School and Community Health Midterm – Flashcards
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According to the World Health Organization in 1947, what was the definition of health?
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a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
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How is health understood today?
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the capacity to function in effective and productive ways
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What is health influenced by?
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complex personal, behavioral, and environmental variables
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What are the six elements of health?
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1. Physical 2. Mental/Intellectual 3. Emotional 4. Social 5. Spiritual 6. Vocational
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What does the domain of physical health include?
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physical characteristics, energy level, and the extent which a person appears to be rested
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What is Physical health influenced by?
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hereditary potential, exposure to infectious agents, access to quality medical care, and short/long term consequences of personal behaviors
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What establishes the foundation for mental/intellectual health?
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the capacity to interpret, analyze, and act on information
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What are some indicators of good mental/intellectual health?
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1. recognize sources of influence on beliefs 2. evaluate impact of influences on decision making 3. reasoning processes 4. capacity for short/long term memory 5. Expressions of curiosity, humor, logic, and creativity
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What is emotional health represented by?
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personal feelings and the ways that they are expressed
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What do emotionally healthy people communicate and express??
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self management and acceptance, and a full range of feelings in socially accepted ways
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What are the characteristics of emotional health?
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copping skills, self-control, self-acceptance, expressions of feelings in socially accepted ways, being able to express negative and positive emotions
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What is social health characterized by?
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practicing the requisite skills to navigate environments effectively
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What do relationships of socially healthy people look like?
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strong connections, mutuality, and intimacy
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What do socially healthy people communicate?
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respect for and acceptance of the uniqueness of others
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What is one of the main reasons behind socially unhealthy people?
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self-absorbtion
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What are some characteristics of socially healthy people?
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social skills, interactions in different environments, and respect and acceptance of others
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What are the three main characteristics of spiritual health?
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1. comfort with self and quality of interpersonal relationships with others 2. strength of one's personal value system 3. pursuit of meaning and purpose in life
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What do spiritually healthy people integrate into their relationships?
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positive moral and ethical standards that include integrity, honesty, and trust
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What do people with compromised spiritual health look like?
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people who are not guided by moral or ethical principles and those who do not believe in a higher being or something beyond themselves
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What does vocational health relate to?
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the ability to collaborate with others on family, community, and professional projects
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What are vocationally healthy people committed to do?
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contribute a fair share of effort to projects and activities with a high degree of integrity
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How is vocational health manifested?
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the positive impact of the person's work on others or in the community
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What are the three characteristics of vocational health?
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1. ability to collaborate 2. share responsibility 3. positively impact the community while maintaining a high level of integrity
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What is important in maintaining health?
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maintaining balance among all 6 of the domains is as important as maintaing an optimal level of functioning within each
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What is the Hawaiian term that means balance, unity, and harmony?
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Lōkahi
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What does the Lōkahi wheel reinforce?
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the negative impact that an imbalance in the health of one person can exert on the balance, unity, and harmony of their family, school, and community
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What does e ola pono mean?
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living in the proper way/ living in excellence
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What are the 6 parts of the Lōkahi Wheel?
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1. Physical/Body 2. Spiritual/Soul 3. Friends/ Family 4. Work/School 5. Thinking/Mind 6. Feelings/Emotions
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What did the 1979 Healthy People Document confirm?
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Chronic diseases have replaced infectious diseases as the leading cause of death in the U.S.
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What are the four main contributors to premature morbidity and mortality?
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1. Heredity 2. Environment 3. Inadequate access to medical care 4. lifestyle
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What percentage of illness and death are likened to lifestyle and personal behavior choices?
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50%
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What are chronic diseases?
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those that last a year or longer and require medical attention or limit daily activity
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What 3 chronic diseases account for 50% of American deaths each year?
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heart disease, cancer, and stroke
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What were some leading causes of death in 1900?
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Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Diarrhea, heart disease, liver disease, injuries, cancer, senility, diphtheria
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What were some leading causes of death in 2010?
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Heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic lung disease, injuries, diabetes, Alzheimer's, Influenza, kidney disease
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What are some underlying risk behaviors?
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1. tobacco 2. Obesity 3. Alcohol 4. Infections 5. Toxic Agents 6. Motor vehicles 7. Firearms 8. Sex 9. Drugs
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What are the 6 priority health behaviors to guide education according to the CDC?
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1. Tobacco use 2. Poor eating habits 3. Alcohol and other drug use 4. Behaviors resulting in intentional and unintentional harm 5. Physical Inactivity 6. Sexual behavior resulting in HIV and other STDs or unintended pregnancy
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What are the 5 major sources of influence on health?
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1. Behavioral choices 2. Genetics 3. Social Circumstance 4. Medical Care 5. Environmental conditions
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What percentage of premature deaths are linked to behavioral choices such as tobacco, exercise, and diet?
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40%
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What percentage of premature deaths are linked to genetics such as illnesses like diabetes, cancers, etc.
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30%
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What percentage of premature deaths are linked to social circumstances such as education, employment, income, race/ethnicity, etc.?
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15%
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What percentage of premature deaths are linked to Medical Care (access or limit of access to quality medical care)?
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10%
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What percentage of premature deaths are linked to Environmental Conditions such as pollutants, food contamination, etc.?
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5%
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How often does the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services gather information to analyze the trends in health?
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every 10 years
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What is the most impending catastrophe when it comes to health in the U.S.?
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childhood obesity
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What do the objectives of Healthy People 2020 do?
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The objectives establish a foundation to help individuals and communities make and act on informed health decisions
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What is the one of the main focuses of Healthy People 2020?
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the health of children and youth
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What is one of the major institutions that can exact change to improve the health of youth?
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the education/school system
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Why can education systems provide change?
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they have access to a critical mass of people
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What are established at school?
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friendships and norms
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What are educators prepared for?
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organizing developmentally appropriate learning experiences to empower children
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What 3 things does scientific research suggest are intertwined?
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1. student health behaviors 2. academic outcomes 3. ways that schools address both
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What is the Whole Child?
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position statement initiated by the ASCD that supports that academic achievement is only one element of student learning
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What does the Whole Child Position Statement want to do?
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wants teachers, schools, and communities to collaborate to ensure that students enter school healthy and learn about and practice healthy lifestyles
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What is considered to be a successful learner according to the Association of Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD)?
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one who is knowledgeable, emotionally and physically healthy, engaged in civic opportunities and events, involved in the arts, prepared for work and for economic self-sufficiency, and ready for the world after completing formal schooling
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What are four areas that experience a destructive impact due to student health risks?
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1. Attendance 2. Class Grades 3. Performance on Standardized tests 4. Graduation rates
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How did the 1979 Healthy People publication provide a starting point for coordinated school health?
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It defined key concepts such as medical care, disease prevention, and health promotion
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What is medical care according to the 1979 Healthy People publication?
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the care that seeks to make the sick well
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What is Disease prevention according to the 1979 Healthy People publication?
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it attempts to minimize threats to health
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What is Health promotion according to the 1979 Healthy People publication?
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attempts to educate basically healthy communities and individuals to develop healthier lifestyles
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What must teachers remember about their students with regard to health?
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most of the students are "basically healthy"
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What does the the Coordinated School Health framework organize into a model representing best practice?
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resources, expertise, and activities
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What are the 8 components of coordinated School Health?
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1. Health Education 2. Health services 3. Efforts to ensure a healthy school environment 4. Nutrition services 5. Counseling, psychological, and social services 6. Physical education 7. Health promotion for faculty and staff 8. Family and community involvement
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What does the Coordinated School Health have the capacity to do?
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1. Maximize available expertise and resources 2. Conserve Taxpayer dollars by reducing duplication of services 3. Enhance communication and collaboration among health promotion professionals 4. Address student health risks in the context of, rather than in competition with, the academic mission of the school
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What is the most familiar component of CSH?
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quality comprehensive school health instruction
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What 3 domains of learning is quality health education grounded in?
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1. Cognitive development 2. Affective Domain 3. Psychomotor skills
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What were developed to improve health education for all students?
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the National Health Education Standards
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What do the National Health Education Standards provide a foundation for?
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developing a rigorous instructional scope and sequence and meaningful evaluation
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What percentage of the states use the NHE Standards to build curriculum?
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75%
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How many hours of formal health training are necessary to produce changes in the 3 learning domains?
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40-50 hours
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What are the 9 key Health Instructional Topics?
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1. Mental and Emotional Health 2. Healthy Eating 3. Physical Activity 4. Safety/ intentional injury prevention 5. Personal Health and Wellness 6. Violence Prevention 7. Tobacco-free lifestyle 8. Alcohol and drug-free lifestyle 9. Sexual Health
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What is HECAT?
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Health Education Curriculum Analysis Tool that was developed by the CDC
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What does HECAT contain?
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guides, tools, and resources for completing analysis of health education curricula
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What is the HECAT based on?
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the National Health Education Standards
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What will the HECAT help?
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it will help districts select appropriate and effective health education programs
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Who assume the primary responsibility of teaching health?
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elementary and middle school teachers
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What percentage of elementary and middle schools have been mandated by state departments to teach some health education?
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85%
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What are 7 things that the school nurse does to help with the collaboration of School Health?
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1. Provide direct health care to students and staff 2. Provide leadership for provision of health services 3. Provide screening and referral for health conditions 4. Promote a healthy school environment 5. Promote health 6. Service in a leadership role for health policies and programs 7. Serve as a liaison between school personnel, family, community, and health care providers
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What things influence the number of nurses needed in a school district?
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1. Education/ professional preparation of school nurse 2. functions mandated by the board of education 3. Number and location of buildings in district 4. Social, economic, and cultural characteristics 5. Access to medical care within the community 6. Special health problems of students 7. Licensed and unlicensed personnel to provide assistance 8. Presence or absence of a school-based clinic
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What is the National Association of School Nurses recommended ratio of school nurses to students?
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one nurse per 750 students
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When does the recommended ratio of school nurses to students decrease?
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it decreases as the level and number of student needs increase
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What percentage of schools are in compliance with the recommended nurse to student ratio?
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45%
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What are two important health roles of teachers?
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1. Advocate for students 2. Participate in initial observation and referral for student health conditions
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What are 3 things that contribute to the physical environment of the school?
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1. Physical condition of buildings and grounds 2. Playgrounds and school facilities 3. Vehicles
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Who needs to take an active role in educating children about safe transportation to and from school?
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classroom teachers
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What does a healthy social/psychological school environment look like?
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1. students, faculty, and staff feel cared for and personally valued 2. the learning environment is inviting, safe, and nurturing 3. students are engaged in meaningful activities 4. shared norms are developed 5. Students are involved in decision making concerning school matters
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What are some of the CDC priority risk areas when it comes to schools?
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1. Bullying 2. Weapon carrying 3. Tobacco/alcohol/drug possession 4. instances of acting out
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What are two things that school nutrition services should provide?
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1. access to nutritious and appealing meals that meet the health and nutritional needs of students 2. offer students a learning laboratory
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What does poor dietary behaviors have a strong relationship with?
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low student achievement
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What are 4 things that inadequate nutrition leads to?
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1. apathy and shorter attention spans 2. low energy levels 3. inability to concentrate 4. increased absences from school
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When did the National School Lunch program begin?
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1946
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Why was the National School Lunch program started?
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inadequate nutrition of many students
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What fraction of students receive about 1/3 of their daily nutrition from the National School Lunch program?
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2/3
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What are the benefits seen in students who participate in the National School Lunch program?
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1. better school attendance 2. better class participation 3. better achievement
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What percent of schools have not established policies restricting the use of vending machines during lunch?
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over 20%
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What is the ratio of students that has a diagnosable mental health disorder?
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1 in 5
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What are the two categories of factors that cause mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders in children?
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Biological and Environmental
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What three things are included in biological factors for mental/emotional/behavioral disorders?
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genetics, chemical imbalances, and trauma
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What 3 things are included in environmental factors for mental/emotional/behavioral disorders?
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violence, extreme stress, and death of a significant person
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What are the primary sources of identification, referral, and care for mental health disorders?
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schools
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What are 5 barriers to learning?
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1. Inadequate basic resources 2. Psychological problems 3. Stress situations 4. Crisis and emergencies 5. Life transitions
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What do school counselors do?
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help students solve relationship problems, make decisions to improve learning outcomes, and address developmental challenges
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What do school psychologists do?
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evaluate psychological function and needs of students, coordinate referral networks, and provide individual/group counseling
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What do school social workers do?
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serve as formal links among school, home, and community; offer case management; group counseling; home visits; coordinate youth programs
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What are some of the benefits of physical activity according to the 1996 Surgeon General's report?
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decreased risk of premature death, heart disease, diabetes, colon cancer, high blood pressure, depression, osteoporosis, and obesity
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What are some non health related benefits of physical activity?
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improved test scores in math, reading, and writing, and the ability to practice healthy stress management
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What are 4 strategies that can be used by schools to help students be more active?
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1. Create policies that increase access to and encourage physical activity for all students 2. maintain strong physical education programs that engage students in moderate to vigorous activity at least 50% of the time 3. integrate physical activity into classroom practice so students can be active across the school day 4. Employ qualified and credentialed staff to teach PE and meet activity needs of students with disabilities
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Why did Corporate America initiate health promotion activities for employees?
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to reduce health care expenses
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What are some work-site health promotion activities that school districts are ideal for?
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1. Screenings 2. Health Education 3. Employee Assistance programs 4. Health Care 5. Implementation of policies that support safe and healthy lifestyles
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What have health promotion programs for faculty and staff been shown to decrease?
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1. absenteeism 2. Health care and insurance costs 3. number of work-related injuries
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What have health promotion programs for faculty and staff been shown to increase or provide?
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1. employee retention 2. improve morale 3. productivity 4. motivation to practice healthy behaviors 5. provide healthy role models for students
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What is the school an agency of?
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the community
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What are four other influences on children?
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neighborhoods, churches, stores, and medical care settings
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Why do communities need to establish a school health advisory committee?
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1. reduce the duplication of services 2. enhance the visibility and potential impact of participating agencies 3. pool resources 4. identify gaps 5. Cultivate community relationships
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Where are most activities related to family and community involvement in school health programs based?
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local level, not state level
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What are the 8 components of the Coordinated School Health Model?
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1. Health education 2. Health services 3. Healthy school environment 4. Nutrition services 5. Counseling, psychological, and social services 6. Physical education 7. Health promotion for faculty and staff 8. Family and community involvement
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What would the coordinator do for school health programs?
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1. translate CSH into specific activities 2. coordinate the school health advisory board 3. maintain the program budget 4. organize advocacy and liaison activities 5. organize evaluation activities
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What kind of activities are more likely to succeed and last?
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those offered in a coordinated and intentional manner
