question

The complex system that includes a group's beliefs, values, dress, and way of life, is called _____. a. counterculture b. culture c. social structure d. culture complex

answer

b. culture

question

Which of the following is an example of non-material culture? a. a painting b. a fashion magazine c. a building d. table manners

answer

d. table manners

question

Material culture consists of a. objects created in a given culture. b. ideas and beliefs of a group of people. c. laws, customs, and ideas. d. ideas about what is right and wrong.

answer

a. objects created in a given culture.

question

Norms, values, laws, and customs are all examples of _____. a. high culture b. material culture c. nonmaterial culture d. nontraditional culture

answer

c. nonmaterial culture

question

Why is culture important to humans? a. A person must learn culture in order to know how to behave in their society. b. Having culture gives a person higher status than other people. c. The more culture one has, the more income one will earn. d. None of these; culture is not of particular importance for humans.

answer

a. A person must learn culture in order to know how to behave in their society.

question

Which of the following is true about the meanings of symbols? a. They depend on the culture in which they appear. b. They have no influence on human behavior. c. They are inherent in the symbol itself. d. They are always the same, regardless of the context in which they exist.

answer

a. They depend on the culture in which they appear.

question

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that: a. reality is the result of social inequality. b. language provides the category through which social reality is defined. c. there is no relationship between language and culture. d. language reflects social differences and therefore material culture.

answer

b. language provides the category through which social reality is defined.

question

The specific cultural expectations for how to behave in a given situation are called _____. a. norms b. directives c. belief-based actualizations d. culture-constructs

answer

a. norms

question

Two classic cultural concepts associated with the work of William Graham Sumner are _____. a. explicit and implicit norms b. folkways and mores c. dominant culture and subcultures d. culture traits and culture concepts

answer

b. folkways and mores

question

Folkways are a. the ordinary customs of different group cultures. b. strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior. c. often upheld through laws that bring serious repercussions. d. norms that provide strict codes of behavior.

answer

a. the ordinary customs of different group cultures.

question

Mores are a. the ordinary customs of different group cultures. b. strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior. c. often upheld through laws that bring serious repercussions. d. norms that provide strict codes of behavior.

answer

b. strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior.

question

The strength or seriousness of social sanctions is a. harsh, regardless of how strictly the norm is held. b. generally lighter for violations of folkways than violations of mores. c. unrelated to the type of norm that is violated. d. not something that sociologists consider in the study of norm violations.

answer

b. generally lighter for violations of folkways than violations of mores.

question

Shared subjective ideas that help bind people in society together are called _____. a. folkways b. beliefs c. mores d. sanctions

answer

b. beliefs

question

The abstract standards that define the ideal, desired, and morally correct principles of a society are called _____. a. beliefs b. values c. myths d. mores

answer

b. values

question

Freedom, justice, and education are examples of: a. sanctions b. functions c. values d. mores

answer

c. values

question

In every society, the dominant culture is a. the only culture in society. b. the culture of the most powerful group. c. strongly influenced by minority subcultures. d. always the culture of the majority of people.

answer

b. the culture of the most powerful group.

question

The cultures of groups whose values and norms differ to some extent from those of the dominant culture are called _____. a. countercultures b. subcultures c. popular cultures d. postmodern cultures

answer

b. subcultures

question

The difference between subcultures and countercultures is that a. countercultures reject and defy the dominant culture and subcultures do not. b. subcultures are created as a reaction to the dominant culture and subcultures do not. c. countercultures retreat from the dominant culture and subcultures do not. d. subcultures cause the development of countercultures.

answer

a. countercultures reject and defy the dominant culture and subcultures do not.

question

The habit of seeing things only from the point of view of one's own group is called _____. a. ethnocentrism b. xenocentrism c. cultural relativism d. multiculturalism

answer

a. ethnocentrism

question

Extreme ethnocentrism a. is rare. b. may result in violence, including terrorism, war, and genocide. c. is found primarily in less developed countries. d. has not been studied by sociologists.

answer

b. may result in violence, including terrorism, war, and genocide.

question

Cultural relativism is the idea that a. a phenomena should be understood and judged only in relationship to the cultural context in which it appears. b. things should be viewed from one's own point of view. c. culture is diffused throughout the world. d. cultures are created in reaction to social change.

answer

a. a phenomena should be understood and judged only in relationship to the cultural context in which it appears.

question

The widespread dissemination of information and entertainment through widely available channels of communication is called _____. a. mass media b. cyber media c. cultured media d. elite media

answer

a. mass media

question

Cultural hegemony refers to a. the excessive influence of one culture in society. b. the social agreement that the powerful should control the media. c. the belief that mass media's influence is larger than desirable. d. multiple cultures merging to create a new mass media.

answer

a. the excessive influence of one culture in society.

question

Mass media influences a. values alone. b. styles, but not values. c. language, but not styles.. d. values, styles, and language.

answer

d. values, styles, and language.

question

Content analyses of media demonstrate that there are patterns for how race, gender and social class are presented. For example, research on the content of television reveals that a. during prime time the majority of television characters are women. b. Hispanics have caught up with whites and are now equally represented on tv. c. more women are shown in professional roles, & beauty has become less important. d. racial and gender stereotypes continue to dominate on television.

answer

d. racial and gender stereotypes continue to dominate on television.

question

The reflection hypothesis contends that a. media organizations create popular values. b. the mass media reflects the values of the general population. c. non-material culture shapes material culture. d. the media try to appeal to the rich and powerful.

answer

b. the mass media reflects the values of the general population.

question

The classic analysis of the Protestant work ethic and the emergence of capitalism was conducted by _____. a. Emile Durkheim b. Pierre Bourdieu c. Max Weber d. Robert Putnam

answer

c. Max Weber

question

_____ theorists are most likely to emphasize that cultural norms and beliefs integrate people into groups and create social bonds. a. Functionalist b. Conflict c. Symbolic interactionist d. New cultural studies

answer

a. Functionalist

question

Which type of theorist is most likely to emphasize that culture serves the interest of powerful group in society? a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction d. new cultural studies

answer

b. conflict theory

question

Symbolic interactionists emphasize a. the economic basis of behavior. b. the role of culture in creating social solidarity. c. the manifest and latent functions of culture. d. the social construction of culture.

answer

d. the social construction of culture.

question

The orientation that sees society as comprised of the images and words that people use to represent behavior and ideas is called _____. a. new cultural studies b. postmodernism c. critical sociology d. new age theory

answer

b. postmodernism

question

When one aspect of culture changes more slowly than other aspects, sociologists call this a. cultural leveling. b. cultural obstructions. c. cultural lag. d. cultural construction.

answer

c. cultural lag.

question

Culture shock refers to a. the experience of realizing that you are aging and culture is changing. b. the introduction of new technologies to older members of society. c. the feeling of disorientation one feels when placed in a new or rapidly changing cultural environment. d. the sticker shock of constantly increasing prices.

answer

c. the feeling of disorientation one feels when placed in a new or rapidly changing cultural environment.

question

The transmission of cultural elements from one society to another is called _____. a. cultural hegemony b. cultural diffusion c. cultural lag d. cultural shock

answer

b. cultural diffusion

question

Movements like the "Black is Beautiful" movement of the 1960s, and the push to teach Native American children their indigenous languages, demonstrate that a. culture is static. b. culture may be used as a means of political resistance. c. the control exercised by the dominant culture is complete. d. nonmaterial culture is more important than material culture.

answer

b. culture may be used as a means of political resistance.

question

The case of Genie, a girl who was isolated for most of her childhood, illustrates that a. human beings need social contact for normal development. b. the human genome project will be able to create humans without socialization. c. human development is possible without socialization. d. society is not as important as biology for human development.

answer

a. human beings need social contact for normal development.

question

____ are the expected behaviors associated with a given status in society. a. Roles b. Norms c. Folkways d. Values

answer

a. Roles

question

Which of the following is true regarding socialization? a. The socialization experience differs for individuals based on their social location. b. The process of socialization is most directly considered psychological. c. Through socialization, individuals internalize behaviors. d. Personality is the basis for socialization.

answer

a. The socialization experience differs for individuals based on their social location.

question

Social scientists and others debate whether humanness is naturally occurring or socially created. This is called the ______ debate. a. inherent - innate b. internal-external c. nature - nurture d. sociology - biology

answer

c. nature - nurture

question

5. Most sociologists would probably agree that in the nature-nurture debate, a. nature is more important than nurture in the development of humanness. b. for some people biology seems to be the more important influence; for others social interaction is more important. c. human development is the result of the interaction of natural and social influences. d. nurture seems to be the ultimate determinant of human nature.

answer

c. human development is the result of the interaction of natural and social influences.

question

Within sociology, the process by which groups and individuals within those groups are brought into conformity with dominant social expectations is called _____. a. criminology b. socialization c. social control d. punishments

answer

c. social control

question

One consequence of socialization is that is makes people bearers of culture. Which of these outcomes of socialization is most related to people as bearers of culture? a. Socialization shapes a person's self concept. b. Socialization creates the capacity for understanding the perspective of other people. c. Socialization creates the tendency to act in socially acceptable ways. d. Socialization ultimately produces society itself.

answer

d. Socialization ultimately produces society itself.

question

The research stated in the text indicates, males are more likely to rate themselves __ females. a. cooperative than b. spiritual than c. self-confident than d. better writers than

answer

c. self-confident than

question

The text presents the example of the difference in how American and Japanese mothers talk to their children in order to demonstrate that a. socialization practices reflect what is important in a particular culture. b. not all cultures practice socialization in the home. c. patterns of socialization are the same throughout the world. d. there is little difference in how U.S. and Japanese mothers talk to their children.

answer

a. socialization practices reflect what is important in a particular culture.

question

The text uses "creationism" as an example of how the social context influences religious socialization. How does the social context related to "creationism"? a. People become creationists as adults when they learn evolutionary theory. b. Creationism is equally distributed among people in different religious faith. c. Creationists tend to come from small towns where they have been less exposed to other influences. d. Creationism is more pronounced in nontraditional families.

answer

c. Creationists tend to come from small towns where they have been less exposed to other influences.

question

Recent research indicates that as agents of socialization, sports a. are more important sources of identity for men than women. b. are where many ideas about gender differences are formed and reinforced. c. have historically been significant in the formation of women's identity. d. have been less significant in the development of masculine identity than was previously believed.

answer

b. are where many ideas about gender differences are formed and reinforced.

question

Sociologists use the term _____ to refer to the subtle messages about race, class, and gender roles that are conveyed through classroom interaction and classroom materials. a. self-fulfilling prophecy b. tracking system c. hidden curriculum d. unequal discourse

answer

c. hidden curriculum

question

Psychoanalytic theories of socialization are based on the work of Sigmund Freud, whose theoretical contribution related to socialization is a. the looking glass self. b. the I and the Me. c. the idea that the subconscious mind shapes human behavior. d. the need for psychoanalysis for everyone to discover

answer

c. the idea that the subconscious mind shapes human behavior.

question

Feminist Sociologist Nancy Chodorow contends that a. men and women become less different once they become adults. b. the basic premises of psychoanalytic theory are incorrect. c. "male envy" is common among U.S. women. d. women tend to have personalities based on attachment and orientation toward others.

answer

d. women tend to have personalities based on attachment and orientation toward others.

question

Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget believed that a. people are passive creatures who merely responded to stimuli in their environment. b. while learning is crucial to socialization, imagination also has a critical role. c. the importance of schema is overemphasized in theories of socialization. d. there are really no distinctive stages of cognitive development.

answer

b. while learning is crucial to socialization, imagination also has a critical role.

question

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the stages in Piaget's cognitive development theory? a. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational b. preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, and concrete operational c. concrete operational, preoperational, sensorimotor, and formal operational d. formal operational, preoperational, sensorimotor, and concrete operational

answer

a. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

question

According to _____, society maintains its stability through socialization. a. psychosocial b. social learning c. functionalism d. conflict theory

answer

c. functionalism

question

Although the process of socialization promotes conformity, individual are also shaped by resistance to conformity and to oppression. This is an argument of _____. a. conflict theory b. functionalism c. social learning theory d. symbolic interaction theory

answer

b. functionalism

question

Albert likes to play catch with his brother, but he cannot understand the complete game of baseball. Albert is likely in which of Mead's stages? a. imitation b. play c. game d. taking

answer

b. play

question

Which of the following is not part of the process of the Cooley's looking glass self? a. We watch others and learn the basic rules of identity. b. We consider how we think we appear to others. c. We consider how we think others judge us. d. How we think others perceive us affect how we feel.

answer

a. We watch others and learn the basic rules of identity.

question

Mead's stages, in their correct order, are a. imitation, sensorimotor, operational. b. preoperational, play, concrete operational. c. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational. d. imitation, play, game.

answer

d. imitation, play, game.

question

George Herbert Mead used the term _____ to refer to people like parents, siblings, or friends. a. generalized other b. important other c. significant other d. familiar other

answer

c. significant other

question

Which of the following statements is true about the process of socialization? a. Socialization begins the moment a person is born. b. By adolescence the socialization process is complete. c. Socialization ends when one becomes an adult. d. One's identity becomes fixed during the process of early

answer

a. Socialization begins the moment a person is born.

question

Researchers interested in how socialization takes place during childhood observed the behaviors of parents walking with children in public. The researchers noted that a. mothers carried their children more than fathers. b. fathers were more likely to be pushing an empty stroller than were mothers. c. both parents were more protective of girls than of boys. d. both parents were more protective of boys than girls.

answer

c. both parents were more protective of girls than of boys.

question

Molly wants to be a nurse. During college she volunteers at the local hospital. This is.... a. an example of resocialization. b. an example of anticipatory socialization. c. an example of adolescent socialization. d. an example of medical socialization.

answer

b. an example of anticipatory socialization.

question

According to the perspective of ______, age differentiation contributes to the common good of society because each group has varying degrees of usefulness for society. a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. disengagement theory

answer

a. functionalism

question

According to the _____ perspective, the diminished usefulness of the elderly justifies their depressed earning power. a. functionalist b. conflict c. psychoanalytic d. symbolic interactionist

answer

a. functionalist

question

The meaning of different age groups varies from culture to culture. This would be of most interest to _____. a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. object relations theory

answer

c. symbolic interaction theory

question

Tommy joined a cult where he was given a new name and moved away from his family in order to learn the "right way." Tommy is going through _____. a. anticipatory socialization b. reverse socialization c. resocialization d. amalgamation

answer

c. resocialization

question

When people are held captive, deprived of sustenance or otherwise abused they sometimes come to identify with their captor or abuser because they are dependent upon them. This phenomenon has been termed _____. a. the Stockholm Syndrome b. the Shreve Syndrome c. brainwashing d. desocialization

answer

a. the Stockholm Syndrome

question

In a triad, when two of the people are interacting and form a dyad, the sociological term for the third person is _____. a. an outcast b. an isolate c. a third party d. a co-participant

answer

b. an isolate

question

Triadic segregation refers to: a. the tendency for triads to develop into a pair and an isolate. b. the likelihood of dyads to be stable. c. the emergence of coalitions. d. the predisposition for primary groups to be small.

answer

a. the tendency for triads to develop into a pair and an isolate.

question

In his study of the effect of size on group dynamics, Simmel found that a. a dyad is basically an unstable social grouping. b. a triad is an unstable social grouping, whereas dyads are relatively stable. c. adding a third person to a dyad has no effect on the stability of the group. d. the size of the group has no effect on interaction.

answer

b. a triad is an unstable social grouping, whereas dyads are relatively stable.

question

The sociologist who introduced the concept of primary groups is _____. a. Charles Horton Cooley b. George Herbert Mead c. Georg Simmel d. Charles Page

answer

a. Charles Horton Cooley

question

Which of the following is an example of a primary group? a. classmates b. neighbors c. family d. teachers

answer

c. family

question

_____ are small and intimate; _____ are larger and short-lived. a. Primary groups; secondary groups b. Secondary groups; primary groups. c. Triads; dyads d. Categories; secondary groups

answer

a. Primary groups; secondary groups

question

Primary groups provide for an individual's _____ needs; secondary groups provide for an individual's _____ needs. a. expressive; instrumental b. instrumental; psychological c. instrumental; expressive d. socioemotional; expressive

answer

a. expressive; instrumental

question

Sociologists use the term instrumental needs to refer to the ______ of a person. a. emotional and intimate needs b. socio-biological needs c. task-oriented needs d. formative needs

answer

c. task-oriented needs

question

_____ promote a sense of "us;" ____ promote a sense of "them." a. Dyads; triads b. Primary groups; secondary groups c. In-groups; out-groups d. Reference groups; attribution groups

answer

c. In-groups; out-groups

question

Thomas Pettigrew's summary of research on attribution theory found that a. individuals are accurate in their perception of the motives of other people's acts, regardless of their in-group or out-group membership. b. attribution error is much less common than people think. c. individuals commonly distort the motives/ acts of people whom they see as out-group. d. when provided with information about out-groups that disproves negative perceptions of

answer

c. individuals commonly distort the motives/ acts of people whom they see as out-group.

question

Attribution error refers to a situation in which one a. fails to see that group membership is the cause of a person's behavior. b. falsely attributes a person's behavior to membership in a particular group. c. blames something on one person that is really the fault of another person. d. completely misunderstands the action in a particular situation.

answer

b. falsely attributes a person's behavior to membership in a particular group.

question

Which of the following does not illustrate a common type of attribution error? a. a girl who does well in neuroscience is perceived as being unusually smart b. a white person observes a white student taking a wallet out of someone's purse and assumes the student was asked to do so by the owner c. a Hispanic youth is carrying a baseball bat and it is assumed he intends to vandalize things d. All of these are illustrations of attribution error.

answer

d. All of these are illustrations of attribution error.

question

A person reads in the newspaper that a Black youth has been shot by a White police officer. If no other information is available, attribution theory suggests that a. a White person will view the shooting as an unnecessary act of violence. b. both Black and White people will assume that youth gang activity was a problem. c. a Black person will likely believe the shooting was unnecessary, while a White person will assume the officer acted appropriately. d. neither a Black nor a White person will make any assumptions about the situation until they have learned more information.

answer

c. a Black person will likely believe the shooting was unnecessary, while a White person will assume the officer acted appropriately.

question

The sociological term for a set of links between individuals or between other social groups is _____. a. consortium b. social network c. organizational complex d. interactive web

answer

b. social network

question

Which of the following is false about the formation of social networks? a. Networks are must often formed in very conscious and formal ways. b. The formation of networks can be very spontaneous. c. Social networks may form at home, work, church, or many other places. d. Family networks can lead to jobs and upward mobility.

answer

a. Networks are must often formed in very conscious and formal ways.

question

According to research, which of the following is most likely to lead to getting a job? a. using a personal network b. applying through a job listing online c. answering a help wanted ad d. using a placement agencies

answer

a. using a personal network

question

Sometimes people will comment that it is a "small world" when they coincidentally meet the friend of a friend. Research into the "small world problem" demonstrates that a. networks do not reach as far as was believed in the past. b. employment agencies are more effective than networks at directing people toward jobs. c. social networking is a thing of the past; it is now out-of-date. d. networks make the world seem a lot smaller than many might think.

answer

d. networks make the world seem a lot smaller than many might think.

question

The reality of the expression "it's a small world" is that a. there is no interconnection throughout the world. b. people are interconnected in close social networks regardless of their sex, race, and social class. c. the world is a small place for most people in it. d. the world is only a small place for those in one's immediate network (those who share the same race, class, and sex).

answer

d. the world is only a small place for those in one's immediate network (those who share the same race, class, and sex).

question

A recent study by Taylor and associates, of networks among Black leaders within the U.S., found that Black leaders a. do not depend on networks as much as Whites. b. feel isolated and do not know others who share their situation and background. c. form closer networks with greater density than do Whites. d. do not attach any importance to networks, preferring to work only through friends.

answer

c. form closer networks with greater density than do Whites.

question

The influence of groups a. ends once one reaches adulthood. b. affects how we dress and how we style our hair. c. has little effect on nonconformists. d. is stronger for Whites than Blacks.

answer

b. affects how we dress and how we style our hair.

question

According to social psychologist Philip Zimbardo, how do most people respond to hearing about the overly conforming behavior of others in groups? a. They empathize because they know they would behave the same way. b. They understand that for most people conformity is the norm. c. They believe that they themselves would not succumb to group pressure. d. They think that the conformity is the result of group members being tricked in some way.

answer

c. They believe that they themselves would not succumb to group pressure.

question

In his classic study of perception and group pressure, Asch found that a. even rather gentle pressure was sufficient to cause an astonishing rise in the number of wrong answers. b. most people would not bend to the opinions of others without a great deal of anger and argument. c. the majority of people make up their minds for themselves and stick to those opinions. d. there is no real pressure to conform in most situations.

answer

a. even rather gentle pressure was sufficient to cause an astonishing rise in the number of wrong answers.

question

In the now famous Milgram Obedience Studies, the results demonstrated that a. people will not conform when they believe their behavior will harm another person. b. women are less likely to engage in behavior that is potentially harmful for others than men are. c. there is a significant difference between what people believe they will do and how they actually behave. d. people only conform up to a certain point, but will not violate moral or ethical standards.

answer

c. there is a significant difference between what people believe they will do and how they actually behave.

question

Deindividuation refers to a. the inability of a person to think for themselves. b. the willingness of a person to take the blame for the entire group. c. the sense of merging with the group so that blame will be shared, not directed toward any individual. d. a sense of normlessness.

answer

c. the sense of merging with the group so that blame will be shared, not directed toward any individual.

question

Which of the following is not characteristic of Weber's "ideal type" bureaucracy? a. cooperative structures for accomplishing tasks b. impersonal relationships c. formal rules and regulations d. high levels of efficiency

answer

a. cooperative structures for accomplishing tasks

question

Alienation refers to the _____. a. psychological separation of a person from an organization b. rigid adherence to rules and regulations c. shift away from intimate relationships with others d. physical movement away from a negative interaction

answer

a. psychological separation of a person from an organization

question

The concept of "McDonaldization" refers to a. the increasing number of franchises among U.S. businesses. b. Americans' desire for fast food is resulting in a tendency toward obesity. c. the way that the principles of fast food restaurants are dominating other aspects of life. d. the frequent turnover in employees that occurs due to alienation.

answer

c. the way that the principles of fast food restaurants are dominating other aspects of life.

question

The central focus of _____ is: positive functions contribute to unity and stability of the organization. a. functionalist theory b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. social exchange theory

answer

a. functionalist theory

question

The fact that women and minorities, as well as members of lower social classes, are not treated equally within bureaucracies is focus of _____. a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. social exchange theory

answer

b. conflict theory

question

The results of Solomon Asch's classic study of conformity were that a. test subjects required a great deal of harassment before they would succumb to group pressure and give an incorrect answer. b. individuals are likely to conform to group pressure, even if the group is objectively incorrect. c. the size of the group of confederates do not make any difference in the likelihood of the subject to give an incorrect response. d. male subjects were more likely to conform than female subjects.

answer

b. individuals are likely to conform to group pressure, even if the group is objectively incorrect.

question

....is a relatively fixed, hierarchical arrangement in society by which groups have uneven access to power, resources, and social rewards. a. social differentiation b. social stratification c. social inequality d. social status

answer

b. social stratification

question

What is the difference between stratification and differentiation? a. Differentiation is based on different social status, stratification is not. b. Differentiation is not necessarily unequal, but stratification is. c. Stratification is about individual, differentiation is about organizations. d. Stratification exists in modern societies, and differentiation existed in the past.

answer

b. Differentiation is not necessarily unequal, but stratification is.

question

The Middle Ages European feudal societies are an example of a(n)___system of stratification. a. estate b. caste c. class d. socialist

answer

a. estate

question

In a caste system, one's place in the stratification system is an _____ status; in a class system, one's place in the stratification system is an _____ status. a. achieved; ascribed b. master; achieved c. ascribed; master d. ascribed, achieved

answer

d. ascribed, achieved

question

The position one holds in relation to the economic, political, social and cultural resources in a society is called one's _____. a. social achievement b. social organization c. social class d. cohort

answer

c. social class

question

Which of the following is false regarding social class? a. Social class shapes one's access to resources in society. b. It is not possible to directly observe social class. c. It is not possible for people to change whatever social class they are born into. d. People in the same social class share similar opportunities.

answer

c. It is not possible for people to change whatever social class they are born into.

question

Weber called the opportunities that people have in common by virtue of belonging to a particular class _____. a. strata indicators b. social attributes c. life chances d. social anomalies

answer

c. life chances

question

What do sociologists use to measure social class? a. education level b. occupation c. income d. all of these

answer

d. all of these

question

What is the sociological term for the process by which people end up in any given position in the stratification system? a. stratification achievement b. ascription c. status attainment d. goal orientation

answer

c. status attainment

question

In the United States a. it is very common for people to start out poor and yet achieve great wealth. b. most people live their entire lives as members of a social class they were born into. c. a person's individual achievements have no effect on their social class. d. most individuals move down the social class ladder during their lifetimes.

answer

b. most people live their entire lives as members of a social class they were born into.

question

Wages earned, child support received, and interest payments are all examples of ______. a. income b. wealth c. assets d. tax receipts

answer

a. income

question

Occupational prestige ratings a. are subjective evaluations of the value of jobs. b. are determined by the wealth of employer. c. are not related to overall socioeconomic status. d. are based on economic potential.

answer

a. are subjective evaluations of the value of jobs.

question

In the United States, the upper class a. is fairly large, as many people are able to achieve wealth. b. holds only a small portion of the wealth and power in the country. c. consists of families who have held wealth for generations, and nouveau riche. d. have little power because the political system is a democracy.

answer

c. consists of families who have held wealth for generations, and nouveau riche.

question

Most of the wealth represented by the Forbes 400 list of the wealthiest people and families in the United States a. has been earned in the oil industry. b. is inherited. c. belongs to major athletes. d. is earned by an individual during their lifetime.

answer

b. is inherited.

question

The Parkers are in the upper class and earned all their wealth in the last year from a very successful business. The Parkers are considered part of the: a. upper-upper class. b. nouveau riche. c. achieved class. d. ascribed caste.

answer

b. nouveau riche.

question

The urban underclass differs from others among the lower class in a number of ways. Which of the following is not one of these reasons? a. The urban underclass have no means of economic support. b. The working poor are more likely to engage in illegal activities. c. The urban underclass is very likely to be dependent on public assistance programs. d. The urban underclass consists of mostly recent immigrants.

answer

d. The urban underclass consists of mostly recent immigrants.

question

Sociologists who analyze class using a conflict perspective a. see class basically as a continuum. b. argue that class is a matter of what individuals possess in terms of prestige. c. see class as defined by the relationship of to the larger system of production. d. base their views on the early work of Emile Durkheim who pointed out the dysfunctional consequences of division of labor.

answer

c. see class as defined by the relationship of to the larger system of production.

question

Which of the following is false regarding social class in the United States? a. Social classes are more polarized with the wealthy increasing their wealth. b. Rising debt among the middle class has increased inequality between the classes. c. The lower class has little power to control their working environment. d. Tax policies favor the middle and lower classes.

answer

d. Tax policies favor the middle and lower classes.

question

. About eighteen percent of Americans have zero or negative wealth, meaning a. their debt exceeds their net worth. b. their debt exceeds their annual income. c. their tax burden is more than double their income. d. their education debt exceeds their potential income.

answer

a. their debt exceeds their net worth.

question

The perception that a class structure exists and the feeling of shared identification with others in one's class is referred to as _____. a. false consciousness b. class consciousness c. normative consciousness d. stratified consciousness

answer

b. class consciousness

question

What was the basis of the definitions of class identified by Karl Marx? a. level of education b. amount of net wealth c. ownership of agricultural land d. relationship to means of production

answer

d. relationship to means of production

question

What is the primary difference between Marx's and Weber's views of social class? a. Weber disagreed that classes were formed around economic issues. b. Weber disagreed that economic forces are the primary basis for stratification. c. Weber disagreed that there could be more than one dimension to stratification. d. Weber did not believe that economic forces had any impact on other aspects of life.

answer

b. Weber disagreed that economic forces are the primary basis for stratification.

question

Max Weber analyzed the connections between a. the economic, social, and political dimensions of stratification. b. class, race, and gender as the basis for social stratification. c. cooperation, competition, and conflict as social processes effecting social mobility. d. ability, ambition, and sponsorship as factors impacting on social mobility.

answer

b. class, race, and gender as the basis for social stratification.

question

Which sociological theory argues that the elite shape societal beliefs and practices in order to make their own privileges appear legitimate and fair? a. Functionalism b. Symbolic interaction c. Conflict theory d. Social exchange theory

answer

c. Conflict theory

question

The poverty line refers to a. the average hourly wage of the poorest workers in a society. b. the minimum amount of money a household needs to be considered middle class. c. the amount of money a family needs to be comfortable. d. the amount of money needed to support the basic needs of a household, as determined by the government.

answer

d. the amount of money needed to support the basic needs of a household, as determined by the government.

question

Which of the following groups represent the largest actual number of people in poverty? a. White. b. African American. c. Hispanic. d. Native American.

answer

a. White.

question

The percentage of women and children living in poverty has been increasing. Sociologists refer to this phenomenon as _____. a. the gender gap b. gendered poverty c. the feminization of poverty d. the Titanic phenomenon

answer

c. the feminization of poverty

question

According to the text, _____ of families headed by women live below the poverty line. a. one-fourth b. one-third c. one-half d. two-thirds

answer

b. one-third

question

The fastest growing segment of the homeless population is ______. a. unemployed men b. victims of domestic violence c. single women d. families

answer

d. families

question

A popular perspective on poverty among policy makers is that poverty is caused by bad habits and values. This perspective is called the _____. a. culture of poverty perspective b. value-stretch perspective c. delinquent culture thesis d. situational perspective

answer

a. culture of poverty perspective

question

The most sociological explanations of poverty focus on a. individual behavior. b. the culture of the poor. c. the social structure. d. natural disasters.

answer

c. the social structure.

question

Under the rules for Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) there is a lifetime limit of _____ years for people to receive welfare benefits. a. two b. five c. eight d. ten

answer

b. five

question

. ____ is socially learned expectations and behaviors associated with being male and/or female. a. Sexuality b. Role playing c. Gender d. Sex ANS: C

answer

c. Gender

question

Which of the following statements is false? a. Sex refers to biological identity, male or female. b. Gender refers to the socially learned expectations and behaviors. c. Gender is a more important concept to sociologists than sex. d. The key sociological question is whether biology or culture is more important.

answer

d. The key sociological question is whether biology or culture is more important.

question

According to the concept of biological determinism a. the physiology of any person may be manipulated to alter that person's sex. b. social behaviors are believed to be caused by physiological characteristics. c. the creation of a male or female occurs as the egg meets the sperm. d. the interplay of culture and biology is what makes shapes human behavior.

answer

b. social behaviors are believed to be caused by physiological characteristics.

question

Biologically, the combination of an X and a Y chromosome establishes a person's sex as ___. a. male b. female c. hermaphrodite d. transgender

answer

a. male

question

The condition of having mixed biological sex characteristics is called _____. a. transgenderation b. fetal sex differentiation c. intersexed d. bisexual variation

answer

c. intersexed

question

The condition, generally been called hermaphroditism, is now often termed being _____. a. transgendered b. intersexed c. transsexual d. dichotomized

answer

b. intersexed

question

Which of these statements is true? a. Gender differences are the same in every culture. b. All perceived differences between men and women are natural and biological. c. For any given trait there's as much or more difference within a given gender group. d. Social influences are not important in creating differences between men & women.

answer

c. For any given trait there's as much or more difference within a given gender group.

question

Gender socialization a. only affects men and women in their relationships with others. b. is consistent and uniform for all men and women. c. influences all aspects of society and daily life. d. may be completely avoided if a person is conscious of it.

answer

c. influences all aspects of society and daily life.

question

Gender identity has a strong impact on how one feels about one's appearance. Studies of gender identity and body image have found that a. among preschool children, girls have lower self-concept related to body image than boys do. b. in early adolescence boys compare their bodies with others' of the same sex more than girls do. c. by early adolescence girls have lower self-esteem than boys do, due to concerns about their appearance. d. once men and women reach the stage of being in college they are equally likely to be dissatisfied with their bodies.

answer

c. by early adolescence girls have lower self-esteem than boys do, due to concerns about their appearance.

question

Research on the impact of peer relationships on socialization have found that a. for boys and girls peers reinforce age and racial norms as well as gender expectations. b. gender norms are applied more strictly to boys than to girls. c. homophobia serves to reinforce gender norms. d. All of these choices are true

answer

d. All of these choices are true

question

Since the passage of Title IX in 1972 a. gender inequality in the schools has disappeared. b. discrimination by schools on the basis of gender is illegal. c. boys and girls receive the same treatment by teachers. d. while treatment by teachers is still unequal, books now feature equal numbers of boys and girls.

answer

b. discrimination by schools on the basis of gender is illegal.

question

Research on race, gender and eating disorders, by Meg Lovejoy, found that a. Black women are less likely than White women to engage in excessive dieting and are less fearful of fat. b. White women are much more satisfied with their bodies than originally thought. c. Both Black and White women tend to overestimate their weight. d. Black women do not suffer from eating disorders such as overeating.

answer

a. Black women are less likely than White women to engage in excessive dieting and are less fearful of fat.

question

Gender conformity is an issue for: a. Only females. b. Only males. c. Both males and females. d. Neither males nor females.

answer

c. Both males and females.

question

Machismo refers to: a. reduced libido. b. exaggerated masculinity. c. male control over women. d. racial oppression among Latino men.

answer

b. exaggerated masculinity.

question

What is the sociological term for the hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender? a. gender apartheid b. gender roles c. gender stratification d. gender assignation

answer

c. gender stratification

question

The extreme exclusion of women from public life, practiced in Afghanistan under the Taliban regime, is termed _____. a. religious sexism b. theological patriarchy c. economic segregation d. gender apartheid

answer

d. gender apartheid

question

Gender stratification is supported by: a. a belief that treats gender inequality as nature. b. individual sexism, not institutional sexism c. the matriarchal structure of our society. d. norms and values encouraging gender equality.

answer

a. a belief that treats gender inequality as nature.

question

Professional women experience a significant loss of income if they leave and reenter the workforce after raising children. This has been termed ______. a. the double shift b. the mommy tax c. double jeopardy d. dual labor market

answer

b. the mommy tax

question

The Minangkabau society in Indonesia is one where women have power over men. The Minangkabau is an example of a/n _____ society. a. sexist b. apartheid c. patriarchal d. matriarchal

answer

d. matriarchal

question

The labor force participation rate for White women a. has only recently reached the rate for women of color. b. has always been much higher than that of women of color. c. has been stagnant for the past 50 years. d. is significantly lower than that for women of color.

answer

a. has only recently reached the rate for women of color

question

Human capital theory explains gender differences in wages a. as created by the different occupations men and women work in. b. by taking into consideration women's tendency to drop out of the workforce in order to have children. c. as the result of individual characteristics of workers. d. as being overstated.

answer

c. as the result of individual characteristics of workers.

question

Which of these theories explains wage inequality between men and women using the individual characteristics of workers? a. human capital theory b. dual labor market theory c. both human capital theory and dual labor market theory d. neither human capital theory or dual labor market theory

answer

a. human capital theory

question

Today, women make up 97% of secretaries and 95% of child-care workers. This is evidence of: a. overt discrimination. b. sex stratification. c. patriarchy. d. occupational segregation.

answer

d. occupational segregation.

question

Which of the following is true regarding gender segregation? a. Most women work in occupations that have roughly equal number of male and female employees. b. Men are concentrated in fewer occupations that women are. c. Greater the concentration of women workers in an occupation, the lower the pay. d. Legislation has had little effect on gender segregation.

answer

c. Greater the concentration of women workers in an occupation, the lower the pay.

question

Functionalists have been criticized for a. ignoring gender roles. b. emphasizing symbols in their approach to the study of gender. c. failing to see the merits of a conflict approach to the study of gender. d. interpreting gender as a fixed role in society.

answer

d. interpreting gender as a fixed role in society.

question

Gender is something that is accomplished through ongoing interactions. This process is referred to as: a. gender socialization. b. overt gendering. c. doing gender. d. matriarchy.

answer

c. doing gender.

question

From a ______ perspective, men have historically had the power to benefit from women's labor and devalue women's work. a. symbolic interactionist b. conflict c. functionalist d. social exchange

answer

b. conflict

question

Feminist theorists have focused on the ways in which gender is created and reinforced through social interaction. This is an ethnomethodological perspective termed ______. a. gender orientation b. feminist interpretivism c. institutionalized gender d. "doing gender"

answer

d. "doing gender"

question

Which of these is a criticism of the feminist perspective of "doing gender"? a. It ignores that gender-based power and economic differences exist in society. b. It focuses too much on race and class-based gender differences. c. It does not allow for social change. d. It encourages radical changes within society.

answer

a. It ignores that gender-based power and economic differences exist in society.

question

Anita believes that the oppression of women is based on the capitalist economy. Anita is a: a. liberal feminist b. functionalist c. conflict theorist d. socialist feminist

answer

d. socialist feminist

question

Throughout the world, where women are increasingly working as paid laborers, a. the division of household chores is usually equal between men and women. b. they do not do as much unpaid labor as men. c. they still do most of the work associated with home, children, and the elderly. d. they still do not make a significant contribution to the global economy.

answer

c. they still do most of the work associated with home, children, and the elderly.

question

The U N estimates that the value of women's unpaid work amounts to at least _____. a. $800 billion b. $11 trillion c. $50 billion d. $140 trillion

answer

b. $11 trillion

question

According to the United Nations, violence against women worldwide a. is an epidemic and one of the most pervasive violations of human rights. b. is difficult to document accurately in terms of the incidence. c. has been mostly perpetrated by an intimate partner or family member. d. All of these choices are true.

answer

d. All of these choices are true.

question

A pattern of relationships that define people's family relationships to one another is the definition of a(n) _____. a. institution b. relational network c. kinship system d. social organization

answer

c. kinship system

question

Within the U.S., polygamy a. is widely practiced among Mormons. b. is illegal. c. is legal for some Native American groups. d. does not exist.

answer

b. is illegal.

question

What is the general pattern for marriage within the U.S.? a. Marriages are across social classes as often as within the same social class. b. Most people marry someone who shares similar social characteristics. c. Americans marry without regard to race or class. d. People in the U.S. tend to marry people who are smart and intelligent.

answer

b. Most people marry someone who shares similar social characteristics.

question

In the United States, interracial marriage is: a. illegal. b. decline for all social groups. c. increasing, but infrequent. d. common among the lower classes only.

answer

c. increasing, but infrequent.

question

Betty lives with her husband, daughters, and her grandchildren. She lives in a/n _____ family. a. matrilineal b. extended c. nuclear d. patrilocal

answer

b. extended

question

Julia is a very close family friend, considered to be part of the family. She may be considered a. an othermother. b. compadrazgo. c. fictive kin. d. extended family.

answer

c. fictive kin.

question

Prior to industrialization, a. the nuclear family was the cultural ideal in the U.S. b. the household was the center for production and distribution of goods. c. men were responsible for economic life and women were for domestic life. d. men worked in wage labor outside the home, and women and children at home.

answer

b. the household was the center for production and distribution of goods.

question

The emergency of the nuclear family in the United States was a result of which major event? a. The American Revolution b. The Industrial Revolution c. The Civil Rights Movement d. World War II

answer

b. The Industrial Revolution

question

Historically, family structure in the U.S. a. has been essentially the same for all social classes and racial-ethnic groups. b. has remained strongly nuclear, despite varying social conditions. c. has been shaped by slavery, migration, poverty, and laws. d. has been unaffected by public policies.

answer

c. has been shaped by slavery, migration, poverty, and laws.

question

_____ families may find it necessary to have all family members working. a. Migrant b. Poor c. Extended d. Fictive

answer

b. Poor

question

_____ state that families create stability by teaching people the norms and values of society. a. Functionalists b. Conflict theorists c. Symbolic interactionists d. Exchange theorists

answer

a. Functionalists

question

During rapid social change, families experience social disorganization and this creates social problems. This is part of the _____ view of families. a. functionalist b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionist d. exchange theory

answer

a. functionalist

question

As per _____, the family as an institution reinforces and supports power relations in society. a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. exchange theory

answer

b. conflict theory

question

According to functionalists, families serve all of the following basic social needs, except: a. socializing the young. b. providing education to members. c. providing physical care for members. d. regulating sexual activities.

answer

b. providing education to members.

question

_____ theorists view families as essential to maintaining inequality in society. a. Functionalist b. Conflict c. Symbolic interaction d. Social exchange

answer

b. Conflict

question

_____ theorists argue that families serve to socialize children into being obedient workers and good consumers to fit the needs of capitalism. a. Functionalist b. Conflict c. Symbolic interaction d. Social exchange

answer

b. Conflict

question

The theoretical perspective that is most concerned with the fact that families are gendered institutions that reflect the gender hierarchies in society is _____. a. functionalism b. exchange theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. feminist theory

answer

d. feminist theory

question

In addition to the high divorce rate, the other primary cause of female single-parent households is a. the high rate of pregnancy among unmarried teens. b. the death of a spouse. c. having a spouse who is incarcerated. d. the high unemployment rates for men.

answer

a. the high rate of pregnancy among unmarried teens.

question

The number of single-father households is _____ and are _____ likely than single-mother families to experience severe economic problems. a. increasing; more b. increasing; less c. decreasing; more d. decreasing; less

answer

b. increasing; less

question

Research on cohabitation has found that a. the likelihood of cohabitation is greatest among suburban residents. b. couples who cohabited prior to marriage have lower levels of marital quality than couples who did not. c. cohabiting is decreasing as younger people are returning to traditional values. d. few cohabiting households have children.

answer

b. couples who cohabited prior to marriage have lower levels of marital quality than couples who did not.

question

An individual's ability to influence decision-making within a marriage is largely established through: a. social class. b. religion. c. the length of the marriage. d. the amount of money one earns.

answer

d. the amount of money one earns.

question

In the U.S. a. the rate of marriage is higher than in western European countries. b. one out of two marriages ends in divorce. c. women are more likely to remarry following a divorce than are men. d. the divorce rate has been steadily increasing since the 1950s.

answer

a. the rate of marriage is higher than in western European countries.

question

The likelihood of divorce is greater for couples who a. marry young. b. have two incomes. c. do not have children. d. are White.

answer

a. marry young.

question

Which of these statements does not describe one of the functions of religion? a. Religion establishes norms for behavior. b. Religion establishes moral proscriptions for behavior. c. Religion serves to preserve diversity and cultural relativism. d. Religion provides answers to questions of ultimate meaning.

answer

c. Religion serves to preserve diversity and cultural relativism.

question

According to the text, what proportion of Americans believes that religion can solve all or most of society's problems? a. one-fifth b. one-fourth c. one-half d. two-thirds

answer

d. two-thirds

question

What is the relationship between Christianity and governance within the U.S.? a. The U.S. effectively separates all religion from government. b. In the U.S. Christianity is often treated as if it is the national religion. c. The U.S. incorporates holidays of all faiths equally into its public observances. d. The government of the U.S. prohibits religions other than Christianity.

answer

b. In the U.S. Christianity is often treated as if it is the national religion.

question

Religiosity is measured by sociologists using all of the following, except a. by asking about people's religious beliefs b. surveying people about their membership in religious organizations c. asking how often people attend religious services d. collecting information through the Census.

answer

d. collecting information through the Census.

question

Church membership and attendance in the U.S. a. is higher for men than for women. b. is higher for younger people than for older people. c. is higher for women than for men, and for older more than younger people. d. is fairly uniformly spread throughout the population.

answer

c. is higher for women than for men, and for older more than younger people.

question

What term did Durkheim give to the body of religious beliefs that give people a sense of belonging? a. false consciousness b. collective consciousness c. ritualized consciousness d. interactive identity

answer

b. collective consciousness

question

To _____, religion promotes stratification since it generally supports a hierarchy of people on earth and the subordination of humankind to an imagined divine authority. a. Auguste Comte b. Emile Durkheim c. Karl Marx d. Max Weber

answer

c. Karl Marx

question

_____ theory sees religion as a socially constructed belief system that emerges in different social conditions. a. Functionalist b. Conflict c. Symbolic interaction d. Feminist

answer

c. Symbolic interaction

question

In the U.S., social factors are correlated with religious identification. For example, a. older people are more likely than younger people to express no religious preference. b. those in higher income brackets are most likely to identify as Jewish or Catholic than those in the lower income brackets. c. fundamentalist Protestants are most like to have the highest incomes. d. Asian-Americans are the most likely racial-ethnic group to say that religion is very important in their lives.

answer

b. those in higher income brackets are most likely to identify as Jewish or Catholic than those in the lower income brackets.

question

Which of the following is not a role of the state? a. To pass legislation determining the rights and privileges of members of society. b. To resolve conflicts within society. c. To protect the sovereignty of the nation. d. To censor public opinion.

answer

d. To censor public opinion.

question

The state a. is made up of government, the police, the military, and the legal system. b. is an individual unit, separate from the police and the military. c. is only made up of government and the legal system. d. cannot be described.

answer

a. is made up of government, the police, the military, and the legal system.

question

According to the text, nationalism is a. most often a positive force in the world. b. generally accompanied by cultural relativism. c. often a dominant force in world affairs. d. prominent in industrial nations.

answer

c. often a dominant force in world affairs.

question

What type of authority do the police and courts in society have? a. traditional b. charismatic c. rational-legal d. expertise-based

answer

c. rational-legal

question

The leaders of cults most often exemplify _____ authority. a. traditional b. charismatic c. rational-legal d. expertise-based

answer

b. charismatic

question

Power is defined by sociologists as a. the perception by others of legitimate and formal authority. b. authority that stems from rules and regulations. c. the ability to control others. d. a hierarchy of authority.

answer

c. the ability to control others.

question

According to the _____ model of state power, political power is diffused broadly throughout society and derives from the activities of interest groups. a. pluralist b. power elite c. autonomous state d. feminist theory

answer

a. pluralist

question

In the United States, groups such as the National Organization for Women (NOW) and Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) have an impact on what legislation is created. This process is an example of _____, a. the power elite model b. the authoritarian model c. the pluralist model d. the autonomous state model

answer

c. the pluralist model

question

The _____ model sees the state as representing the interests of a small, but economically dominant, class. a. pluralism b. power elite c. autonomous state d. feminist theory

answer

b. power elite

question

Mills' concept of power elite includes all of the following areas, except: a. the economy. b. the military. c. the government. d. the courts.

answer

d. the courts.

question

The current U.S. government is an example of a. the pluralist model. b. the power elite. c. an autonomous state. d. a populist.

answer

c. an autonomous state.

question

According to autonomous state theory, the state is a. an administrative organization. b. a dominant group. c. an elaborate system of power elites. d. a military-style apparatus.

answer

a. an administrative organization.

question

Applying the _____ model of state power, it could be argued that the dominant values of the state are masculine. a. pluralism b. power elite c. autonomous state d. feminist theory

answer

d. feminist theory

question

How do voting patterns in the U.S. compare with those of other democratic countries? a. The U.S. has one of the highest voter turnouts of any democratic country. b. The U.S. has one of the lowest voter turnouts of any democratic country. c. All democratic nations have roughly the same percentage of voters for any given election. d. The U.S. does not keep statistics on the percentage of the population voting in a given election.

answer

b. The U.S. has one of the lowest voter turnouts of any democratic country.

question

Which of these groups is disproportionately Republican? a. African Americans b. Puerto Rican Americans c. Cuban Americans d. Mexican Americans

answer

c. Cuban Americans

question

In general, how do women's political attitudes and behavior differ from men's? a. Women tend to be more socially conservative. b. Men are more likely to vote Democrat than are women. c. Women tend to have more liberal views than men. d. Men are more likely to vote than women are.

answer

c. Women tend to have more liberal views than men.

question

The largest contributors to political campaigns are typically _____, and the funds generally go to support incumbents. a. political action committees (PACs) b. many different people from the general population c. major corporations d. the national committees of Democrats and Republicans

answer

a. political action committees (PACs)

question

Military socialization places a high premium on _____. a. individuality b. conformity c. creativity d. resourcefulness

answer

b. conformity

question

Critics of the privatization of the military argue that a. it may lure the best talent away from the traditional military if they make more money through private military employment. b. privatization is much less efficient than retaining all functions within the government funded military. c. privatization means that new recruits will not have any positions open to them within the military. d. it may reward conflict over consensus.

answer

a. it may lure the best talent away from the traditional military if they make more money through private military employment.

question

The greatest change in recent years in the military as a social institution is a. the inclusion of college-level coursework as part of basic training. b. the increase in the representation of racial minority groups and women in the armed services. c. the increase in the percentage of volunteer recruits that make the military a career. d. its termination of the previous strong connection that existed between the military and corporate America.

answer

b. the increase in the representation of racial minority groups and women in the armed services.

question

The branch of the military with the highest percentage of female enlisted personnel is _____. a. the Army b. the Navy c. the Marines d. the Air Force

answer

d. the Air Force

question

According to research done for the Pentagon, _____ of women in the military have experienced sexual harassment, including sexual coercion. a. one-fifth b. one-quarter c. one-third d. one-half

answer

c. one-third

question

While work and making a living are related to all of society's institutions, they are particularly deeply embedded in the social institution of _____. a. government b. the economy c. religion d. the family

answer

b. the economy

question

Which of the following is not a characteristic of capitalism? a. ownership of basic industries b. market competition c. pursuit of profit d. private property

answer

a. ownership of basic industries

question

The system characterized by state ownership and management of the base industries is called _____. a. capitalism b. communism c. socialism d. postindustrialism

answer

c. socialism

question

Globally, most of the work involving the assembly of goods is done by _____. a. men b. Americans c. workers in more developed nations d. women and children

answer

d. women and children

question

Fear and hatred of foreigners is called _____. a. arachnophobia b. cultural relativism c. xenophobia d. anglophilia

answer

c. xenophobia

question

The term deindustrialization refers to that fact that a. goods are no longer being produced in the U.S. b. fewer workers in the U.S. are required to produce goods. c. production using computer technologies will replace service industries. d. the work force is becoming more diverse.

answer

b. fewer workers in the U.S. are required to produce goods.

question

Cashiers have come to rely on electronic cash registers to tell them how much change to return to a customer. Sociologists refer to this as _____. a. routinization b. deskilling c. deindustrialization d. the service economy

answer

b. deskilling

question

Which of these is the best example of a contingent worker? a. Someone in a developing country working in manufacturing. b. A person in the U.S. making their living as a substitute teacher. c. A full-time bank employee. d. A university professor.

answer

b. A person in the U.S. making their living as a substitute teacher.

question

Sociologists define work as a. participation in any activity that increases the gross domestic product. b. human activity that is paid either by hourly wage or salary. c. productive activity that creates something of value, goods or services. d. human activity in the public sphere.

answer

c. productive activity that creates something of value, goods or services.

question

In the U.S., the class-based division of labor is correlated most closely with _____. a. age b. sex c. race d. education

answer

d. education

question

_____ theorists look to the class division of labor as the source of unequal rewards that workers receive for their work. a. Symbolic interaction b. Conflict c. Functionalist d. Feminist

answer

b. Conflict

question

The unemployment rate is defined as a. the number of people not working for pay. b. the percent of workers who are not making as much as they want to. c. the number of jobless people. d. the percent of those not working but looking for work.

answer

d. the percent of those not working but looking for work.

question

. When explaining unemployment, sociologists are likely to argue that a. women and minorities are taking away jobs from White men. b. the major causes of unemployment are related to structural problems in the economy. c. unemployment is caused by the failings of individual workers. d. the unemployed do not try very hard to find employment.

answer

b. the major causes of unemployment are related to structural problems in the economy.

question

The _____ is a popular concept that refers to the limits that women and minorities experience in job mobility. a. glass escalator b. glass ceiling c. glass floor d. glass elevator

answer

b. glass ceiling

question

The Americans with Disabilities Act, adopted by Congress in 1990, does all of the following, except a. requires employers to provide "reasonable accommodation" on the job. b. prohibits discrimination against disabled people in employment. c. applies to state and local governments. d. requires equal pay among all workers.

answer

d. requires equal pay among all workers.

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