question

-to gain positive or negative reinforcement - to get something they want -to escape something they find aversive -to get attention -to get self stimulation

answer

What are the functions of behavior?

question

Yes

answer

Is it rare for a bx to have a single function?

question

Identify the target bx you are trying to eliminate (operational definition) Setting events and antecedents that may be triggering the behavior Determine the functions of the behavior List out antecedent interventions Replacement behaviors Consequence interventions Plan on how you are measuring progress

answer

What are the main components of a Behavior Plan?

question

True

answer

True or False: an individual is in need of a behavior plan if their behavior impedes their or another's ability to learn

question

Antecedent interventions replacement behaviors consequence interventions

answer

What are the three types of behavior intervention strategies?

question

Strategies that focus on structuring and modifying the environment and conditions that occur before a bx so that the bx is less likely to occur

answer

Antecedent interventions (The proactive approach)

question

Stimuli in the environment that signal behavior and that are associated with reinforcement Any stimulus that elicits a response previously paired with reinforcement

answer

Discriminative Stimuli S^D

question

When a bx is emitted more often in the presence of a particular S^D

answer

stimulus control

question

Stimuli in the environment that do not necessarily happen immediately before the behavior occurs but still affect the probability that the behavior will occur Ex: medication, sleep, diet, daily schedule, the level of environmental stimulation

answer

What are Setting events? give examples

question

Events that make a bx more likely to occur b/c they make a particular reinforcer more valuable at a particular time Ex: drinking water after a run.

answer

What are motivating operations?

question

Sometime before the bx

answer

When do setting events happen?

question

Running away Tantrums Crying Screaming Self injurious bx Ignoring instructions Verbal threats Aggression

answer

List Escape bxs

question

Visual Schedules Means to an end visuals (token boards, timer, first-then board) Functional communication training (FCT)

answer

List ways to help clients with activity transition

question

Communication to replace problem bxs

answer

What does FCT teach?

question

Tool for teaching social skills to children with Autism Prepares a client for social situation, explains steps for self help Skills describe confusing or anxiety producing situations

answer

What is a social story?

question

Tx that practices engaging successive approximations towards the target or desired bx. Usually paired with anxiety reduction exercises and positive reinforcement.

answer

What is systemic desensitization?

question

At first reinforce them w/out placing any clear demands. Teaches them to pair you with reinforcing events.

answer

Non-Contingent reinforcement

question

When you have paired yourself with reinforcement

answer

Pairing

question

Uses proactive prompting to ensure that the student always responds correctly. Prompts are systematically decreased as the correct response increases This process removes frustration that trial and error learning and correction strategies cause

answer

Errorless Teaching

question

Increasing the pace of instruction decreases the likelihood of escape bxs

answer

Pace of instruction

question

Prevent frustration

answer

Why do we intersperse easy and difficult tasks?

question

Reinforcement is unpredictable

answer

Why do variable ratio schedules prevent escape bxs?

question

Fluency as the learner has to respond quickly to contact reinforcement frequently

answer

Using an appropriate fast pace of instruction assists in building _________.

question

Screaming/Yelling Self Injury Rude/Vulgar Language Tantrums Inappropriate comments/ ? Property Destruction Aggression Running Away

answer

List Common Attention maintained BXs

question

by ignoring them the and rewarding the appropriate ones. Teach them to replace the unwanted bx with communication (FCT)

answer

How can we d/c inappropriate attention seeking bxs?

question

False, you must first determine the function of the bx.

answer

True or False: An intervention can be designed based on the topography or for of the bx alone.

question

Grabbing Whining Tantrums Aggression Screaming Running Away

answer

List Common Tangible Item Manitaining BXs

question

Timers Visual Schedules teaching the student to request the item The Wait Program

answer

What things can be effective in reducing Tangible Item Manitaining BXs

question

teaches a student to accept a denied request and wait for access to the item. The learner is taught to wait for an activity of incremental periods of time. uses visuals and timers

answer

What is the Wait Program?

question

-Requires a student to leave a preferred activity or item causing anxiety -Teaches to easily transition by reinforcing systematic steps.

answer

What is a Transition program?

question

Phobias

answer

Systematic Desensitization/Exposure Therapy in most often used to treat.

question

FCT (teach manding/requesting)

answer

Levi screams whenever he wants his helicopter toy. What would be a good antecedent intervention?

question

reduce the motivation for self stimulation bx

answer

A motor activity schedule could...

question

bx to escape/avoid something

answer

Errorless teaching would be most appropriate to prevent...

question

Mood

answer

Which is not an example of a setting event? Mood Sleep Medication Diet

question

Antecedent Interventions

answer

Using _________ to prevent problem bx is considered the proactive approach.

question

Stimulus demand fading

answer

Cameron has tantrums and noncompliance for the function of escaping a task. What AI would be best to use in the BIP?

question

Increasing

answer

________the pace of instruction can decrease the likelihood of Escape bx.

question

a bx is emitted more often in the presence of a particular discriminative stimulus than in it's absence.

answer

Stimulus control is when...

question

approximately 1/2 second

answer

The inter-trial interview should last...

question

being angry

answer

All of the following are MO's Except: being in pain being angry being cold being thirsty

question

-Decrease problem bx and teach or increase replacement bx in all settings.

answer

A Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP) is developed to...

question

Antecedent Interventions Replacement BX Consequence Interventions

answer

There are 3 types of bx intervention strategies in the bx plan; they are...

question

After; increase;decrease

answer

Fill in the Blanks: Consequence interventions focus on modifying the environment and contingencies that occur_________the bx to _____ or _____the bx.

question

False

answer

True or False: Extinction is the same as ignoring.

question

intermittent

answer

It is not always possible to use Extinction for a bx b/c other people may occasionally reinforce a bx thus putting the bx on an ___________ schedule.

question

Sudden initial increase in the bx when extinction is implemented

answer

Extinction bursts

question

The reappearance of the behavior that had previously been diminished; can occur even without reinforcement but is usually short-lived as long as extinction is still being used

answer

Spontaneous recovery

question

Extinction

answer

When I mother stops giving stickers for cleaning behavior she uses what procedure?

question

Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior -reinforces the behavior that is incompatible to the problem behavior and puts the target problem on extinction

answer

What does DRI stand for? (Describe)

question

Differential reinforcement of alternate behavior -reinforcing inappropriate alternative to the problem behavior and extinguishing the problem behavior through extinction

answer

What does DRA stand for? (Describe)

question

Differential reinforcement of other behavior -reinforcing the absence of a problem behavior for a specific amount of time

answer

What does DRO stand for? (Describe)

question

1: Measure current levels of behavior to get a baseline of how often the behaviors occurring and how far apart the behaviors are 2: Set initial intervals lower than baseline to ensure reinforcement 3: gradually increase the DRO interval by a constant duration dependent on the learners performance 4: combine DRO with other procedures

answer

Steps for effective DRO use

question

A stimulus that follows a response that decreases the future probability of that response Punishment is only punishment if the behavior decreases in response to the intervention

answer

Punishment

question

The addition of an aversive stimulus following a behavior that decreases that behavior

answer

Positive punishment

question

Over correction and positive practice

answer

List positive punishment procedures

question

Learner is required to repair the situation into its original state and then some

answer

Over correction

question

The learner is required to practice the correct form of the behavior that is incompatible with the problem behavior as a result of the problem behavior

answer

Positive practice

question

The withdrawl or removal of the opportunity to receive reinforcement

answer

Negative punishment

question

Time out and response cost

answer

List negative punishment procedures

question

The withdrawal or removal of the opportunity to receive positive reinforcement for a specific amount of time

answer

Time out

question

Planned ignoring and withdrawl of reinforcer

answer

What are the different types of time out?

question

A behavior reduction procedure in which the reinforcing stimulus is removed following the target behavior

answer

response cost (negative punishment)

question

Operational

answer

A good behavioral definition is...

question

Extinction

answer

Spontaneous recovery is most commonly associated with...

question

Reinforcement

answer

Extinction is withholding the_______that previously maintaied the behavior.

question

The function of the behavior

answer

What will guide you to an appropriate intervention?

question

Automatically

answer

Extinction is the most difficult to use with _______maintained behaviors.

question

Antecedent interventions

answer

________ should be used first when dealing with problem behaviors.

question

Ignoring the screen and later prompting them to call your name

answer

What might be inappropriate consequence for screaming for attention?

question

Before a behavior

answer

Antecedent interventions will be implemented...

question

Antecedent

answer

What is another name for a fast trigger?

question

Early, intensive, behavioral intervention can significantly improve functioning in individuals with autism.

answer

The early research by love us and colleagues at UCLA demonstrated that...

question

Breaking skills down into small steps Teaching one step at a time until mastery Providing repetition Prompting and prompt fading procedures Positive reinforcement

answer

Describe DTI

question

One cycle or presentation of an instruction that can be repeated over again

answer

DT (discrete trial)

question

Reinforces correct responding therefore increasing the likelihood it will be repeated in the future and extinguishes incorrect responses

answer

Feedback is extremely important because it...

question

Full physical assistance Partial physical assistance Full model prompt Full verbal prompt Phonemic prompt Gesture prompt Pointing prompt Proximity/Positional prompt Modeling prompt

answer

List the types of prompts

question

Prompt-dependence Over-prompting Inadvertent prompts

answer

What issues do we want to avoid when prompting?

question

Child is given chance to answer with the least amount of prompting necessary requires client to make correct response within 3 to 5 seconds -if the child doesn't respond correctly the SD re-presented and a verbal prompt is delivered -The next incorrect response uses a gestural or model prompt And so on

answer

What is least to most prompting?

question

Early and immediate props & ensures success

answer

Errorless learning involves...

question

True

answer

True or false: in error was teaching the child contact frequent reinforcement.

question

Mass trial, mass trial with distractors, & random rotate

answer

What are the basic steps of acquisition?

question

Expressive

answer

When you are teaching a target that is______, you can't really use tangible distractors.

question

Random intermixing of tasks mix master tasks with new tasks keeps momentum moving increases attending and interest faster rate of learning

answer

Test variation

question

1-3 seconds

answer

In DTI the inter-trial interval generally last how long?

question

Lovaas

answer

Who conducted the pivotal studies on DT that are still referenced for using DTI today?

question

Simultaneously with the instruction, or just after it

answer

In the DT cycle the prompt should occur when?

question

Help students in the early phase of learning, increase the rate of learning, and reduce frustration

answer

Prompts are a critical part of the learning process because they...

question

True

answer

True or False: With expressive targets you can use expanded trials?

question

Successive approximations of a target response are reinforced, takes advantage of skills students are already able to perform and then shapes them into new and different responses

answer

What is shaping?

question

Breaking down A larger scale into step-by-step components Each step is taught and mastered and then chained together into a larger hole

answer

Chaining

question

Breaking down complex goes into smaller teachable units, the products of which is a series of sequentially ordered steps

answer

Task Analysis

question

Trial by trial data and probe data

answer

Types of data

question

Probe

answer

______Data only checks the first trial of each program, or target item to see whether the teaching and prompting the previous session was enough to maintain the target skill, or Item the following day

question

False

answer

True or false: data collection is not necessary to track the growth and development of skills

question

Verbal, social, edible, tangible, token, points, money, activities, and privileges

answer

What type of things can be reinforcements?

question

True

answer

True or false: reinforcement is responsible for anything we have ever learned

question

Social reinforcement and play

answer

You should work towards using what as reinforcement?

question

Social

answer

Which type of reinforcement that works for most people is often ineffective with individuals with autism?

question

Fade edibles and tangibles to more social reinforcers

answer

A girl with reinforcement should be to:

question

False

answer

True or false: reinforces that I reinforcing one day will always be reinforcing for the learner.

question

False

answer

True or false: reinforcement should be delivered at the same level regardless of level of responding

question

Locations times teachers materials

answer

Generalization means mastery across...

question

Teaching in the location where something might actually occur

answer

Natural setting

question

Natural environment teaching

answer

Teaching someone to label all his clothing items as he dressed would be an example of what?

question

Varying the therapy settings, SDs, and stimuli

answer

Instructors can help facilitate generalization by

question

Putting the learning through the initial steps and allowing them to complete the final step, then they complete the final two steps, three steps, and so on

answer

Backward chaining is...

question

Provides concrete evidence of progress and guides the decision-making process for the program

answer

Data collection is important primarily because it...

question

Community standards, laws, prevailing philosophies, individual freedoms, clients attitude and feelings, ;social validity

answer

What determines ethical procedures?

question

True

answer

True or false behavior analysts have a list of core ethical principles specific to their field?

question

False

answer

True or false: consent is not necessary if you are providing only a consultation.

question

When services are no longer needed, when there is harm being done, when the client is no longer benefiting

answer

When is it OK to terminate services with a client?

question

Encourage the teacher to bring it to the principal or the parents attention and direct them to some helpful resources

answer

If a teacher asked you about another student in the class exhibiting problem behaviors you could:

question

Cautioned against bartering with clients unless certain guidelines are in place

answer

Regarding bartering with clients behavior analysts are:

question

occur when a person is repeating what has been heard. It is also termed vocal imitation. There are a few characteristics that make an echoic response unique.

answer

Echoic operants

question

1) It is occasioned by motivation 2) leads to specific reinforcer 3)works primarily for the immediate benefit of the speaker

answer

Specific Mand Features (3)

question

1. The person emitting the echoic response is repeating what they heard. 2. There is a vocal SD or discriminative stimulus. 3. The consequence of echoic behavior is non-specific reinforcement. This again can be anything that increases the behavior that is not the object being said.

answer

Specific Echoic Features (3)

question

Think demand, command, ask, or request. The mand is usually the first operant to develop in normally developing children

answer

Mand

question

When someone has motivation to gain access to something, it is referred to as a motivating operation or MO

answer

Motivating Operations (MOs)

question

The word tact comes from the word "contact," meaning coming in contact with the environment through one of our senses.

answer

Tact

question

responding to conversational questions;

answer

Intraverbal

question

Motivation

answer

What is always the antecedent for a mand?

question

a verbal stimulus

answer

What is the antecedent for intrverbal bx?

question

Responding to the mands of another (aka receptive language) -the response doesn't include vocal verbal bx (EX touch dog listener touches dog)

answer

Listener Responding

question

Non-Verbal Stimulus in the environment

answer

What is the Antecedent to a Tact?

question

True

answer

True or False:You can see, hear, smell, feel, or taste something that is followed by a verbal response, (or the "label" for the item which was "tacted.")

question

discriminate items by comparing the similarities and differences

answer

Match to Sample

question

involves copying of another persons movements

answer

Mimetic (imitation)

question

Matching and imitation

answer

Name 2 Skills That support the acquisition of Verbal Bx.

question

Motivating Operation

answer

When people say, "MO," what are they referring to ?

question

No

answer

Does Non-specific reinforcement includes all of the following the object that was named?

question

Imitation

answer

Clapping upon seeing another individual clapping is an example of what behavior?

question

Intraverbal

answer

Behavior that is evoked by another's verbal behavior, such as conversation, can be best described as...

question

Skinner

answer

Who wrote Verbal Behavior and broke down language into verbal operants?

question

may not transfer to other operants

answer

Skinner believed that learning a word in one operant...

question

Tact

answer

As a dog walks in front of a boy, he says, "Look, a dog." This is an example of which verbal operant?

question

Mand

answer

A man approaches a pizza counter and says, "May I have a slice of cheese?" This is an example of which verbal operant?

question

No

answer

Can mands result in getting MOs?

question

Receptive Language

answer

Another term for listener responding is...

question

Mands

answer

_____________are usually the first form of communication to develop in typically developing children.

question

refers to the emission of a behavior that is topographically similar and temporally proximal to the behavior of a model. -imitation means to mimic another person's behavior.

answer

What Is Imitation?

question

Direct instruction and continuous reinforcement.

answer

Another end goal of imitation training is for the learner to continue to imitate bx in the absence of ...

question

Motor and Verbal

answer

What are the 2 types of Imitation?

question

-Toy/object imitation (also called object manipulation) -Gross motor imitation -Fine motor -Oral motor imitation

answer

Motor Imitation

question

mimicking the movements of a model.

answer

Motor Imitation Involves......

question

mimicking the vocalizations of a model.

answer

Verbal Imitation involves...

question

to ensure that we are targeting imitative skills and not receptive or listener response skills.

answer

Why do we use Non-Specific SD id imitation training?

question

-useful for teaching play skills -good place to start teaching imitation b/c usually involves manipulation of a physical object usually produces discrete sensory feedback.

answer

Toy/Object Imitation

question

Yes

answer

Can Motor Imitation and Verbal Imitation be taught simultaneously?

question

a stimulus involving motor movements by a model

answer

The antecedent of Imitation is:

question

involves body movements that can be mimicked.

answer

Gross-Motor imitation

question

involves more detailed and precise movements targeting fine motor skills.

answer

Fine-Motor Imitation

question

involves movements of the mouth, tongue, lips, face, and head.

answer

Oral Motor Imitation

question

often used as a prerequisite to verbal imitation and speech programs for non?vocal learners.

answer

Oral Motor Imitation

question

They need to be able to: 1. Stay seated or be able to sit for a short period of time. 2. Attend to the teacher. 3. Keep hands off of materials. 4. Scan the materials, track the teacher's finger, and look at the object when prompted to "look at this."

answer

Imitation Training Prerequisites

question

oral motor

answer

What kind of imitation generally assists in the development of verbal imitation and speech?

question

1. When you begin, probe or test the student's motor abilities and identify behaviors that may be more likely to gain success, such as gross-motor skills. Motor skills are the easiest to prompt 2: Present the model and immediately deliver a physical prompt to the student 3:Gradually fade your guidance until the student is able to initiate and complete the movement without assistance. 4: Reinforce all approximations. 5: Mix up the actions with other mastered actions to make sure the child is able to discriminate the new behavior. This will indicate whether the student has mastered this skill 6:Continue to increase the imitation repertoire as the child starts to discriminate actions.

answer

Imitation Training Steps

question

The individual skill level of the student, based on assesments

answer

Targets should be chosen based on...

question

broken down into basic components, directly taught, and reinforced.

answer

For ASD children that do not easily acquire imitation, skills may need to be...

question

Imitation

answer

___________ is perhaps the most fundamental means of acquiring new behaviors and knowledge for humans

question

imitate others in his natural environment.

answer

It is important to remember throughout imitative skills training that the end goal is to have the student...

question

True, this overlapping can make transfer of skills more natural.

answer

True or False: It can be useful to choose imitation targets that are being addressed in other program areas

question

multiple

answer

It's important to remember that _______ action(s) should be taught for the same toy in imitation.

question

False

answer

True or False: The SD "raise arms" should be used to teach imitation (mimetic behavior).

question

-A-stimulus involving motor movement by a model -B-non-verbal and mimics the movements of the model -C-reinforcement of the imitative behavior

answer

Which is the proper ABC form of imitative (mimetic) behavior?

question

staying seated and attending to the teacher.

answer

For a student to be able to begin imitation training, they need to engage in some pre-requisite behaviors, including...

question

Toy/Object Imitation, Gross Motor Imitation, Fine Motor Imitation, and Oral Motor Imitation.

answer

The four areas of Motor Imitation are...

question

-Breaking skills down into smaller steps -Teach steps until mastery -Use prompt and fading procedures -Use of Positive reinforcement

answer

What do DTI ; NaTS have in common?

question

DTI's reinforcer is not related to the material being taught, while NTS reinforcers are relevant to the material

answer

How do DTI and NaTS differ?

question

False

answer

If you are working at a table you must be engaged in discrete trial instruction.

question

-They will be taught in the environment they will be used in -The learners items and activities of interest should set the occasion for teaching -sessions should be across a variety of settings, materials, types of responses and verbal operants -focus of teaching should be on functional language & skills

answer

Basic Assummptions of NaTs

question

-More intuitive than DTI -Can be done during activities that would be done anyway -teaches when and how to use skills -easier to apply thinner schedules of reinforcement -Some learners may not realize they are "working"

answer

Benefits of NaTS

question

-fewer teaching trials -may require a highly engineered environment to control motivation -the more limited reinforcers are the more limited teaching opportunities are

answer

Limitations of NaTS

question

watching what your learner chooses to play with whenthey can play with anything

answer

Free Operant (Preference assessment)

question

Giving learner choices of several items and seeing which one they pick

answer

Forced Choice (Preference assessment)

question

Errorless Teaching Vary Tasks

answer

How can we teach to maintain motivation?

question

-Slower responding -Looking away -Lower volume responding

answer

Signs that Learner is losing motivation.

question

a bx naturally produces a consequence

answer

Functional Relationships exist when...

question

False

answer

True or False: Academic programs are generally the first introduced to individuals with Autism.

question

teaching with many different examples of the same item or activity.

answer

What is multiple exemplar training?

question

Different: people stimuli environments

answer

to promote generalization, a learner should interact with:

question

Use multiple stimuli

answer

When teaching a new skill you should _____________.

question

Discrete Trial Instruction

answer

Which of the following is NOT a Naturalistic Teaching Strategy?

question

False

answer

True or False: What someone says they want is the best predictor of reinforcer effectiveness.

question

Using errorless teaching and varying tasks

answer

Which effective teaching procedures can be used in NaTS to maintain motivation?

question

Teach with many different examples of the same item or activity.

answer

What can you do to teach a concept in a way that will more easily generalize to other person, settings and related behaviors?

question

providing only one trial of each skill.

answer

Both DTI and NaTS involve all of the following EXCEPT...

question

Stimulus control

answer

When certain parts of the environment impact our response, this is said to have _____________over our responses.

question

Always choose the reinforcer for your learner and follow a schedule.

answer

To help establish Functional Relationships, you should do which things?

question

the reinforcer was directly related to the material being taught.

answer

Rob is learning body parts, and loves frogs. His teacher draws a frog, but leaves out parts of its body. When he points at the missing part, she prompts him to say the body part, then draws it. This is an example of NaTS because...

question

is not/is

answer

In Discrete Trial Instruction the reinforcer _______related to the material being taught and in Naturalistic Teaching Strategies the reinforcer ________ related to the material being taught.

question

watching what your learner chooses to do when they can play with anything available.

answer

Free Operant preference assessments involve...

question

consequence

answer

There is a Functional Relationship between a behavior and a consequence when that behavior naturally produces that______________

question

Pair toys, food, and activities with the music she loves and then start to fade the music volume down.

answer

Sue's teachers say she isn't motivated by anything. She shows little interest in toys, activities or food. An exception appears to be one CD that she listens to exclusively. What can Sue's teachers do to broaden her reinforcement repertoire?

question

Bx that risk harm to self, otherss, or the environment

answer

What is a Crisis?

question

Preventing it from occurring via altering antecedent conditions

answer

What is the first step in avoiding a crisis situation?

question

Antecedents, Bx's, and consequences

answer

What are the ABC's of incident and injury reports?

question

False

answer

The following is an example of punishment: Chris uses swear words frequently. Every time he swears his mother makes him put a dollar in a jar. His swearing behavior increases.

question

Attention, Tangible, Escape, Automatic Reinforcement

answer

Which of the following are functions of behavior?

question

ASAP

answer

After a crisis, data should be collected ___________

question

Pre-crisis tasks and activities

answer

After a crisis has occurred, the person you support should engage in:

question

Function of the behavior

answer

Crisis plans should have interventions based on which of the following?

question

A functional behavior assessment .

answer

__________needs to take place when there is accurate information about the behaviors that occur in crisis situations.

question

Antecedents

answer

__________are things that set the stage for the behavior, occurring in close proximity to the behavior such as the activity the individual is engaged in, the setting, the people they are around, or the actions of the people around them.

question

Name of the individual, date of birth, and date the plan was created.

answer

What three (3) things should be included in the Client section of the crisis plan?

question

Punishment

answer

_________ is defined as a stimulus that follows a response and decreases the future probability of that response.

question

Antecedent Interventions, Escalation, Crisis, Post Crisis

answer

A crisis plan includes which sections?

question

responding non-verbally to the verbal bx of others

answer

What is listener responding?

question

receptive language

answer

Listener Responding is aka...

question

• Touching or looking at a picture or object when it is named • Following one-step directions • Following multiple-component directions such as a two or three-step directions

answer

Examples of receptive language include:

question

Verbal Bx

answer

The antecedent for listener responding is another person's___________.

question

non-verbal bx

answer

The behavior is the listener's ___________ .

question

Non-Specific Reinforcement

answer

The consequence is generally reinforcement such as tangibles or praise.

question

Naturally occurring situations

answer

At the beginning level, receptive language is often taught in a very structured format. In more intermediate and advanced receptive language, skills can be taught using a structured format or within________ .

question

1. Following instructions 2. Receptive identification of common objects 3. Receptive identification of body parts

answer

Receptive Programs for Early Learners

question

Yes

answer

Should SDs or instructions should be presented in various ways to facilitate generalization?

question

the student must be able to readily differentiate it from other targets in the same program AND from other targets in different programs

answer

To ensure mastery has occurred,

question

Listener responding by feature, function, and class (LRFFC) o Receptively identify items based on their feature, function, or class.

answer

Conditional Directions

question

attributes the item has

answer

Feature

question

a collection of items that belong to the same group, such as a category

answer

Class

question

action the object can do

answer

Function

question

-what people do and say -can be observed and measured -impacts the environment -bound by laws

answer

What is bx?

question

B.F. Skinner

answer

Who founded modern behaviorism?

question

the application of behavior laws to change socially significant behavior to a meaningful degree.

answer

What is ABA?

question

-Focuses on socially significant behavior -Uses procedures based on principles of behavior - Emphasizes on analyzing environmental events that relate to the behavior - Provides specific behavior planning - Plans are implemented by people in the natural environment -Measurement is used to document behavior change

answer

What are the defining characteristics of ABA?

question

Antecedent; punishment, reinforcement

answer

Fill in the blanks: __________==;BX=;__________________ __________________

question

Addition of a Stimulus

answer

Positive Reinforcement ; Positive Punishment

question

Removal of a Stimulus

answer

Negative Reinforcement ; Negative Punishment

question

Precede, follow

answer

Antecedents are events that_____bx and consequences are events that_____bx.

question

is an event following a behavior, which decreases that behavior

answer

Punishment

question

is an event following a behavior, which increases that behavior

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Reinforcement

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is when an occurrence of behavior is followed by the addition of a reinforcer, which results in increased behavior

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Positive reinforcement

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Removal of an aversive stimulus that INCREASES the rate of a behavior.

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Negative reinforcement

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observable

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The field of Applied Behavior Analysis focuses on ______________ behavior.

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positive reinforcement

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When Kay talked to Nancy, she liked to complain about work. Nancy would listen and try to cheer her up by talking with her. The more Nancy talked with Kay the more she complained. By talking with Kay after she complained, Nancy used what principle?

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follows; increases

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Reinforcement is any event that _________ behavior and _________ behavior.

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Consequences

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What follows behavior?

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negative reinforcement

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Jane rarely used her phone. Whenever her annoying coworker approaches her and she is on the phone her coworker walks away. Now Jane is always talking on the phone. What principle of behavior accounts for this increase?

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reinforcement and punishment

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Identify two consequences:

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removal

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Another way to conceptualize negative in negative reinforcement and negative punishment is:

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more valuable at specific times.

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A motivating operation can make a reinforcer_____.

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the more immediate the reinforcer the more effective it becomes.

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Immediacy, in regards to the principles of reinforcer effectiveness means...

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Deprivation, immediacy, Size, contingency

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What does DISC stand for?

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Variable ratio

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Which Schedule of reinforcement produces the highest rate of responding?

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Number of responses

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Ratio Schedules are based on...

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observable

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What kind of bx does ABA focus on?

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Intermittent

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__________________schedules of reinforcement are when only some of the responses are reinforced.

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reinforcer

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Motivating Operations variables in the environment that alter the relative value of a __________ at a particular time.

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increase the likelihood of any behavior that has produced that reinforcer in the past

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Motivating operations increase the relative value of a particular reinforcer and also ________.

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attractiveness

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What is not a variable of reinforcer effectiveness?

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time out

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Joshua cracked jokes during the movies he watched in history class every week. When he did this the teacher removed him from the class and had him sit in the library. Joshua stopped cracking jokes during the movies. This is an example of

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extinction burst

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Jake yelled when he wanted music turned off and his parents would turn it off. One day, his parents decided to ignore the yelling. Jake's yelling initially increased then decreased over the next couple days as they continued to ignore. What occurred?

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extinction

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Hilary has autism and she likes to push buttons on her toys over and over again. After a while, to her parent's satisfaction, the batteries wore out of the toy. Hilary stopped pushing the buttons on the toy. What decreased her behavior?

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positive reinforcement

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Alyse didn't sing in music class often. One day, her teacher saw Alyse singing and complimented her voice in front of the class. Alyse stopped singing in music class all together. What principle did the music teacher use on Alyse's singing behavior?

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negative punishment (response cost)

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Luke threw toys at his peers during free play. When the teacher caught him doing this, she would take the toy that he threw and put it in a box that he couldn't access for the rest of the day. His behavior decreased. This is an example of:

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the number of responses, passage of time

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Ratio Schedules are based on ______________ and interval schedules are based on ___________________.

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Antecedent: another person's verbal behavior Behavior: non-verbal response Consequence: non-specific reinforcement

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The ABC of Receptive Language is:

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Receptive Identification of Body Parts

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Which of the following is a good receptive skills program for early learners?

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non-verbally

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Listener responding involves responding ____________ to the verbal behavior of another.

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Give instructions to perform preferred tasks in context

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In the Receptive Instructions Program, generally the first step should be:

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Increase in size and become messier

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In receptive identification it is recommended that the array of items should:

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Listener Responding for Function Feature and Class

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If a child can respond correctly to "Touch the car," but not respond correctly to "Touch the one you drive," they may be missing what skill?

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Preferred stimuli

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When teaching receptive identification if it useful to begin with identification of:

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the emission of a behavior that is topographically similar and temporally proximal to the behavior of a model (Baer, Peterson and Sherman, 1967)

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Imitation:

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• Skill is broken down • Taught and reinforced • Increase the responses in difficulty and complexity

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To teach imitation:

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Motor ; Verbal

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what are the two types of imitation?

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Verbal

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echoic is the same as ______ imitation.

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Repeated pairing of a stimulus with a reinforcing stimulus. • Neutral stimulus becomes conditioned as a reinforcer . • Based on the theory of reinforcement.

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Stimulus-Stimulus Pairing (SSP)

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-Teacher models target sound up to three times -if student makes attempt to echo after any of the presentations they should be reinforced immediately -if no effort is made to echo reinforcement is given after 3rd presentation

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Echoic Training

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a motor-speech programming disorder resulting in difficulty coordinating the oral-motor movements necessary to produce and combine phonemes to form syllables,, words, phrases and sentences

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Apraxia

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automatic reinforcement

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When children produce sounds that resemble those produced by their parents, these sounds may function as:

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Differential reinforcement

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As the student becomes more proficient with verbal imitation, what procedure should be used to shape articulation?

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neutral stimuli/reinforcer

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Similar to classical conditioning, when a _____________such as parent vocalizations are paired with a ____________ such as food, the vocalizations may become reinforcing themselves.

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Pairing reinforcement with vocalizations so talking alone provides reinforcement

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Stimulus-Stimulus Pairing is a fancy name for the procedure of:

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A "candy"--> B "candy"--> C non-specific reinforcement

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Which is an example of echoic behavior?

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sounds or parts of words

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In the beginning level learner you may first want to target:

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Identify

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The first step in implementing any behavioral treatment is to ______________ the behavior that is being targeted for change and to select a measurement technique.

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1. Include verbs describing the behavior 2. Are objective and unambiguous 3. Does not rely on internal states (e.g., happy, sad) 4. Do not label a behavior (e.g., bad or good)

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Behavioral definitions should have the following characteristics:

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Indirect Measurement and Direct Measurement

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What are two general methods to assess Bx change?

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easy to use

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The main objective of Outcome Recording is that it is ______to use.

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Outcome Recording

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If the behavior produces a result that could be observed even after the behavior has been terminated, then you could use ___________.

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A more objective method for assessing behavioral change is through direct measurements. measurement of behavior consists of observing the behavior and recording it as it occurs.

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Event Recording

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1. Event recording 2. Duration recording 3. Interval recording 4. Time sample recording

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What Are the four direct measurement Techniques?

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1. The behavior must look similar every time. 2. It must have a clear beginning and end.

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What are the two criteria to use event recording?

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one of the most common ways to assess behavioral change. It is used for behaviors that have a clear beginning and a clear end

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Frequency Recording

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of a behavior is usually the magnitude or force involved in the response; such as volume of voice, pressure of a pencil on paper, or force of hitting or throwing.

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Intensity

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used to measure how long a behavior persists. When the goal is to decrease the duration of the behavior you are targeting, duration data should be recorded

answer

Duration

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Total Duration Latency

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List 2 types of measurement that would be helpful for duration recording.

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How long did the behavior last from beginning to end?

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Total Duration

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the time that occurs between the SD and the Response

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Latency

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direct measurement technique, because it also involves recording behavior as it occurs

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Interval recording

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intervals

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Interval recording consists of dividing the observation period into equal ____ that continuously follow each other.

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Partial and Whole interval

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What are the two types of interval recording?

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-Involves checking off an interval if the behavior occurs at ANY point within the interval (even if occurred only for 1 second!) -Over exaggeration of an occurring behavior -Best used for behaviors you are trying to decrease

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Partial Interval

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-Involves checking off an interval if the behavior occurs throughout the WHOLE interval (so if it occurs for all but the last few seconds you would not mark it as an occurrence) -Underestimates the occurring behavior -Best used for behaviors you are trying to increase

answer

Whole Interval

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Time sample recording involves looking for behavior's occurrence during a specific part of the interval and recording if it is occurring at that precise moment. Momentary time sample recording is often the most convenient form of data collection

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Momentary Time Smapling

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measurement of bx

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Y-Axis represents

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measurement of time

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X-Axis represents

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whole interval

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when trying to increase bx

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partial interval

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when trying to decrease bx

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Latency

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If a Behavior Analyst measured the length of time that it took Andrew to respond to someone calling him, she would be measuring the

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Interviews, rating scales, questions, surveys, etc.

answer

Indirect assessment consists of:

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Writing an essay

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Outcome recording could be used for which behavior?

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True

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When labeling the vertical or y-axis you should indicate the specific measurement of behavior.

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All data

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Which kind of data should be recorded on a graph for visual analysis?

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Partial Interval Recording

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If a Behavior Analyst watched Jimmy for 5 minute periods and recorded if he were humming for ANY part of that 5 minutes period, she would be using:

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Key Strokes

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Frequency recording would be appropriate to use for which behavior?

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Forceful contact between the learner's hand and another person.

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definition for hitting

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Define the behavior and select a measurement technique.

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What is the first step in creating a behavioral treatment?

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Two independent observers will agree on occurrences and non-occurrences of the behavior.

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An operational definition is used for a behavior so that

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reinforcement

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An EVENT that occurs after a behavior and increases that behavior is called __________.

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reinforcer

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An ITEM or ACTIVITY that is delivered after and increases the behavior is called a(n) ______________.

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2; one you want to increase and one you want to decrease

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Differential Reinforcement involves at least how many bxs?

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A prompt is a cue or an action to assist or encourage the desired response from an individual.

answer

Prompt

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planned sequence of prompts in order of intrusiveness.

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Prompt Hierarchies

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Reinforcing successive approximations of a bx

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Shaping

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involves breaking skills into smaller, teachable units; the products of which is a series of sequentially ordered steps or tasks

answer

Task Analysis

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Forward Backward Total task presentation

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Types of Chaining

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teaching the task from beginning to end in their naturally occurring order

answer

Forward Chaining

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is when the teacher identifies all the behaviors in the task analysis except for the final behavior. The behaviors in the chain are taught from end to beginning

answer

Backwards Chaining

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a variation of forward chaining in which the student is taught each of the steps in the task analysis all at once.

answer

Total Task Presentation

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is being done when a response in the presence of one stimulus is reinforced while a response in the presence of the other is not.

answer

Discrimination Training

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Most to least

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1. When teaching new behavior, you should use which type of prompt hierarchy?

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Physical

answer

2. During episodes of non-compliance, it may be necessary to use which type of prompt?

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Physical prompts

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3. What is the best prompt to use when first teaching imitation?

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model prompts.

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4. Imitation training can be used to teach students to take cues from...

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chaining.

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5. Task Analysis is the first step in...

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Stimulus Fading

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6. When teaching Bob to discriminate boys and girls, his teacher used pictures of exaggerated versions of genders (girls had long hair and dresses, boys wore pants, had short hair). Over time, she used less exaggerated features. This an example of what?

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Visual prompt

answer

7. What kind of prompt is being used when the teacher flashes the light off then on to get students' attention?

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to fade prompts and transfer the response to the SD.

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8. The purpose of using time delay when prompting is...

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teach in isolation, add distracters, mix in mastered items.

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9. The three steps of discrimination training are...

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False

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10. True or False: Video modeling is a new area of research in the field of education and behavior analysis.

question

task analysis.

answer

12. Breaking a complex skill into smaller, teachable units is the definition of...

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Shaping

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13. Johnny is reinforced first for saying ba, then baba, then bottle. This is an example of what procedure?

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Backwards chaining

answer

14. Which type of chaining results in the learner being reinforced after they perform the final step in the chain?

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-requesting items/activities -turn-taking -greetings -playing games -referencing -making reciprocal comments -directing attention -asking questions

answer

Social Skills include:

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Giving Requesting

answer

List Initiations:

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Accepting Reciprocating

answer

List Responses

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False

answer

True or False: Individuals with Autism tend to have above average skills in social communication.

question

Pair praise with known reinforcers, such as a small treat or toy, and slowly fade out the edible.

answer

What could be na effective way of conditioning praise as a reinforcer?

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Parallel play

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Ricky is sitting on the floor playing with blocks. Within a few feet are other children engaging with other toys, such as books and cars. What kind of play is this?

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Have the child's peer deliver identified reinforcers, rather than the teacher.

answer

One way to condition peers as reinforcers and encourage social interaction is to ____________.

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Probe data

answer

What kind of data is discussed as easier to use with social skills?

question

A child spontaneously initiates.

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We can assume social motivation is present when __________.

question

Stimulus-stimulus pairing

answer

Cici loves to play with blocks but has little interest in being sung to. Her teacher decides to sing to her whenever Cici is playing with blocks so that the songs may also acquire reinforcing properties. This refers to what procedure?

question

Her teacher should reinforce immediately with bubbles, and say "nice looking."

answer

Sara is working on social referencing, her teacher says "Sara" while shaking a bottle of bubbles (which she loves!). In response, Sara looks at her teacher. What should happen next in the sequence?

question

Peer attention

answer

What functions as a natural consequence of most social behaviors?

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Smiling

answer

What is the FIRST milestone likely to occur in typically developing children?

question

Social Behavior

answer

An interaction between two individuals is the definition of __________.

question

Attention from caregivers functioning as a reinforcer

answer

Kaci is 4 months old, what milestone is likely to start developing at this age?

question

Model the word "gummy" (echoic prompt).

answer

James is reaching for a gummy worm you have in your hand, and he isn't saying, "Gummy." What is the most intrusive prompt you can give?

question

taking frequency data and graphing the results to be analyzed over time.

answer

You can track your learners progress in mands by...

question

motivation

answer

A mand is controlled by...

question

True

answer

True or False: Typical children mand hundreds of times per hour.

question

systematically fading your prompts.

answer

You can transfer the control of the mand to the motivation operation alone by...

question

contriving and capturing motivating operations.

answer

When you alter the environment to create motivation for something, you are...

question

changes in the environment that temporarily increases the value of a particular object or event.

answer

Motivating operations are...

question

do a preference assessment to determine what motivates your learner.

answer

When deciding what mands to teach you should...

question

True

answer

True or False: If there is no MO or motivation, there is no mand.

question

type of expressive language used to identify or describe objects, actions, and characteristics in a learners environment

answer

What is a tact?

question

False

answer

1. There must be a Motivating Operation (MO) to evoke a tact.

question

Present the SD but this time fade or omit the echoic prompt.

answer

The teacher presents the SD with an echoic prompt, the student responds correctly so next the teacher will _________.

question

Echoic / Verbal Imitation

answer

3. Most agree that individuals need to have which kind of repertoire before tact training should start.

question

Contrive opportunities to teach multiple tacts surrounding each item (label the color, function, size etc.).

answer

4. If teaching an object, such as car, you should:

question

Generalization

answer

5. The following is a definition of what: The transfer of skills over time, to untrained responses, and across different environments.

question

Discriminative Stimuli (SDs)

answer

6. Stimuli in the environment that signal behavior and that are associated with reinforcement is the definition for __________.

question

Performing an assessment, such as the VB-MAPP.

answer

7. When encountering a new client you should identify their skill level by __________.

question

Sd is a non-verbal stimulus - individual says label - individual receives non-specific reinforcement

answer

Tact Diagram

question

A type of expressive language used to label or describe objects, actions, and characteristics in a learners environment.

answer

The Best Definition for tact

question

4

answer

10. At what age has a child's tact vocabulary first increased to over 1000 item?

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