Question 1

________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

Accepted Answer

Learning

Question 2

Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior because ________.

Accepted Answer

it is thought that when learning occurs, some part of the brain physically changes

Question 3

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was ________.

Accepted Answer

Pavlov

Question 4

Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov\'s analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as ________.

Accepted Answer

an unconditioned response

Question 5

The abbreviation UCS stands for ________.

Accepted Answer

unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

The abbreviation UCR stands for ________.

Accepted Answer

unconditioned response

Question 7

Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning, she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad. Over several weeks, she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys, immediately before leaving the house. Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog\'s behavior?

Accepted Answer

classical conditioning

Question 8

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while, he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the ________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

fish food

Question 9

Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry, by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n) ________.

Accepted Answer

conditioned stimulus

Question 10

Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as it hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an electric can opener. In this example, the ________ is the conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

sound of the electric can opener

Question 11

The abbreviation CS stands for ________.

Accepted Answer

conditioned stimulus

Question 12

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of the dogs, and they began to salivate. Pavlov\'s student noticed that after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student\'s footsteps. The salivation to the sound of the footsteps was a ________.

Accepted Answer

conditioned response

Question 13

The abbreviation CR stands for ________.

Accepted Answer

conditioned response

Question 14

When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, the CR will \"die out\" in a process called ________.

Accepted Answer

extinction

Question 15

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called ________.

Accepted Answer

spontaneous recovery

Question 16

The learning of phobias is a very good example of which certain type of classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

conditioned emotional response

Question 17

In the \"Little Albert\" study, the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the ______.

Accepted Answer

loud noise

Question 18

Little Albert was conditioned to fear a ______.

Accepted Answer

white rat

Question 19

Little Albert\'s acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n) ________ response.

Accepted Answer

conditioned emotional

Question 20

What was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the case of Little Albert?

Accepted Answer

a white rat

Question 21

Watson\'s experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be __________.

Accepted Answer

based on classical conditioning

Question 22

A ________ reinforcer, such as money or praise, gets its value through an association with a(n) ________ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

secondary; primary

Question 23

Positive reinforcement is to _______ as negative reinforcement is to _______.

Accepted Answer

presenting good results; removing aversive stimuli

Question 24

A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is ________ and, thus ________ the probability of a response.

Accepted Answer

removed; increases

Question 25

Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely true?

Accepted Answer

Bill\'s wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.

Question 26

When Joe thinks about his sorely missed girlfriend, he drinks alcohol, which helps dull his feelings. This best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

negative reinforcement.

Question 27

A reinforcer is a consequence that ________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that ________ a behavior.

Accepted Answer

strengthens; weakens

Question 28

Mark and Kathy take their 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of events unfolds: Their son screams, demanding that they buy him treats. Although they refuse to give in to his demands, he continues to scream. Finally, either Mark or Kathy gets in their son\'s face and yells at the top of their lungs \"Shut up!\" He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story?

Accepted Answer

The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming; their use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of screaming.

Question 29

What kind of reinforcement is used if Sally\'s parents give her $10 every time she accumulates six A\'s on her tests?

Accepted Answer

partial reinforcement

Question 30

You walk up to a soda machine and put in a dollar, and are rewarded with a bottle of root beer. When you put in another dollar, you get another soda. Assuming that the machine has a limitless supply of root beer, which kind of reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on?

Accepted Answer

continuous reinforcement

Question 31

Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement.

Question 32

The partial reinforcement effect refers to the fact that a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses ________.

Accepted Answer

will be more resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response)

Question 33

A monthly paycheck best represents a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

fixed interval

Question 34

Reinforcement that is given for a response emitted after each hour and half (e.g., 10 a.m., 11:30 a.m., 1 p.m.) in time is most likely to be a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

fixed interval

Question 35

Catching fish when fishing in a lake would most likely represent which of the following schedules of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

variable interval

Question 36

Which schedule of reinforcement tends to get the highest response rate?

Accepted Answer

fixed ratio

Question 37

Getting paid for each basket of apples you gather represents which schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

fixed ratio

Question 38

Reinforcement is to punishment as:

Accepted Answer

increase is to decrease.

Question 39

Which of the following is an example of punishment by removal?

Accepted Answer

losing telephone privileges for breaking curfew

Question 40

A child is punished and temporarily stops his or her well-established bad behavior. However, the child soon goes back to acting badly. This is probably because ________.

Accepted Answer

punishment is known only to temporarily suppress or inhibit a behavior

Question 41

Olivia is punished for spilling her cereal. Her parents give her a spanking and send her to her room where she cries. Later, her puppy makes a mess on the floor. Olivia kicks her puppy and puts it out in the yard where it whines sadly. Which of the following statements explains her behavior toward the puppy?

Accepted Answer

Olivia is modeling the aggressive behavior her parents demonstrated to her.

Question 42

________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.

Accepted Answer

Shaping

Question 43

In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called ________.

Accepted Answer

successive approximations

Question 44

Bob has learned that he can usually get what he wants from his parents if he keeps whining for something. One day Bob starts whining in the toy store because he wants a GI Joe action figure. His father refuses to give it to him and ignores his whining. What will happen?

Accepted Answer

extinction

Question 45

The concept of latent learning was developed by ________.

Accepted Answer

Tolman

Question 46

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called ________.

Accepted Answer

latent learning

Question 47

The idea that learning occurs and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced, is called ________.

Accepted Answer

latent learning

Question 48

Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?

Accepted Answer

observational learning

Question 49

Observational learning theory\'s foremost proponent is ________.

Accepted Answer

Bandura

Question 50

A girl learns that whenever her brother shares his cookie with her, her mother gives him a piece of candy. The girl starts sharing her treats with her friends when they come over in the hopes of getting a similar reward. The girl\'s learning to share is an example of ________.

Accepted Answer

observational learning

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