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The reinforcer should be available only when the target behavior has been performed.

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Contingency

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The reinforcer should be delivered right after the target behavor. Especially for new behaviors

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Immediacy

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Generally, the establishment of a new behavior is most rapid when reinforcement is applied on a ____ while maintenance of the behavior is maximized when the behavior is reinforced on an intermittent schedule.

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Continuous reinforcement schedule

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The process of reducing the proportion of reinforcements is referred to as this

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thinning

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Up to a point, the greater the amount of positive reinforcement, the greater its effectiveness.

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Magnitude

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Up to a point, the greater the amount of positive reinforcement, the greater its effectiveness. Past that point, this may occur. This term means that the reinforcer has lost its renforcing value.

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satiation

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The effectiveness of reinforcement is enhanced when the contingent relationship between a behavior and a reinforcer is orally broken down.

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verbal clarification

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this is mostly done verbally or physically. This facilitates the acquisition of a new behavior.

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Prompts

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A father reminds a child to clean his room.

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Prompt example

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The gradual removal of a prompt

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Fading

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When a target behavior is one that rarely or never occurs naturally this is used to teach the target behavior. It requires the successive approximations to the desired behavior.

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shaping

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using operant conditioning to teach a complex response by linking together less complex skills

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Chaining

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Baking a cake

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Example of chaining

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begins with the first component in the chain and gradually works through the entire chain.

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forward chaining

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begins with the last component in the chain and gradually works through the entire chain.

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backwards chaining

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A principle that states that making the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior contingent on the occurrence of a low-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior.

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Premack principle

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to decrease inappropriate behavior by ignoring it and providing reinforcement for positive behavior

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Differential reinforcement

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decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

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habituation

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A procedure for discouraging behavior in which the participant is not only required to correct or rectify a mistake but is also required to go beyond that by, for example, extensively practicing the correct response alternative.

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Overcorrection

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Massed or exaggerated practice of an inappropriate behavior. Decreased occurrence results from fatigue or satiation

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Negative practice

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The contingent loss of reinforcers (e.g. a fine), producing a decrease of the frequency of behavior; a form of negative punishment

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Response cost

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Removing all sources of positive reinforcement for a brief, specified period of time following a behavior in order to decrease that behavior

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Time out

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specifically identify the behaviors requiring change, the conditions under which reinforcement will occur, and any specific time periods for achieving desired behaviors.

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Contingency contracts

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a form of behavior therapy that has been used in some mental institutions. Ex. patients are rewarded with tokens for appropriate behavior and the tokens may be cashed in for valued rewards

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Token economy

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A behavior therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills that emphasizes shaping, modeling, and behavioral rehearsal.

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Social skills training

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The process of gathering information about a student's problem behaviors that seeks to determine the purpose of the behavior in addition to its antecedents and consequences

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functional behavioral assessment

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Father of behavioralism

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Watson

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Father of operant conditioning

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skinner

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father of Educational Psychology

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Thorndike

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father of classical conditioning

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Ivan Pavlov

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understanding how certain stimuli automatically evoke reflexes and other relatively simple responses.

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classical conditioning is useful for

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identifying the factors responsible for the acquisition and maintenance of complex voluntary behaviors.

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operant conditioning is useful for

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A school of psychology that confines itself to the study of observable and quantifiable aspects of behavior and excludes subjective phenomena, such as emotions or motives.

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behavioralism

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the study of how psychological processes affect and an enhance teaching and learning; examines curriculum design, teacher training, achievement testing, student motivation, classroom diversity, and other aspects of the educational process.

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educational psychology

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a term used by Thorndike to refer to the process through which an organism learns the association between behaviour and its consequences; also called operant conditioning

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instrumental learning

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Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.

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law of effect

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a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

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operant conditioning

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increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs

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negative reinforcement

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Occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions.

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Positive reinforcement

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A response behavior is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus (or a decrease in the intensity of the stimulus), that decreases the future frequency of similar responses under similar conditions.

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negative punishment

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Following an undesired response by adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of the behavior reoccurring

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positive punishment

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Giving employees a bonus or interesting work to do after they have done a good job. If the employee does more good work after the bonus or interesting work then this would be an example of _____

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example of positive reinforcement

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occurs when a supervisor complains about a worker's messy workstation and stops complaining only when the worker cleans it up. In the future the worker is more likely to clean up if the supervisor complains. For the worker this is a _____

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example of negative reinforcement

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A child's truck is taken away when he hits another child. Thus the child does not hit anymore.

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example of negative punishment

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A teen is made to clean up spray paint on the wall at the school when he was caught spray painting the wall. If the teen stops spray painting the walls at school after the consequences of having to clean the wall this would be an example of _____.

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example of positive punishment

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A child tantrums in the grocery store and the parents give the child candy. The child tantrums when ever he wants candy. The parents then stop giving the child candy when he tantrums in the store and eventually the child no longer tantrums for candy in the store.

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Example of operant extinction

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A child tantrums in the grocery store and the parents give the child candy. Later, the child tantrums when ever he wants candy. The parents realize their mistake and stop giving the child candy when he tantrums. The next time they go to the store the child starts tantrum, screaming and knocking things off the shelve. The parents still do not give the child candy and thus the child stops tantruming, screaming and knocking things off the shelf. The temporary increase in behaviors is an example of ___

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Example of extinction burst

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water, warmth, sex, food etc

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examples of primary reinforcement

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praise, tokens, or gold stars

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Examples of secondary reinforcement

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the weakening and eventual disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced

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Operant extinction

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an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

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primary reinforcement

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Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcering after being paired with a primary reinforcer.

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Secondary reinforcement

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Reinforcers are given each time a target behavior is exhibited.

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Continuous schedule of reinforcement

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These are problems associated with continuous reinforcement

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satiation and rate of extinction

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a worker receives a paycheck every Friday is what type of schedule?

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fixed interval Example

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Which schedule of reinforcement is this: pop

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Variable Interval Example

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Workers receive payment following completion of a specific number of units.

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Fixed ratio example

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Gamblers playing slot machines.

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Variable Ratio example

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The best way to maintain a behavior is to use this type of schedule of reinforcement

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intermittent schedule

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if a behavior is reinforced about VI 30 for one lever and VI 60 on a separate lever, then lever pushing behavior will happen twice as often for the VI 30 schedule.

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Matching law Example

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Pigeons are given food regardless of time or what they are doing. The pigeons therefore began displaying a variety of odd, ritualistic like behaviors.

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Superstitious Behavior Example

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A rat might learn that a green light signals that electric shock is about to be delivered and that it can avoid the shock by jumping over a hurdle.

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avoidance conditioning example

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reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed, describes the schedule of reinforcement wherein a worker receives a paycheck every Friday

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Fixed interval

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a schedule where reinforcement happens after a changing length of time.

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Variable Interval

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a schedule where reinforcement happens after a correct number of responses

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Fixed Ratio

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a schedule where reinforcement happens after a varied number of responses

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Variable Ratio

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fixed interval

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Subjects on this schedule of Reinforcement typically stop responding after a reinforcer is delivered and then begin responding again toward the end of the reinforcement interval

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Variable interval

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Subjects on this schedule of Reinforcement typically produce a steady but relatively low rate of responding

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Fixed Ratio

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Subjects on this schedule of Reinforcement typically produce a relatively high, steady rate of responding, usually with a brief pause following delivery of the reinforcer.

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Variable ratio

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Subjects on this schedule of Reinforcement typically produce the highest rates of responding as well as responses that are most resistant to extinction.

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A description of a phenomenon according to which organisims tend to proportionally to pair their responses during choice situations to the rates of reinforcement for each choice

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Matching law

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behavior acquired through coincidental association of a response and a reinforcement.

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Superstitious Behavior

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This signals that reinforcement is available. Stimuli present when an operant response is acquired tend to control when and where the response is made.

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Stimulus control

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Process by which a conditioned response becomes associated with a stimulus that is similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus

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stimulus generalization

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giving a response that is somewhat different from the response originally learned to that stimulus

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response generalization

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training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus (also called negative reinforcement).

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escape conditioning

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person's behavior has the effect of PREVENTING an unpleasant situation from happening.

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avoidance conditioning

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A rat might escape an electric shock being applied via a grid on the floor of its cage by pressing a lever that stops the shock.

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escape conditioning example

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a person frightened of the sight of blood might generalize that response to include a variety of other blood-red objects.

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stimulus generalization example

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A child is positively reinforced for doing the the dishes, now does the dishes and vacuums.

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response generalization example

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the initially voluntary act that becomes more or less probable of occuring depending on the consequences that it produces

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operant

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any consequence of an act that increases the probability the act will recur

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reinforcer

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any conseuquence of an act that supresses that act and/or decreases the probability that it will recur.

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punisher

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The process by which the antecedents and consequences of voluntary behavior acquire the ability to increase or decrease the probability of its future reoccurrence

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operant learning

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skinner's term for an actively emitted or voluntary behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences

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operant

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An observable, voluntary behavior that an organism emits to "operate" on, or have an effect on, the environment

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operant

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Skinner's term for an actively emitted (or voluntary) behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences

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operant

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in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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reinforcer

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Any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it.

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reinforcer

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any event or object that when following a resonse, increases the liklihood of that resonse occuring again

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reinforcer

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Any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it.

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punisher

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Any event that weakens or decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

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punisher

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A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it. (See aversive stimulus, conditioned punisher, unconditioned punisher.)

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punisher

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pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. he is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats.

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B. F. Skinner

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Followed Watson 1938 - gave free will; also allowed for some learning we can not see but said these things were not things to ask questions about; didn't like the term "satisfying" and replaced it with "reinforcer"; Thorndike's work led him to creating the Skinner box where an animal learns to push a lever to receive a reinforcer

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B. F. Skinner

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