reform, and sociability among members. It's advocacy for 8 hr workdays led to violent strikes.

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Terence Powderly

answer

successor to Uriah Stephens and leader of the Knights of Labor.

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Haymarket square

answer

bombing due to worker strikes

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American Federation of Labor

answer

a union, formed in 1886, that organized skilled workers along craft lines; it focused on workplace issues rather than political or social reform.

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Samuel Gompers

answer

leader of AFL and originally interested in utopian social reforms.

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bread and butter

answer

issues such as higher wages and shorter hours that AFL fought for.

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Railroad strike of 1877

answer

strike that began in Baltimore and Ohio system in response to a wage cut and spread to other eastern lines and then throughout the West until about 2/3 of the railroad mileage of the country had been shut down. response to a business slump, and caused much violence.

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Homestead strike

answer

struggle between capital and labor in the steel industry, where steel producers insisted that the workers were holding back progress by resisting technological advances, while workers believed that the company was refusing to share the fruits of more efficient operation fairly.

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Pullman strike

answer

1894 there was a protest against wage cuts at a car factory outside Chicago.

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Eugene Debs

answer

lead American Railway Union, defied a federal injunction to end the walkout, and jailed for contempt which ended the strike; in 1897 he became a socialist.

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survival of the fittest

answer

"The 'fittest' enterprises or individuals prevailed, while those that were defective naturally faded away; society thus progressed most surely when competition was unrestricted by govt.

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social Darwinism

answer

a belief that Charles Darwin's economic theory of the evolution of species also applied to social and economic institutions and practices: survival of the fittest.

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William Graham Sumner

answer

Yale professor who argued large corporations were those that were "fittest" best suited to prevail in the Darwinian world of capitalism

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injunctions

answer

court orders that prohibit a certain activity

question

Evaluate the growth of railroads in the latter 19th century.

answer

most significant element in American economic development that after 1865 was organized in integrated systems with hight fixed costs and standardizing time zones for travel which was cheap and transcontinental.

question

explain the role of Thomas Edison in American technology.

answer

commissioned the invention of the telephone, and eventually invented the lightbulb in 1879, as well as, opened a power station in NYC to supply current for lighting in 1882.

question

Describe the impact of Andrew Carnegie in the establishment of the steel industry.

answer

He sold rails by paying commissions to railroad purchasing agents, and his grasp of technological developments, he produced steel nearly tenfold during the decade and profits soared, causing other manufactures to compete in steel.

question

Understand how John D. Rockefeller acquired domination of the petroleum industry.

answer

used rebates and drawbacks as a way of eliminating the competition of getting them to merge with him.

question

Evaluate traditional support for free enterprise along with the call for govt. regulation of business.

answer

laissez faire: leave businesses alone and let them compete. protective tarifs. People were afraid of new expanding economy but they were excited for it as well.

question

Explain the ideas of Henry George, Edward Bellamy, and Henry Demarest Lloyd.

answer

George: labor was the source of wealth; but investors made money from capital and property. Govt. should tax property, to help redistribute the unearned income of the wealthy. Bellamy: the trend toward industrial concentration would culminate in the govt. owning everything: an era of prosperity, stability, and cooperative planning would ensure. Lloyd: concentration of power in corporations inevitably led to monopoly; the govt. must step in to prevent corporations from becoming behemoths.

question

Understand the premise of Marxian socialism.

answer

European socialists like German political philosopher, Karl Marx.

question

Understand conditions that gave rise to labor unions.

answer

long 10 hr days, very low wages, in unhealthy conditions causing many children, women, and immigrants into poverty and slums.

question

Recount the major labor strikes of the late 19th century.

answer

Railroad strike of 1977 Homestead strike Pullman strike

question

Alexander Graham Bell

answer

invented the telephone in 1876 and interested in the education of the deaf.

question

Describe the family life, working conditions and attitudes of the middle class, working class and farmers in the late 19th century.

answer

Middle class was a "Culture of consumption" and lived a comfortable life. Working class lived in crowded urban areas, working 10 hrs. a day, and working aorund heavy, high speed machinery.

question

Identify the "push", "pull", factors regarding immigration and the difference between "old immigration" and "new immigration."

answer

factors that pulled immigrants toward America were industrial revolution, improvements in transportation, increased farm machinery, and opportunity. "Push" factors included political and religious persacutions, and peasant economy of central Europe.

question

Describe urban life near the end of the century.

answer

The well off remained confirmed optimists and uncritical admirers of civilization, while poor were living in intolerable conditions in slums; so human values seemed in grave danger of being crushed by impersonal forces by great corporations. America was modernizing.

question

Explain how and why cities grew in the late 19th century and relate this to late 19th century social problems.

answer

There were more industry and opportunity in the cities, so more people and especially immigrants moved into crowded slums and tenements which caused problems of housing, public health, crime and immorality.

question

Summarize the late 19th century religions criticism of America's urban and industrial expansion and assess the solutions critics provided.

answer

Social Gospel which was focused on improving living conditions rather than saving souls. Current Christians believed that poverty was an act of God, including Evangelists who believed faith in God would transcend the poor's material difficulties of life.

question

culture of consumption

answer

superficial modern family life that was about consuming as many fine possessions such as big houses, many books, and furniture.

question

Thorstein Veblen

answer

wrote Theory of the Leisure Class in 1899 which argued that consumers derived little real pleasure from their big homes and gaudy purchases, but that they were really just showing off their wealth.

question

upward mobility

answer

economic growth that caused many to move to the cities and the boost of public education for many of those becoming part of a higher status.

question

"new immigration"

answer

reference to the influx of immigrants to the US during the late 19th century and early 20th century predominantly from southern and eastern Europe.

question

padrone

answer

sort of contractor who agreed to supply gangs of unskilled workers to companies for a lump sum, usually signed on immigrants unfamiliar with American wage levels at rates that ensured him a healthy profit.

question

nativist

answer

a fear of hatred of immigrants, ethnic minorities, or alien political movements.

question

tenement

answer

four to six story residential apt. house, once common in New York and certain other cities, built on a tiny lot with little regard for adequate ventilation or light.

question

settlement house

answer

community centers, founded by reformers such as Jane Addams and Lillian Wald beginning in the 1880s, that were located in poor urban districts of major cities; the centers sought to Americanize immigrant families and provide them with social services and a political voices.

question

social darwinism

answer

people obsessed with pseudoscientific ideas about "racial purity" also founded the new immigration alarming.

question

Immigration Restriction League

answer

pushed for a literacy test for admission in the 1890s because immigrants were illiterate in southeastern Europe.

question

American Protective Association

answer

the largest nativist organization founded in 1887

question

How the Other Half Lives

answer

photo journal by Jacob Riis showing the poor living conditions of immigrants.

question

social gospel

answer

a doctrine preached by many urban protestant ministers during the early 1900s that focused on improving living conditions for the city's poor rather than on saving souls; proponents advocated civil service reform, child labor laws, govt. regulation of big businesses, and a graduated income tax.

question

Hull house

answer

most famous settlement house in Chicago started by Jane Addams

question

Jane Addams

answer

started many settlement houses with great programs such as music and art for the poor.

question

Lillian Wald

answer

nurse by training worked for better conditions for women and children including education.

question

Louis Sullivan

answer

a famous architect who designed functional buildings

question

John L. Sullivan

answer

first widely popular pugilist who became the heavyweight champion in 1882 by disposing of Paddy Ryan in 9 rounds.

question

Jacob Riis

answer

immigrant himself with many biassed reports of other immigrants in poor living conditions; he wrote How the Other Half Lives.

question

Washington Gladden

answer

most influential preacher of the Social Gospel who persuaded people that as Christians are obliged to improve the conditions of the slums.

question

hayseeds

answer

not very intelligent or interested in culture

question

Identify the developments in the late 19th century that were responses to the public's thirst for knowledge-what vehicles delivered knowledge to those who were eager to learn?

answer

Technological advances, aspirations of nation's youth was rising, and parents had the financial means neccessary for fulfilling them. New courses as well as new teaching methods; professional schools of law, medicine, education, business, journalism, and graduate education. The Morrill Act which granted land to schools with coeducation and advances in women's higher education.

question

Compare and contrast the key changes that occurred in American education in the late 19th century- from public schools through graduate schools.

answer

from strict discipline to the kind of education that would help children to survive by adapting to the demands of their rapidly changing urban enviornment. Progressive education and revolution in social sciences.

question

Explain how Darwin's evolutionary theories influenced the social science disciplines in the late 19th century.

answer

natural laws that governed all human behavior which used insights of Darwin to justify unrestrained competition and lassiez faire which was challenged by young economic theories that states laws should be modified in order to remain relevant.

question

Compare and contrast the definitions of literary romanticism, realism, and naturalism. What fundamental values are embedded in each.

answer

romanticism is loosely connected attitude toward nature and human kind, while realism shows the world the way it is and its relevance. Naturalism is the view of people, landscapes, or natural world in an objective view. All of the fundemental values in each are based on how we precieve human beings and our world around us.

question

Identify the major assumptions of pragmatism and list the strengths and weaknesses of the philosophy of pragmatists.

answer

Major assumptions: belief in free will; how enviornment might influence survival as the desire to survive. weakness: materialims, anti-intellectualism, insecurity, and that end justified the means. strengths: causing people to work for change.

question

Chautauqua movement

answer

improvements in public education and the needs of an increasingly complex society for every type of intellectual skilled caused a veritable revolution in how knowledge was discovered, disseminated, and put to use; started by John H. Vincent and Lewis Miller.

question

Joseph Pulitzer

answer

first published to reach a massive audience; a Hungarian born immigrant who made first rate paper and in 1883 bought the New York World.

question

William Randolph Hearst

answer

copy competitor of Pulitzer who purchased in New York Journal in 1895.

question

Charles Eliot

answer

1869 a chemist who undertook a transformation of the college, who introduced the elective system, gradually eliminating required courses and expanding offerings in such areas as modern languages, economics, and the laboratory sciences.

question

Morrill Act

answer

grant land to each state at a rate of 30,000 acres for each senator and rep., provided endowments that gave many important modern universities, such as Illinois, Michigan State, and Ohio State.

question

"Seven Sisters"

answer

the all girl colleges such as Vassar and ect.

question

classical economics

answer

maintained that immutable natural laws governed all human behavior and which used the insights of Darwin only to justify unrestrained competition and laissez-faire.

question

Institutionalist School of economics

answer

times have changed and economic theories must be modified to be relevant, so the members made detailed investigations of labor unions, sweatshops, factories, and mines which lead to theoretical insights and practical social reform.

question

John Dewey

answer

philosopher and professor at the University of Chicago who helped lead the progressive education.

question

School and Society

answer

written by John Dewey in 1899 which insisted that meaningful social change was impossible without education change.

question

Progressive Education

answer

Educational movement focusing on educating the child, not the subject. Rejects traditional approaches for more practical ones.

question

Frederick Jackson Turner

answer

wrote a democratic concept frontier thesis, "The Significance of Frontier in American History"

question

"The Significance of Frontier in American History"

answer

written by Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 argued that Frontier experience, through which every section of the country had passed, had affected the thinking of the people and the shape of American institutions.

question

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.

answer

published the Common Law in 1881 which rejected the ideas that judges should limit themselves to the mechanical explication of statuses and that law consisted only of what was written in law books, and argued that for that situation rather than the precedent should determine the rules by which people are governed.

question

Mark Twain

answer

Samuel L. Clemens who grew up in Missouri, a realist writer who wrote truthfully of his thoughts and experiences. wrote Huckleberry Finn.

question

Henry James

answer

naturalist who spend most of his mature life in Europe writing novels, short stories, plays, and volumes of criticism.

question

Thomas Eakins

answer

realist artist who was born in America, but studied in Europe in the late 1860s; he was inspired by Velasquez and Rembrandt.

question

Pragmatism

answer

a philosophical system, chiefly associated with William James, that deemphasized abstraction and assessed ideas and cultural practices based on their practical effects; it helped inspire political and social reform during the late 19th century.

question

William James

answer

pragmatists who contended that the will, as influenced by a psychological factors, was an independent force in human affairs.

question

Identify the major political issues of the latter part of the 19th century.

answer

Political issues include "bloody shirts"-blame democrats tariffs- high protective tariffs currency reform- deflation civil service reform-patronage: public officials reward friends/w jobs: similar to spoils system.

question

Understand how political allegiances cut across sectional, ethnic, partisan, and economic lines.

answer

Congress dominated govt. Democrats vs. Republicans Sectional: South-republicans, New England-demcrats and every where else there was a balance. Ethnic: immigrants, Catholics, minority groups voted democratic(minus blacks) and scandinavian and german immigrants voted republican. Partisan and economic: powerful business leaders voted democratic, and the bulk of people balanced the vote.

question

Evaluate the presidencies of Rutherford Hayes, James Garfield, Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland, and Benjamen Harrison as to policies and effectivness.

answer

Hayes: 1887-1881 republican who played down tariff issues, conservative on money issue, and vetoed bills. Garfield: Republican assissnated Sept. 19. Arthur: Democrat in 1884 and went against Blaine. Cleveland: Democrat who gave constructive leadership on the tariff question. Harrison: Republican who believed in protective tariffs, conservative fiscal policy, favor civil service reform.

question

Explain the factors that led to the disfranchisement of blacks in the South.

answer

Jim Crow Laws. Poll taxes and literacy tests which made it almost impossible for blacks to vote.

question

Explain how farm discontent led to formation of the Alliance and Populist movements.

answer

agricultural depression unahppy about how both political parties could not meet their demands.

question

Explain why some advocated the use of silver as a basis for currency in the late 19th century.

answer

Silver mining states were some of the big supporters, silver could be melted down and sold, and think: Band-Allison Silver Purchase Act and Sherman Silver Purchase Act.

question

Explain the "watershed" election of 1896, in reference to cadidates, parties, campaign techniques, outcome, and significance.

answer

Democrate Bryan and Republican William McKinley. Bryan was more parochioal and McKinely used "front-porch campaign" who also used Mark Hanna to run his campaign. McKinely won.

question

Patronage

answer

(politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

question

Pendleton Act

answer

an 1883 law bringing civil service reform to federal employment; it classified many govt. jobs and required competitive exams for these positions.

question

James Blaine

answer

Republican cadidate who went against Cleveland for presidency in 1884 though was accused of granting congressional favors to railroads.

question

Literacy Test

answer

must be able to understand what section of the constitution that is read aloud and for poor whites there was an "understanding" and for blacks who attmepted, were always wrong.

question

Poll Tax

answer

raised economic barrier and one of the factors for black's disenfranchisement of blacks and poor whites.

question

The Civil Rights Cases

answer

a group of cases in 1883 in which US Supreme Court declared unconstitutional the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which had prohibited racial discrimination in hotels, theaters, and other privately owned facilities. Rule of 14th amendment.

question

Plessy vs. Ferguson

answer

Supreme Court ruling (1896) the held that racial segregation of public accomodations did not infringe on the "equal protection" clause of the Constitution; the "separate but equal" doctrine was overturned by Brown vs. Board of Ed. (1954).

question

Booker T. Washington

answer

Influential African American figure, former slave who became educated and became a public speaker and adovocate fo equality and philanthropic.

question

Tuskegee Institute

answer

Alabama school that taught self improvement to blacks.

question

The Atlanta Compromise

answer

a social policy, propounded by black leader Booker T. Washington in 1895, advocating that blacks concentrate on learning useful skills rather than agitate over segregation, disfranchisement, and discrimination.

question

confrontation and accomodation

answer

The struggles of blacks for decades; one which stated to accomdate to the White's ways, living with them as equals but not confronting them.

question

William Marcy Tweed

answer

Most notorious 19th century "city boss" who extracted tens of millions of dollars from New York City, and eventually went to jail.

question

Allainces

answer

organizations of farmers' clubs that appeared in 1870s and stressed cooperation.

question

Populist Party and platform

answer

"third party" founded in 1891 sought to unite various disaffected groups, especially farmers. the platform called for graduated income taxes, national ownership of railroads, the telegraph, and telephone systems; it also advocated a "subtreasury" plan that would permit farmers to keep nonperishable crops off the market when prices were low.

question

Bland -Allison Silver Puchase Act

answer

an 1878 compromise law that provided for the limited coinage of silver.

question

mugwumps

answer

a group of eastern republicans, disgusted with corruption in the party, who campaigned for the Democrats in the 1884 elections.

question

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

answer

an 1890 law that obliged the federal govt. to buy and coin silver, thereby counteracting the deflationary tendencies of the economy at the time;its repeal in 1894, following the depression of 1893, caused political uproar.

question

monetary policy

answer

policy that involves changing the rate of growth of the money supply in circulation in order to affect the cost and availability of credit

question

Coxey's Army

answer

spring 1894 unemployed "armies" who went to the capitol, which resulted in failure for the armies.

question

Pollock vs. Farmer's Loan and Trust Company

answer

invalidated a federal income tax law despite the fact that a similar measure levied during the Civil War had been upheld

question

Mark Hanna

answer

political, wealthy realist (known for helping McKinley in the election of 1986).

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