Psychology Quizzes Flashcards
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Lifespan developmentalists are: A. mainly researchers. B. researchers and practitioners from multiple disciplines. C. mainly psychologists. D. mainly practitioners.
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B.
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Two specific areas in human development include _____ and _____. A. phrenlogy; phenomonogy B. philosophy; child development C. gerontology; chemistry D. adult development; gerontology
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D.
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Non-normative transitions are _____ life changes that occur during development. A. unpredictable B. predictable C. irreversible D. reversible
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A.
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Women currently make up roughly _____ of the U.S. labor force. A. 25 percent B. 33 percent C. 50 percent D. 75 percent
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C.
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The Great Recession of 2008 revealed the problem of: A. the discrepancy between men's and women's wages. B. the gap between the rich and poor within a nation. C. increased consumer spending. D. increased consumer confidence.
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B.
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A culture that values social harmony over individual achievement is called: A. collectivist. B. individualistic. C. developed. D. developing.
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A.
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According to traditional behaviorists, our voluntary actions are learned by: A. operant conditioning. B. classical conditioning. C. social learning theory. D. attachment theory.
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A.
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_____ is a field devoted to scientifically determining the role that hereditary forces play in determining individual differences. A. Behavioral genetics B. Cognitive genetics C. Attachment theory D. Social learning theory
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A.
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James and his identical twin brother Henry were raised by different parents. If James and Henry met as adults, they would tend to be most similar in: A. personality. B. IQ. C. extraversion. D. SAT scores.
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B.
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In order to determine if a given treatment causes something to happen, a researcher needs to conduct a: A. correlational study. B. true experiment. C. self-report study. D. naturalistic observation study.
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B.
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By randomly assigning people to different conditions in an experiment, a researcher ensures that: A. each person is exactly alike. B. there are no gender differences. C. pre-existing differences between the participants "wash out." D. the study is ethical.
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C.
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Professor Carter and her research assistants are conducting a study that involves watching children in a first-grade classroom. This study involves: A. survey analysis. B. self-reports. C. other reports. D. naturalistic observation.
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D.
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"Non-normative" transitions are: A. unpredictable life changes that occur during development. B. predictable life changes that occur during development. C. reversible life changes that occur during development. D. irreversible life changes that occur during development.
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A.
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Normative changes are ____________ life changes that occur during development. A. scientific vs. non-scientific B. different C. empirical D. predictable
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D.
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Who is undergoing a non normative transition? A. Frank, who is getting married at age 35 B. Rachel, who is getting her driver's permit at age 16 C. Yolanda, who is entering a master's program at age of 22 D. Joseph, who is entering medical school at age 58
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D.
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Your fifty-fifty chance at birth of living to a given age is called your _____________________. A. twentieth-century life expectancy revolution B. medium lifespan C. average life expectancy D. maximum lifespan
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C.
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Irma has reached the biological limit of human life, or maximum lifespan. Irma is around age _____. A. 105 B. 125 C. 65 D. 90
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A.
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Who helped make adolescence a separate developmental stage? A. Erik Erikson; Mary Ainsworth B. John Watson; B. F. Skinner C. Albert Bandura; John Bowlby D. Franklin Roosevelt; G. Stanley Hall
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D.
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The 1960s "Decade of Protest" included: A. the religious revolution and the moral majority. B. academic freedom and moralistic relativism. C. the Flapper era and the moral majority. D. the sexual revolution and the civil rights movement.
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D.
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16-year-old Bethany is struggling with who she wants to be when she grows up. According to Erikson, Bethany is facing the developmental task of _____________. A. identity B. intimacy C. basic trust D. initiative
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A.
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Twin and adoption studies suggest that _____________ often plays an important role in human development. A. genetics B. personality C. environment D. friendliness
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A.
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What is Erik Erikson's first, infant, psychosocial task ? A. guilt B. integrity C. initiative D. basic trust
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D.
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According to Eric Erikson, each life stage has a particular _______________. A. psychosocial task B. vocation C. accommodation D. psychosexual task
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A.
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Attachment theory was formulated by: A. John Bowlby. B. G. Stanley Hall. C. John Locke. D. Albert Bandura.
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A.
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Our built in temperamental tendencies tend to naturally cause people to act towards us in specific ways. The name for this nature/nurture interaction is ___________. A. latent forces B. unidirectional forces C. evocative forces D. heritability
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C.
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Our genetically determined interests cause us to put ourselves in specific environments. The term for this nature evokes nurture principle is ________________. A. innate forces B. active forces C. passive forces D. humanistic forces
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B.
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Who is conducting a qualitative study of divorce? A. Mary compares children of divorce and those in intact families on a measure of mental health. B. Carl looks at the frequency of divorces in the United States today versus 10 years ago. C. Jose interviews 10 people in depth about how their divorce affected them. D. Kayla tracks the impact of divorce on rates of disease.
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C.
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When we compare different age groups on some quality we are conducting a ____________ study. A. longitudinal B. cross-sectional C. bidirectional D. correlational
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B.
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A major problem with conducting true experiments in developmental science is that that they can be: A. too easy. B. too hard. C. unethical. D. take too long.
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C.
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Piaget was MOST interested in: A. children's reading capacities as they move through school. B. young children's strange ideas about the world. C. identity development in teens. D. bonds of affection between mother and infant.
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B.
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Mariah says, "Obedience to family comes first." Mark tells you, "Honesty and independence are my main values in life." Mariah's cultural worldview is more________, whereas Mark's is more________. A. coercive; narcissistic B. collectivist; individualistic C. individualistic; collectivist D. caring; independent
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B.
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According to the developmental systems perspective, it is important to understand the ________ of different forces. A. universality B. isolation C. unidirectionality D. interactions
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D.
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Research strategies that involve comparing groups of people and statistical analyses are called ___________________; research strategies that involve in-depth interviews are called ______________. A. quantitative; qualitative B. correlational; experimental C. qualitative; quantitative D. case study; correlational
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A.
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When we test groups of people and use numerical scales and statistics we are conducting: A. quantitative research. B. interview research. C. qualitative research. D. naturalistic observation.
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A.
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Erikson's major contribution to the field of human development was: A. spelling out the principle that we develop throughout the lifespan. B. making Freud's work accessible to the public. C. showing that human behavior obeys basic laws of learning. D. showing that children think and reason differently than adults.
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A.
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What is the main difference between psychoanalytic theory and attachment theory? A. There are no differences. Both theories state that human behavior is totally a function of our early experiences. B. Attachment theory does not mention early life experiences, just nature (biologically programmed responses). C. Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes nature (biologically programmed responses), whereas attachment theorists focus only on nurture (early life experiences). D. Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes only the role of early experiences (nurture) in development, whereas attachment theorists believe in both nurture (early experiences) and nature (biologically programmed responses).
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D.
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Dr. Kleine believes in a nature (not nurture) explanation of development. Which statement would he be MOST likely to make? A. "Good teachers can raise IQ scores in children from impoverished homes." B. "Our personality depends on how we are treated during infancy." C. "Gender differences in friendship styles are programmed at birth." D. "With effort we can be anything we want to be in life."
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C.
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Correlational research: A. takes too long to do. B. cannot tell us about relationships. C. cannot tell us about specific causes or determine what causes what. D. cannot ethically be done.
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C.
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______ are chemical substances released into the bloodstream that target and change organs and tissues. A. Fallopian tubes B. Hormones C. Ovums D. Organs
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B.
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The male structure called the _____ is comparable to the ovaries in females. A. testes B. sperm C. penis D. foreskin
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A.
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Which statement about human chromosomes is true? A. Normally developing humans can have more or less than 46 chromosomes. B. A normal human being has an identical number of paired chromosomes. C. The mother contributes most of the chromosomes to the baby. D. Every chromosome pair is a perfect match, including those that determine gender.
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B.
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The earliest date at which a baby can possibly live outside the womb is the: A. implantation period. B. embryonic stage. C. age of viability. D. mass-to-specific sequence.
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C.
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The fluid-filled chamber which provides a home for the developing fetus and insulation from infection and harm is called the: A. amniotic sac. B. umbilical cord. C. placenta. D. neural tube.
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A.
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The earliest date at which at survival is possible, called the _____, is approximately _____ weeks. A. neural tube; 38 B. germinal stage; 29 C. embyronic period; 25 D. age of viability; 22
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D.
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Couvade is the term for: A. a woman's physiological experience of morning sickness in pregnancy. B. morning sickness during pregnancy that is caused by social expectations. C. the nausea and vomiting that affects two of every three women during pregnancy. D. a man's feeling of morning sickness during his partner's pregnancy.
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D.
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The risk of miscarriage is MOST common during: A. the first trimester. B. the second trimester. C. the third trimester. D. labor.
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A.
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During pregnancy, expectant fathers are apt to report experiencing: A. inner peace. B. stress. C. insomnia. D. depression.
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B.
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A substance that can cross the placenta and harm a developing fetus is called a: A. pathogen. B. teratogen. C. chromosomal abnormality. D. developmental disorder.
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B.
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Teratogens can affect the developing brain: A. only during the first trimester. B. only during the second trimester. C. only during the third trimester. D. throughout pregnancy.
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D.
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Pick the preventable, non-genetic birth defect. A. Huntington's disease B. hemophilia C. Down syndrome D. fetal alcohol syndrome
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D.
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A(n) _________ provides emotional and physical support during a woman's labor without performing actual health-care tasks such as delivery or exams. A. midwife B. doula C. obstetrician D. nurse
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B.
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Which statement about the Lamaze method is false? A. It utilizes breathing exercises to control childbirth pain. B. It utilizes a partner participating as a "coach." C. It results in a pain-free birth. D. It was part of the natural childbirth movement.
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C.
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Some women have a _____ deliver their babies. This person is a health-care professional trained to handle low-risk deliveries. A. doula B. midwife C. nurse's aide D. Lamaze coach
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B.
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A very low birth weight baby weighs: A. 1 pound or less. B. 3 pounds or less. C. 5 pounds or less. D. 7.5 pounds or less
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B.
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Infant mortality rates are highest in: A. Africa. B. Europe. C. South America. D. Asia.
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A.
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Baby LeBron was just born. What is used to evaluate his condition? A. the neonatal intensive care scale B. the Apgar scale C. the PKU scale D. the viability scale
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B.
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The name for the mother's egg cell is the ______________. A. hormone B. uterus C. ovary D. ovum
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D.
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Who determines the baby's sex? A. the mother B. the father C. neither parent in particular D. both parents
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B.
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A developing baby absorbs nutrients through the _____________, a structure projecting from the wall of the uterus during pregnancy. A. placenta B. blastocyst C. ovum D. cervix
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A.
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The time during during prenatal development when the major body structures form is called the _____________ stage. A. germinal B. fetal C. embryonic D. placental
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C.
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Based on animal data, experiencing pregnancy and birth might ________________. A. impair thinking B. make women more cognitively resilient C. make women more emotional D. make women more mature
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B.
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All are true of low-income pregnant women except: A. they have heavier-than-average babies at birth. B. they are at higher risk of feeling demoralized. C. they are at higher risk of feeling depressed. D. they are less likely to get adequate prenatal care.
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A.
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A recessive single-gene disorder occurs only if a child inherits: A. one copy of an abnormal gene and one copy of a corresponding normal gene. B. one copy of an abnormal gene from each parent. C. an abnormal gene from the mother. D. an abnormal gene from the father.
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B.
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The basic premise of the 1960s natural-childbirth movement was that women should be able to have their babies: A. without pain. B. by having cesarean sections. C. without drugs or extensive medical interventions. D. without a spouse.
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C.
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Cesarean section rates have __________ since the 1970s. A. risen slightly B. become lower C. stayed stable D. risen dramatically
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D.
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A preterm baby has arrived in the world more than _____________. A. two days early B. three weeks early C. two weeks early D. one week early
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B.
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The process of making connections between neurons is called: A. axiomatics. B. synaptogenesis. C. dendritic movement. D. myelination.
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B.
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The ______ of a neuron transmits messages to other neurons. A. dendrite B. synapse C. axon D. myelin
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C.
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The gap over which impulses flow between the dendrites of one neuron and the axon of another is called a: A. dendrite. B. synapse. C. cerebral cortex. D. cerebellum.
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B.
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When baby Rodrigo's mother touches his lips, he suckles his mother's finger. Rodrigo is showing the _____ reflex. A. rooting B. Moro C. grasping D. sucking
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D.
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Children who are very short due to a chronic lack of adequate nutrition suffer from: A. stuttering. B. stunting. C. formula-fed deficiency. D. anemia.
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B.
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According to recent research, which parent is LEAST likely to have a baby with sleep problems? A. A parent who lets a baby "cry it out". B. A parent who responds sensitively to the baby around bedtime. C. A parent who picks up the child every time he or she cries. D. A parent who co-sleeps with the baby.
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B.
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By _____ months of age, babies cannot discriminate faces from ethnic groups other than their own. A. 9 B. 12 C. 15 D. 18
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A.
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The infant motor milestones are lifting one's head, pivoting the upper body, sitting, and standing. They follow which developmental sequence? A. cephalocaudal B. proximodistal C. primary circular D. sensory motor
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A.
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Completing major motor milestones (such as crawling or walking) early is _____ to later IQ. A. highly correlated B. slightly correlated C. unrelated D. negatively correlated
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C.
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In Piaget's theory, habits such as thumb sucking which center around the child's body are called: A. primary circular reactions. B. secondary circular reactions. C. tertiary circular reactions. D. superego behavior.
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A.
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One-year-old Sally throws food from her high chair just to see where it lands. According to Piaget's framework, this is an example of a: A. tertiary circular reaction. B. secondary circular reaction. C. primary circular reaction. D. spoiled reaction.
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A.
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Five-month-old Stefano is engaging in secondary circular reactions when he: A. bats at his mobile instead of watching it. B. flushes toys down the toilet. C. throws his bottle off the high chair in various directions. D. sucks his own toes.
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A.
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The social-interactionist perspective emphasizes that: A. a baby's first sounds grow out of reflexes. B. our desire to communicate with each other promotes developing language. C. parents tend to use simplified, exaggerated tones to speak to infants. D. joint attention is critical to language development.
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B.
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Why do moms and dads use infant-directed speech? A. Parents are lazy. B. Babies pay attention when spoken to like this. C. Parents are immature. D. Parents are trying to bond with their children.
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B.
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Six-month-old Grace's father is delighted when he comes into her room one morning and she says, "da da da." Her alternation of consonant and vowel sounds is called: A. cooing. B. babbling. C. telegraphy. D. holophrases.
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B.
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Why is a baby's brain is especially plastic (or changeable)? A. Excessive myelination permits the surplus to be used in other regions. B. Excessive synaptogenesis permits the surplus to be used in other regions. C. Excessive frontal lobes are pruned. D. Excessive numbers of NEW neurons are formed.
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B.
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Synaptogenesis: A. occurs during the first 10 years of life. B. occurs throughout life. C. occurs till age 50. D. occurs till two years of age.
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B.
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The ____________ acts as a lubricant that permits neural impulses to speedily flow. A. myelin sheath B. synapse C. axon D. dendrite
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A.
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The top-ranking cause of infant mortality in the United States is: A. heart failure. B. SIDS. C. homicide. D. falls.
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B.
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Research with infant rats suggests that ______________ may insulate us from stress as adults. A. lavish loving and stroking B. holding off on loving and stroking C. lavish feeding D. feeding on a schedule
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A.
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Frantic, continual newborn crying or "colic" typically: A. continues throughout infancy. B. is due to insensitive caregiving. C. goes away after the first three months. D. occurs in babies who are not breast fed.
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C.
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All are true about crawling EXCEPT: A. parents tend to begin disciplining their babies when they start to crawl. B. when they start crawling, parents begin to see their babies as more independent. C. early crawlers become less sensitive to caregivers' facial expressions. D. early crawlers get more upset when a parent leaves the room.
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C.
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Babies who quickly habituate to novel stimuli and prefer a new stimulus when it is paired with one that has been previously seen: A. walk later. B. have below-average scores on childhood intelligence tests. C. have above-average scores on childhood intelligence tests. D. walk earlier.
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C.
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When do we FULLY develop a fear of heights? A. at six or seven months of age--or when we begin to crawl B. at age two C. around birth D. at two months of age
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A.
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Chomsky believed that language is biologically built in to being human. His term for the hypothetical brain structure that allows our species to learn language is the: A. information processing device. B. programmed acquisition device. C. language acquisition device. D. biological communication device.
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C.
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The capacity to engage in deferred imitation, reflects a child's ______________ capacities. A. social B. verbal C. memory D. emotional
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C.
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Gigi's mother hides a rattle under the blue blanket, has her find it a few times and then hides the rattle under a pink blanket. Gigi proceeds to look for the rattle under the blue blanket, the original hiding place. Gigi is showing the ____________ error and is probably ____________. A. means-end behavior; 2-years-old B. A-not-B error; 10 months to a year old C. A-not-B error; 2-years-old D. object permanence; 10 months to a year old
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B.
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Infant-directed speech is characterized by: A. meaningless babbling. B. exaggerated "baby talk" tones. C. lower pitch. D. complex words.
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B.
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The _______________ stage of speech involves the use of a single word to communicate a sentence or complete thought. A. holophrase B. infant-directed C. babbling D. telegraphic
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A.
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The Strange Situation is a research procedure used to assess: A. contact comfort. B. adolescent coping behavior. C. sibling relationships. D. infant attachment.
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D.
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A person's characteristic, inborn style of dealing with the world is called: A. personality. B. temperament. C. attachment style. D. genetics.
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B.
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What is the relationship between having a secure infant attachment and later relationships? A. It is the primary predictor of one's ability to have loving lifelong relationships. B. It provides a good beginning but doesn't guarantee having lifelong loving relationships. C. It has no relationship to later loving relationships. D. It is negatively correlated to having lifelong relationships.
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B.
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In the United States, poverty is most prevalent among: A. young children. B. teenagers. C. emerging adults. D. people over age 65.
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A.
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The federal program that provides free high-quality preschool specifically to low-income children in the United States is called: A. welfare. B. Head Start. C. Early Head Start. D. social services.
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B.
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Preschool is best described as a(n): A. educational setting serving children age 3 and above. B. more strict setting than daycare. C. educational setting focused on improving IQ. D. educational setting primarily for middle-class kids.
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A.
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Parents who use power assertion: A. yell, scream, or hit their children B. reason with their children. C. have well-behaved children. D. have securely attached children.
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A.
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Tommy is an exuberant toddler. His parents should: A. provide positive reinforcement. B. use power assertion. C. adhere to strict rules. D. treat him like Jane, his mellow sister.
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A.
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Which statement is false? A. Parents should tailor their child-rearing style to their child's unique temperament. B. People can easily change their temperament. C. Temperamentally fearful children are at risk of being shy adults. D. Highly active, exuberant toddlers are at risk of having acting-out problems.
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B.
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Harry Harlow's research with isolation-reared monkeys showed that: A. the behaviorist idea that we get attached through being fed was wrong. B. the psychoanalytic model of attachment was wrong. C. the attachment response is genetically programmed. D. animals do not form attachments with their young.
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A.
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When their caregiver re-enters a room after being separated, babies with an anxious-ambivalent attachment style: A. have trouble being soothed. B. are indifferent. C. show intense joy. D. show fear and a disorganized reaction.
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A.
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An experiment conducted with children who had been living in Romanian orphanages revealed that _____ could develop a secure attachment. A. most children B. very few children C. the majority of children who had spent 20 months or less in the orphanage D. the majority of children who had spent 30 months or less in the orphanage
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C.
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Early-childhood poverty in the United States has its most dramatic impact on: A. academic performance. B. attachment. C. physical abilities. D. emotion regulation.
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A.
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What force is MOST important in predicting children's cognitive and emotional development during the first five years of life? A. their relationship with teachers B. their relationship with peers C. their relationship with primary caregivers D. whether or not they attend day care
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C.
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The longitudinal study conducted by NICHD on Early Child Care found that: A. girls benefited more from day care than boys. B. high-quality day care did not provide cognitive benefits to children. C. the number of hours spent in daycare had no impact on development. D. day care did not weaken the attachment bond to caregivers.
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D.
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During Erikson's autonomy stage in the second and third years of life, children become: A. industrious. B. dependent. C. aggressive. D. self-aware.
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D.
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Clara is beginning to feel ashamed of herself for the first time. Clara is probably: A. one year old. B. 2 to 3 years old. C. 5 years old. D. 6 months old.
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B.
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"It begins at about 7 months and lasts throughout the toddler years." This landmark time when babies must be near their primary caregivers is called: A. clear-cut attachment. B. attachment in the making. C. social attachment. D. preattachment.
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A.
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Josie is thrilled that her baby now smiles when she sees any person appear. This is called __________ and begins at about _____ months of age. A. the social smile; 2 B. mother attachment; 2 C. clear-cut attachment; 7 D. attachment in the making; 5
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A.
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Stranger anxiety in babies shows the onset of: A. insecure attachment. B. preattachment. C. clear-cut attachment. D. social referencing.
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C.
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In selecting a good day care parents should do everything EXCEPT: A. look for patient, caring, and empathic caretakers. B. look for secure attachments between caretakers and children. C. look for frequent staff turnover to ensure that a child's primary attachment is to mom and dad. D. look for small child-teacher ratios.
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C.
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Family day care often has ________ while day-care centers have a __________. A. a larger number of children; more caregiver stability B. a larger number of children; a smaller number of children C. more caregiver stability; larger number of children D. more caregiver stability; smaller number of children
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C.
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The process of teaching children to obey adult rules is called ________. A. inferiority B. socialization C. prematurity D. coercision
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B.
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During the second and third years of life-- in Erikson's autonomy stage-- children: A. become more dependent. B. have a sense of identity. C. become self-aware (and first experience self-conscious emotions such as shame). D. become industrious
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C.
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Middle childhood refers to boys and girls aged: A. 2 to 3. B. 4 to 6. C. 6 to 11. D. 11 to 14.
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C.
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The brain region involved in higher reasoning is the: A. temporal lobe. B. frontal lobe. C. visual cortex. D. cerebral cortex.
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B.
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Pruning in the frontal lobes starts _____ in other brain regions. A. earlier than B. later than C. at the same time as D. more quickly than
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B.
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Three-year-old children typically have relatively large heads, while six-year-old children have relatively longer, thin bodies. This age difference in physical appearance reveals the _____ principle. A. cephalocaudal B. proximodistal C. mass-to-specific D. speed of maturation
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A.
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The top-ranking children's health issue in the developing world is _____; in the developed world it's _____. A. undernutrition; obesity B. obesity; undernutrition C. cancer; obesity D. undernutrition; cancer
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A.
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In the United States, childhood obesity started to become a serious problem: A. during the 1980s. B. around the year 2000. C. 5 years ago. D. 1 year ago.
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A.
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Selective attention refers to a person's ability to: A. focus only on relevant information. B. reason with an adult. C. reconsider one's first perceptions. D. pay attention to younger children.
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A.
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Since she does not have a pen, paper, or GPS in her car, Brittany memorizes her friend's phone directions by repeating the turns and street names in her mind over and over. Brittany is using a learning strategy called: A. elaboration. B. selective attention. C. retrieval. D. rehearsal.
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D.
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Mr. and Mrs. Franklin are taking their son to see a psychiatrist who helps children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The psychiatrist might consider all of the following interventions EXCEPT: A. encouraging physical exercise. B. using psycho-stimulant medications. C. recommending the child be exposed to white noise while studying. D. recommending the child be exposed to demanding timed tasks.
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D.
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Four-year-old Jose just received a game that involves placing foam numbers into a template. As Jose looks for where each number belongs, his mother notices that he is mumbling "eight," "six," and so forth. Jose is showing what Vygotsky called _____ to master this task. A. syntax B. inner speech C. mean length of utterance D. overextension
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B.
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The name for a system of grammatical rules in language is: A. syntax. B. semantics. C. inner speech. D. mean length of utterance.
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A.
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Overregularization shows an incorrect knowledge of _____, while overextensions show that the child doesn't understand _____. A. plurals and past tenses; word meanings B. proper nouns; verbal labels C. verbal labels; plurals and past tenses D. plurals; past tenses
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A.
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Autobiographical memory begins to develop at about the same time as: A. language. B. theory of mind. C. executive functions. D. conservation.
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B.
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The devastating condition that hinders theory of mind abilities is: A. dyslexia. B. ADHD. C. dementia. D. autism.
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D.
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_____ is the essential ability that lets humans relate to other people in a give-and-take way. A. Concrete operations B. Overextension C. Theory of mind D. Inner speech
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C.
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Jeremy is celebrating his third birthday. Which life stage is he entering? A. late toddlerhood B. early childhood C. middle childhood D. emerging childhood
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B.
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The cerebral cortex takes until _____ to physiologically mature. A. age 10 B. puberty C. the 20s D. the 50s
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C.
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Humans have _____ compared to other species. A. smaller frontal lobes B. a larger medulla C. a larger cerebral cortex D. smaller parietal lobes
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C.
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During childhood boys and girls are: A. roughly the same size. B. dramatically different in size. C. identical in motor ability development. D. dramatically different in motor abilities.
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A.
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Jeremy's mother asks her son where he put his new tractor. Jeremy replies, "My tractor is sleeping." Jeremy is showing signs of _____, and he is probably _____. A. animism; older than 7 B. egocentrism; in preschool C. artificialism; in preschool D. animism; in preschool
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D.
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When a child states "Daddy made the moon," he is showing: A. artificialism. B. animism. C. concrete thinking. D. egocentrism.
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A.
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Which environmental intervention is helpful in relieving the symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? A. providing a noise-free environment B. regular recess breaks C. very strict rules D. power-assertive discipline
answer
B.
question
A child's first words are often "da da" or "ma ma." These sound units that convey meaning are: A. semantics. B. inner speech. C. phonemes. D. morpheme.
answer
C.
question
The facet of language that grows throughout life is: A. syntax. B. phonemes. C. semantics. D. MLUs.
answer
C.
question
Humans begin to develop an autobiographical memory, which is the sense that they have a personal past history as well as ongoing selves, during: A. infancy. B. preschool. C. elementary school. D. adolescence.
answer
B.
question
Neuroimaging studies suggest theory of mind abilities depend on: A. full frontal lobe development. B. a certain level of frontal lobe development. C. the parietal lobes. D. the visual cortex.
answer
B.
question
Amber realizes hat her mother does not know the thoughts inside of her head. As a result, she has recently started lying. Amber has developed ______, and is roughly ______. A. theory of mind abilities; 4 years old B. deception abilities: 3 years old C. theory of mind abilities; 6 years old D. concrete operational ability; 4 years old
answer
A.
question
3-year-old Henry hits and has temper tantrums every time he does not get his way. Henry can't regulate and inhibit his responses because the _______ lobes develop very _______ . A. temporal; slowly B. temporal; quickly C. frontal; slowly D. frontal; quickly
answer
C.
question
Compared to boys, preschool girls are superior at: A. all physical skills. B. fine motor skills. C. no physical skills. D. gross motor skills.
answer
B.
question
Although it has many causes, _________ is (are) especially crucial in fostering the childhood obesity epidemic: A. working parents B. fast foods C. eating more calories D. lack of physical activity
answer
D.
question
During _______________ children can reason about substances and physical reality in an adult way. A. preoperations B. concrete operations C. sensorimotor operations D. formal operations
answer
B.
question
Vygotsky emphasized the vital importance of _______________ in propelling children's mental growth. A. media B. individual differences C. biological readiness D. people or teaching
answer
D.
question
What is the true statement with regard to diagnosing ADHD? A. ADHD is a clear cut diagnosis. B. ADHD children focus better in a quiet environment. C. A biological test can definitively diagnose ADHD. D. ADHD problems often center around difficulties with inhibition and selective attention.
answer
D.
question
When 3-year-old Charlie's dad asked his son what he had done that day, Charlie replied, "I sawed two deer outside and good to see them." Charlie's language mistake is _________________. A. underextension B. overextension C. overregularization D. phonetic misinterpretation
answer
C.
question
Taylor has a cat named Rudy. Outside one day when Taylor's mother says "look! there is a cat," Taylor replies, "that not cat, that not Rudy!" Taylor's mistake is called a(n): A. false-belief task. B. overextension. C. underextension. D. overregularization.
answer
C.
question
____________ memories refer to our ability to understand we have a life history or recall past experiences or events. A. Overregulated B. Sensory C. Autobiographical D. Cultural
answer
C.
question
Theory of mind abilities are tested via: A. object permanence tasks. B. false-belief tasks. C. joint attention tasks. D. artificialism tasks.
answer
B.
question
Children with _____ act on their immediate emotions and behave aggressively. A. externalizing tendencies B. neutral tendencies C. emotion regulation D. internalizing tendencies
answer
A.
question
Six-year-old Beth is loud, disruptive, and aggressive. Beth may have _____ tendencies. A. induction B. altruistic C. externalizing D. internalizing
answer
C.
question
At the age of six, Tim hides behind his mother's legs every time he is in a social situation. He may have _____ tendencies. A. extroverted B. externalizing C. internalizing D. self-awareness
answer
C.
question
Japanese children may be _____ than U.S. children. A. less prosocial B. less apt to take credit for prosocial acts C. more prosocial D. more angry
answer
B.
question
Peter is at the peak age for physical aggression. Peter is about age: A. 2 1/2. B. 5. C. 10. D. 15.
answer
A.
question
Humans are biologically programmed to retaliate or strike back when thwarted. This is called the _____ hypothesis. A. relational-aggression B. reactive-aggression C. frustration-aggression D. instrumental-aggression
answer
C.
question
Which behavior works best to decrease bullying? A. bystanders who laugh at the bullying B. bystanders who confront the bully C. victims who fight back D. victims who report the bully to a teacher
answer
B.
question
When asked why Jorge likes his friend Victor, he replies, "because we both love playing with swords." These boys are probably _____ because they describe their friendships in terms of _____. A. younger children; external qualities B. older children; external qualities C. younger children; internal qualities D. older children; internal qualities
answer
A.
question
When five-year-old Carla is punished by her mom, she pretends she is a princess. This is a(n): A. normal response since she is using fantasy play to cope with stress. B. normal response since Carla is using fantasy play to practice social norms. C. abnormal response since Carla is retreating from reality. D. abnormal response since Carla needs to pretend she did nothing wrong.
answer
A.
question
Children who are excessively timid, self-conscious, and depressed have _____ tendencies. A. regulatory B. altruistic C. externalizing D. internalizing
answer
D.
question
Internalizing and externalizing problems: A. cause social difficulties when a culture says they are wrong. B. cause social difficulties in Western cultures. C. cause social difficulties around the world. D. have not been measured in Eastern cultures.
answer
C.
question
To promote realistic self-esteem, one must enhance children's self-efficacy and encourage: A. accurate self-perceptions. B. good communication skills. C. age-appropriate skills. D. athletic performance.
answer
A.
question
Tawanda uses induction when disciplining her child. After witnessing her daughter teasing a playmate, she says: A. "Think of how terrible that child feels being teased." B. "I'm going to put you in your room." C. "You are a bad girl." D. "Now you are really going to get it!"
answer
A.
question
Hurtful behavior that one initiates in order to get something or reach a goal is called _____ aggression. A. instrumental B. reactive C. frustration D. relational
answer
A.
question
According to a longitudinal study, exuberant, uninhibited one year olds are often _____ adults. A. unemployed B. shy C. depressed D. prosocial
answer
D.
question
Gender-segregated play begins during: A. preschool and increases in elementary school. B. infancy. C. adolescence. D. elementary school.
answer
A.
question
Collaborative pretend play involves _____, and develops around _____. A. two children fantasizing together; age 4 B. two children fantasizing together; age 2 C. a child pretending with a parent; age 2 D. a child pretending with a parent; age 4
answer
A.
question
The capacity to manage our feelings is called _________________. A. emotion regulation B. externalizing tendencies C. internalizing tendencies D. cognitive reconstruction
answer
A.
question
Disruptive and aggressive behavior may indicate _________, while timidity and self-consciousness may indicate _______. Both show problems with ________. A. externalizing tendencies; internalizing tendencies; emotion regulation B. self-esteem; self-awareness; inferiority complex C. internalizing tendencies; externalizing tendencies; self-awareness D. self-awareness; self-esteem; learned helplessness
answer
A.
question
Shame, or the feeling of being personally humiliated, often causes us to: A. connect with others. B. withdraw from others (and behave more aggressively). C. behave in a more caring way. D. feel terrible about what we have done.
answer
B.
question
Nine-year-old Nancy realizes she is no scholar, but she is a star athlete, the life domain she really cares about. Nancy most likely has: A. medium self-esteem. B. high self-esteem. C. low self-esteem. D. predictions are impossible.
answer
B.
question
Self-esteem _______________ during elementary school. A. remain undeveloped B. rises C. remains the same D. declines
answer
D.
question
_________ is the broad label referring acts designed to cause harm. A. Aggression B. Frustration C. Fear D. Socialization
answer
A.
question
Teresa was humiliated when her teacher yelled at her in front of the class. Jason felt terrible about insulting his younger brother and so apologized. Teresa experienced _____, while Jason felt _____. A. shame; guilt B. shame; induction C. guilt; shame D. induction; guilt
answer
A.
question
John has sympathy for his friend Tom who recently went through a divorce. This means that John feels: A. Tom's anger. B. terrible for Tom, without necessarily feeling his intense distress. C. Tom's anxiety. D. terrible for Tom, and also fully experiences his intense distress.
answer
B.
question
Prosocial behaviors start to emerge _____________. A. early in life B. in middle school C. in elementary school D. in adolescence
answer
A.
question
In one longitudinal study, high schoolers who were VERY CONSCIOUS of being in the popular kids group became more ____________ over time. A. anxious B. passive C. aggressive D. friendly
answer
C.
question
In elementary school classes, children who get many "most liked" rankings and no "most disliked" rankings are defined as: A. average. B. mild. C. anxious. D. popular.
answer
D.
question
Who is the most typical bullying target? A. boys B. aggressive children C. socially anxious, relatively unpopular children D. girls
answer
C.
question
Gender-stereotyped play is shaped by: A. peers. B. biological tendencies. C. all of these forces. D. cognitions - defining oneself as a girl or boy and modeling that group.
answer
C.
question
All are true of friends except: A. they rarely disagree or fight, especially in Western cultures. B. they help insulate children from being bullied. C. they protect us as we venture into the world. D. they teach us how to relate.
answer
A.
question
When married parents have children from former unions, their family is called a _____ family. A. reconstructed B. united C. merged D. blended
answer
D.
question
Children who live in single-parent mother-headed families are often: A. maladjusted. B. malnourished. C. impoverished. D. mentally ill.
answer
C.
question
_____ U.S. families with children are categorized as "two-parent families." A. One-third B. One-half C. Two-thirds D. Nine out of ten
answer
C.
question
LaTanya is the mother of eight children living in a low-income urban housing project. She is vigilant, rule-oriented, and allows no back-talk. According to the text, this mom may: A. need to relax and stop being so strict. B. be reported to social services for child abuse. C. be acting appropriately for the environment. D. need lessons in how to be a better parent.
answer
C.
question
Pick the specific criticism a behavioral genetics researcher would make about Baumrind's parenting styles framework. A. Ideas about optimal parenting vary from culture to culture. B. A child's inborn personality drives the parenting style. C. The styles framework only applies to girls. D. Parenting styles are not correlated with child success.
answer
B.
question
All are good strategies for helping children cope with divorce EXCEPT: A. strive for joint custody in all cases. B. give children input into custody decisions. C. keep the children's life as stable as possible. D. avoid bad-mouthing the ex-spouse.
answer
A.
question
Studying only in order to raise one's GPA is an example of: A. extrinsic motivation. B. intrinsic motivation. C. physiological reinforcement. D. psychological manipulation.
answer
A.
question
Sternberg argued that IQ tests only measure _____ intelligence. A. creative B. practical C. successful D. analytic
answer
D.
question
Which is NOT a tip for making school more intrinsically motivating? A. Relate the material you are teaching to children's internal goals and desires. B. Develop a secure attachment to your class. C. Reward the children who do well with special prizes. D. Give children choices about how to work or which assignments to do.
answer
C.
question
All are examples of blended families EXCEPT for children living: A. with a biological mother and a stepfather. B. with half-brothers and half-sisters. C. in traditional two-parent families. D. with foster parents.
answer
C.
question
In collectivist cultures, parents put more emphasis on _____ than parents in individualistic cultures. A. obedience B. an unstructured environment C. independence D. negotiation
answer
A.
question
Psychologists and other mental health professionals: A. agree that spanking is acceptable. B. disagree on the value of occasional spanking. C. agree that spanking is never acceptable. D. agree that spanking is detrimental to mental health.
answer
B.
question
What form of child maltreatment may be the most common? A. physical abuse B. emotional abuse C. neglect D. sexual abuse
answer
B.
question
Which statement about school is false? A. Many children eventually find school uninteresting. B. Many children eventually develop an aversion to school. C. Many children hate going to kindergarten. D. Beginning in the elementary grades, school requires a lot of memorization.
answer
C.
question
Since the age of 3, Sam has been raised by his mother who works 50 hours per week at a minimum-wage job. Sam goes to a poor-quality school. One can predict that Sam's IQ test results probably reflect _____ more than _____. A. environmental forces; genetically based abilities B. genetically based abilities; environmental forces C. verbal skills; math skills D. math skills; verbal skills
answer
A.
question
Choose the reason that does NOT explain why disadvantaged children enter school academically behind more affluent children. A. They hear stories read aloud less frequently. B. They are less apt to have computers and learning toys. C. Their parents show them less affection. D. They have less exposure to educational experiences such as museums.
answer
C.
question
All are criticisms of Baumrind's parenting styles framework EXCEPT: A. the definition of good parenting varies by culture and ethnicity; in collectivist cultures parents adopt what our mainstream middle class culture might consider a more authoritarian approach. B. good parenting changes due to the environment;in a dangerous neighborhood its best to adopt a more authoritarian style. C. good parenting involves far more than just disciplining children. D. the styles framework has little value in predicting U.S. middle class children's competence.
answer
D.
question
Which statement BEST reflects the child's contribution to being abused? A. The child's temperament can influence the risk of being abused. B. Children usually invite abuse. C. The child has no influence on the risk of being abused. D. The child's temperament is THE MAIN force predicting abuse.
answer
A.
question
Jessica believes that her most important task as a parent is to "be there for her children." Karen also loves her children dearly, but believes that her most important job is to enforce the family's rules. These women differ in their _____. A. caring B. parenting style C. maturation D. social skills
answer
B.
question
William expects instant obedience from his children when he tells them to do something, such as clean up their rooms. Richard is willing to negotiate with his children regarding household chores. In Baumrind's parenting styles framework, William is _________ and Richard may be _________. A. disciplinarian; permissive B. authoritarian; authoritative C. militaristic; child-centered D. authoritative; permissive
answer
B.
question
Our behavior is shaped by: A. all of these. B. our peer group. C. genetics. D. our parents.
answer
A.
question
The arithmetic portion of the WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) is in the _______ section of the test. A. verbal B. performance C. gifted D. achievement
answer
A.
question
The reliability of a test refers to: A. how useful the test scores are. B. how consistent the scores are when the person takes the test more than one time. C. how quickly people are able to respond to the questions. D. how well the scores predict certain outcomes.
answer
B.
question
Barbara is interested in helping her mother with chores. She asks to put the dishes away and water the plants. Her mother notices that she seems to really enjoy doing these things and decides to start giving Barbara $1 for every chore she completes. Barbara's mother soon notices that Barbara seems to dread doing chores. This is consistent with research showing that when adults give __________ rewards for behaviors that are ____________ rewarding, children are less likely to perform these activities for themselves. A. external; intrinsically B. better; slightly C. increased; already D. internal; externally
answer
A.
question
Jeremiah has received an IQ score of 65. His diagnostic classification is: A. gifted. B. dyslexic. C. mental retardation. D. within the normal range.
answer
C.
question
Paula's IQ is 114. Yet, in the seventh grade, Paula reads on a third-grade level. Paula most likely ________. A. has a specific learning disability (dyslexia) B. is bored with school C. have a motivational problem D. is mentally retarded
answer
A.
question
Elementary schools that are "beating the odds," or exceeding expectations, do all of the following EXCEPT: A. have teachers who expect children to succeed. B. don't "dumb down" the curriculum. C. offer high-level conceptual work. D. provide worksheets and drill students for the state standardized tests.
answer
D.
