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Sociologists use the term "social marginality" to refer to

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people who are defined by others as an "outsider"

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C. Wright Mills claimed that the "social imagination" transformed

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personal problems into public issues

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Which discipline defines itself as "the systematic study of human society"?

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sociology

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According to Emile Durkheim, categories of people with a higher suicide rate typically have

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lower social integration

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Learning more sociology can help you

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assess the opportunities and constraints in our lives

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The term "sociology" was coined in 1838 by

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Auguste Comte

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Sarah is spending the summer living in another country where people have a way of life that differs from her own. A sociologist might expect that this experience would lead her to

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end up with a greater understanding of both a new way of life and her own way of life

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The theoretical approach in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the

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structural-functional approach

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The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as

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manifest functions

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Unrecognized and unintended consequences of a social pattern are called

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latent functions

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The structural-functional approach is concerned with

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the consequences of social patterns for the operation of society

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The "framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change" is the

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social-conflict approach

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The social-conflict approach draws attention to

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patterns of social inequality

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W.E.B. Du Bois claimed that ____ was the major problem facing the United States during the twentieth century.

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race

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Which theoretical approach claims that it is not so much what people do that matters as much as what meaning they attach to their behavior?

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symbolic-interaction approach

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What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that together make up the way of life for a group of people?

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culture

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Among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that

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relies on culture to ensure survival

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The term _______ refers to a shared way of life and the term ______ refers to a political entity.

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culture; nation

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Sociologists define a symbol as

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anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture

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The fact that instant messaging is based on a new set of symbols shows us that

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culture changes over time

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_____ distinguish between right and wrong; ________ distinguish between right and rude.

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Mores; folkways

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The fact that some married men and married women are sexually unfaithful to their spouses is an example of ____ culture, while the fact that most adults say they support the idea of sexual fidelity is an example of _____ culture.

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real; ideal

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As a part of human culture, religion is an example of

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nonmaterial culture

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Cars, computers and iPhones are all examples of which of the following?

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material culture

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Counterculture refers to

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cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held

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People who interact in a defined territory and who share a culture are part of a

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society

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According to Gerhard Lenski, which of the following has the greatest power to shape a society?

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technology

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Ethnocentrism refers to

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judging another culture using the standards of your own culture

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The driving force of social change, according to Marx, is

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social conflict between classes

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Most sociologists take the position that

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it is human nature to nurture

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Lawrence Kohlberg explored socialization by studying

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moral reasoning

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The "self," said George Herbert Mead, is

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the part of the human personality made up of self-awareness and self-image

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Which term defines who and what we are in relation to others?

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status

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Solomon Asch's research, in which subjects were asked to match lines, showed that

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group membership has the power to generate conformity

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According to the findings of Solomon Asch,

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many people are willing to compromise their own judgement to avoid being seen as different by others

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Stanley Milgram's research, in which subjects used a "shock generator," showed

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people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of not only real authority figures but also groups of ordinary individuals

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The value of psychological theories of deviance is limited because

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most people who commit crimes have normal personalities

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"The recognized violation of cultural norms" refers to the concept of

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deviance

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Every society tries to regulate the behavior of individuals; this general process is called

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social control

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One of the social foundations of deviance is that

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deviance exists only in relation to cultural norms

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The basic idea behind the labeling theory is that

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deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do

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Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory links deviance to

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the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage conventional behavior

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Feminist theory states that gender figures into the study of deviance because

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every society in the world applies stronger normative controls to females than to males

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According to the social-conflict approach, what a society labels as deviant is based primarily on

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differences in power between various categories of people

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According to Elliot Currie, factors that explain the high crime rate in the United States by world standards include

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our emphasis on individual economic success, which weakens the social fabric

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The concept criminal recidivism refers to

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later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes

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If you were to apply modernization theory to the problem of global poverty, you might point out that low-income nations

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have cultural resistance to innovation

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According to modernization theory, the greatest BARRIER to economic development is

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traditional culture

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Dependency theory differs from modernization theory by

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explaining global inequality in terms of the exploitation of poor countries by rich countries

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The "beauty myth" refers to the idea that

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women learn to measure their personal importance in terms of physical appearance

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The concept of "glass ceiling" refers to

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the barrier that prevents women from reaching the top

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Sociologists define the concept of "race" as

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a socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important

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Which of the following concepts refers to a shared cultural heritage?

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ethnicity

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Which of the following concepts refers to a category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged?

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minority

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A minority is defined as a category of people who are

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set apart by that society and subordinated or disadvantaged

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Conflict theory states that prejudice is

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a tool used by powerful people to oppress others

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While prejudice is a matter of ________, discrimination is a matter of ______.

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attitude; action

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The adoption of the English language by Mexican immigrants in the United States is an example of

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assimilation

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The concept of "gerontology" refers to

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the study of aging and the elderly

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The concept of "ageism" refers to

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prejudice and discrimination against the elderly

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Which social institution do most sociologists claim has the greatest effect on society as a whole?

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the economy

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Concerning the issue of personal freedom, capitalist systems emphasize people's ______, while socialist systems emphasize people's ____.

answer

freedom to pursue their self-interest; freedom from basic want

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