TEST STUDY – Flashcards
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Which of the following scenarios would best be explained by the prototype model of concept structures?
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determining whether something is a flower if it is similar to a rose
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Rose believes that she is more likely to die from a tornado than from heart disease because tornados make big news. Which of the following errors has Rose made?
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availability heuristic
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Focusing on information that supports your beliefs and discounting information that contradicts your beliefs is an example of
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confirmation bias.
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Trying the same technique repeatedly to solve a problem is called
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fixation.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of critical thinkers?
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picking an answer and sticking with it
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In comparing a computer to the human brain, the computer's hardware is like _____ and the computer's software is like _____.
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the brain; cognition
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Why was it so revolutionary when researchers began to study cognitive psychology?
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They were studying mental processes rather than observable behavior.
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Consider the word driving. The d sound is known as a _____, while the suffix -ing is known as a _____.
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phoneme; morpheme
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The sentence, "The tablecloth asked her dog to type the dishes," contains
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correct syntax but incorrect semantics.
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When trying to be polite, people will often phrase requests as questions. For example, a person may ask "Can you please pass the salt?" The other person (hopefully) knows that the proper response is to pass the salt, not to answer "yes, I can." This illustrates the concept of
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pragmatics.
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In French, the phrase "Haven't the police found you yet?" is written "La police, ne t'a pas encore trouvé?" Since French speakers arrange words differently than English speakers, the literal translation is "The police, not you have yet found?" In other words, French and English speakers use different rules, called ________________, to govern word order.
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syntax
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When comparing algorithms and heuristics, what is the advantage of using heuristics for solving real-life problems?
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Speed and convenience
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If an intelligence test produces the same score over multiple administrations but it doesn't accurately measure intelligence, then the test is __________ but not __________.
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reliable; valid
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In order to develop _____ for a test, the test should be given to a large, representative group of people of various ages, races, sexes, and geographic locations.
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norms
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If an intelligence test asks questions that would more likely be familiar to a person living in a city than to a person living in the country, the test is
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culturally biased.
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According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, what type of intelligence would be needed to calculate a mathematical problem?
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analytical
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The Raven Progressive Matrices Test is an example of a(n)
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culture-fair test.
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In Professor Gugliotti's psychology class, the exam grades fell exactly on a normal curve. What does this tell us about the results?
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Most of the class got Cs, with fewer people getting As or Fs.
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Six-year-old Kirstin was recently given an IQ test at school, and the results show that she has an extremely high IQ. Her parents are concerned about Kirstin's social development. What advice should you give them?
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They have no reason to be concerned. People with high IQs are typically well adjusted socially.
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Kayla is the consummate hostess. She has a knack for always making her guests feel at home, and knowing the right thing to say in any situation. Howard Gardner would probably say that Kayla would score high on_______ intelligence.
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interpersonal
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Jillian, a stay-at-home mother, watches a lot of daytime television. During the day, Charmin toilet paper runs lots of television ads. Jillian always smiles when she sees these ads because they have so many cute babies on them. When Jillian is shopping at her local market, she finds herself smiling when she is in the toilet paper section, especially when she is near the Charmin toilet paper. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus(i) is(are) the
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cute babies.
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When Tobias passed his driver's exam, the song Fire and Rain by James Taylor was playing on the radio. Now, whenever Tobias hears this sad song, he feels joyous. Tobias's joyful reaction to the sad song can be classified as a(n)
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conditioned response.
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Most people can keep _____ items in their short-term memory.
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7 ± 2
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Which theory of long-term memory organization focuses on interconnected nodes that either excite or inhibit one another?
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connectionist networks
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Smells can evoke vivid memories because the olfactory cortex links to the _____, which is associated with memory.
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hippocampus
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Which type of memory is retrieved unconsciously?
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implicit memory
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Which neurotransmitter has been shown to be most closely associated with reinforcement of behaviors?
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dopamine
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Which of the following statements is correct?
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Classical conditioning focuses on involuntary responses, while operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors.
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Behaviors tend to be MOST resistant to extinction when the reinforcement
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is unpredictable
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_______ refers to auditory sensory memory, whereas _____ refers to visual sensory memory.
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Echoic memory / iconic memory
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According to the serial position effect, if you are a waiter trying to remember all the orders for a table of 7, you should pay particular attention to the __________ orders, because these are the ones you are most likely to forget.
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third, fourth, and fifth
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Eyewitness accounts of crimes are _____.
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prone to errors
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After studying a psychological concept for some time, Vatana still has not been able to grasp the concept. However, while she is driving to work, she has an "ah-ha!" moment and the concept finally makes complete sense to her. Vatana has experienced
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observational learning.
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When comparing observational learning in humans and nonhuman primates it appears that
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other primates are less likely than humans to mimic he specific details of an observed behavior
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Salivating at the presentation of food is an example of ______.
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a reflex
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Latent learning is _____.
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learning that is not demonstrated until one is motivated to perform the behavior
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After seeing dogs catching Frisbees in the park, Lionel decides that he wants to teach his dog Ivan to do it too. He takes Ivan to the park and sits with him, making sure that he watches the other dogs successfully catching Frisbees. What technique is Lionel using on Ivan, and what are the chances for success?
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He is using observational learning, and his chances for success are pretty bad, because dogs are not as likely as people to learn in this way.
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Shira is studying for her biology exam. Shira's usual study method is to just read the book until everything makes sense. But her friend has told her that she should really be testing herself periodically. Why is self-testing so important?
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It's one thing for Shira to recognize information when it's in front of her, but a better sign of understanding is the ability to recall it later.
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Juan developed a fear of dogs after being attacked by one. His counselor helped him to overcome this fear by teaching him to relax in the presence of dogs. Eventually, he was no longer afraid of dogs. Which of the following processes occurred?
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counterconditioning
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You have trained your dog to bark on command by giving her rawhides when she is successful. However, you quit giving her the rawhides when she barks and you find that eventually she will not bark on command. What has occurred?
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extinction
