Psych Unit 6 (learning) - Flashcards

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learning

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the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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classical conditioning

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a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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behaviorism

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the view that psychology 1) should be on objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes, psychologists today agree with 1 not 2

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neutral stimulus (NS)

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in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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unconditioned response (UR)

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in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salvation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US)

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unconditioned stimulus (US)

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in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response

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conditioned response (CR)

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in classical conditioning, a learned response to previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

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acquisition

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the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned stimulus. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of an reinforced response

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higher-order conditioning

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a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus

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extinction

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the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow the conditioned stimulus ; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

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spontaneous recovery

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the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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generalization

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the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

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discrimination

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the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

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operant conditioning

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a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed be a punisher

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law of effect

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Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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operant chamber

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a chamber (skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking

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reinforcement

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in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior follows

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shaping

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an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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discriminative stimulus

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a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement ( in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

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positive reinforcement

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increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response

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negative reinforcement

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increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. This is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

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primary reinforcer

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an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

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conditioned reinforcer

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a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

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reinforcement schedule

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a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

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continuous reinforcement

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reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

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partial (intermittent) reinforcement

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reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

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fixed-ratio schedule

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a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

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variable-ratio schedule

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a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

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fixed-interval schedule

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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

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variable-interval schedule

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a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

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punishment

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an event that tends to decrease the behavior that follows

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respondent behavior

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behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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operant behavior

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behavior that operates on the enviornment, producing consequences

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cognitive map

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a mental representation of the layout of one's enviornment

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latent learning

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learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

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insight

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a sudden realization of a problem's solution

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intrinsic motivation

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a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

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coping

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alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

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problem-focused coping

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attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

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emotion-focused coping

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attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction

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learned helplessness

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the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

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external locus of control

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the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

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internal locus of control

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the perception that you control your own fate

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self control

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the ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification for greater long term rewards

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observational learning

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learning by observing others (also called social learning)

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modeling

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the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

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mirror neurons

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frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another, doing so, the brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy

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prosocial behavior

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positive, constructive, helpful behavior

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habituation

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an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

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associative learning

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learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)

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stimulus

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any event or situation that evokes a response

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cognitive learning

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the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing , by watching others, or through language

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biofeedback

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a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

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extrinsic motivation

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a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

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conditioned stimulus (CS)

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an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

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Pavlov

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did experiments with salivating dogs, developed the theory of classical condtioning

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Watson

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urged his colleagues to discard reference to inner thoughts, feelings, and motives, ideas based off of Pavlov's ideas, had idea of behaviorism

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Skinner

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based his ideas off of Thordike. Made box and did work with operant conditioning

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Thorndike

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developed the law of effect, believed in behavioralism

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Garcia

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challenged idea that all association can be learned equally well, did work with Koelling on rats, had findings on taste aversion

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Rescorla

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showed that an animal can learn the predictability of an event

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Tolman

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developed idea of cognitive map, did experiments with rats (latent rats)

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Bondura

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pioneering researcher of observational learning, did thing with Boba doll and kids to show how kids will mimic adults

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positive punishment

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addition of a bad stimulus, after an undesired voluntary action that weakens response and makes it less likely to occur in the future

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negative punishment

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removal of a good stimulus, after an undesired voluntary action that weakens response and makes it less likely to occur in the feature

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flooding

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keep exposing person to harmless stimuli until no longer afraid

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systematic desensitization

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taught relaxation techniques while being exposed to feared stimuli

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counter conditioning

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pair pleasant stimuli with unpleasant stimuli counteract fear, done a lot with younger children

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c

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which of the following is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience? a) acquisition b) stimulus c) learning d) habituation e) response

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b

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lynn is teaching learning. Every time she claps her hands, Charlie turns off the light. When Randy claps in approval of of Lynn's presentation, Charlie does not turn the light off. What concept has Charlie demonstrated? a) habituation b) discrimination c) spontaneous recovery d) extinction e) habituation

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d

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classical conditioning is the type of learning in which a person links 2 or more stimuli and.... a) forgets about them b) lays them out in sequence c) shuts down d) anticipates events e) receives a reward

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a

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in classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus a) naturally triggers a response b) is a naturally occurring response c) is initially irrelevant, and then comes to trigger a response d) objectively studies psychology e) is Pavlovian

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c

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students are accustomed to a bell ringing to indicate the end of a class period. The principle decides to substitute popular music for the bell to indicate the end of each class period. Students quickly response to the music in the same way as they did to the bell. What principle does this illustrate? a) acquisition b) habituation c) generalization d) functional fixedness e) stimulus

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d

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the work of Ivan Pavlov and John Watson fits best into which of psychology's perspectives? a) humanism b) gestalt psychology c) trait theory d) behavioralism e) Neuropsychology

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a

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what do we call the kind of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer a) operant conditioning b) respondent behavior c) classical conditioning d) shaping e) punishment

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a

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which of the following best describes a discriminative stimulus a) something that elicits a response after association with a reinforcer b) an innately reinforcing stimulus c) something that when removed increases the likelihood of the behavior d) an event that decreases the behavior it follows e) an amplified stimulus feeding back information to responses

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a

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Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely is known as what a) law of effect b) operant conditioning c) shaping d) respondent behavior e) discrimination

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c

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all of the following are examples of primary reinforcers except a a) rat's food reward in a Skinner box b) cold drink on a hot day c) high score on exam for which a student studied diligently d) hug from a loved one e) large meal following an extended time without food

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d

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what do we call it when the CR decreases as the CS is repeatedly presented alone a) generalization b) discrimination c) spontaneous recovery d) extinction e) acquisition

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a

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the basic idea behind classical conditioning is that the organism a) associates events b) associates behavior and resulting events c) voluntarily operates on the enviornment d) associates response with a consequence e) quits responding when reward stops

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b

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what do we call the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response a) acquisition b) spontaneous recovery c) discrimination d) operant conditioning e) classical conditioning

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a

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what do we call behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus a) respondent behavior b) operant behavior c) extinguished behavior d) biofeedback conditioning e) Skinnerian conditioning

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b

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superstitious behavior can be produced by a) careful manipulation of a classical conditioning experiment b) the accidental timing of rewards c) possession of a large number of traditionally lucky items d) cognitive awareness of superstitious behavior in others e) the change in reinforcement schedule from ratio to interval

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b

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what do we call a desire to perform a behavior in order to receive promised rewards or to avoid threatened punishment a) latent learning b) extrinsic motivation c) insight learning d) emotion-focused coping

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a

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which ability is a good predictor of good adjustment, better grades, and social success? a) self control b) locus of control c) problem-focused coping d) learned helplessness e) emotion- focused coping

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c

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elephants appear to have the capacity to remember large scale spaces over long periods. Which of the following best identifies this capacity a) latent learning b) insight c) cognitive maps d) intrinsic learning e) extrinsic learning

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c

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the perception that we control our own fate is also called what a) self control b) learned helplessness c) internal locus of control d) external locus of control e) emotion-focused coping

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b

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a women has been pondering a problem for days and was about to give up when, suddenly, the solution came to her. Her experience can be best described as what? a) cognitive mapping b) insight c) operant learning d) classical conditioning e) unconscious associative learning

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e

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Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment is most closely associated with which of the following a) latent learning b) classical conditioning c) operant conditioning d) cognitive maps e) observational learning

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c

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which of the following processes is the best term for explaining how we learn languages a) biofeedback b) discrimination c) modeling d) insight e) creativity

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b

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which of the following is the most likely consequence of the brain's tendency to vicariously experience something we observe a) actual physical injury b) the risk of misremembering our own actions c) interferences with associative learning d) the elimination of classical conditioned responses to stimuli e) a confusion between reinforcers and rewards in an operant conditioning setting

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a

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when is prosocial most effective a) when the model acts in a way consistent with the prosocial lesson b) when the model verbally emphasizes the prosocial lesson but acts as she chooses c) when the model is predisposed to the prosocial conduct d) when the observer has a close personal relationship e) when the model is well-known

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a

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which of the following is the best synonym for social learning a) observational learning b) modeling c) mirror neuron imitation d) prosocial model e) imitation

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c

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which of the following most accurately describes an impact of punishment a) it is a good way to increase a behavior, as long as it is not used to frequently b) punishment may create problems in the short term but rarely produces any long term effects c) can be effective at stopping certain behaviors quickly d) results in an increase of a behavior that caused the removal of an aversive stimulus e) should never be used because the damage it causes can never be repaired

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a

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which of the following is an application of shaping a) a mother who wants her daughter to hit a baseball first praisers her for holding the bat and then for hitting the ball b) a pigeon pecks a disk 25 times for an opportunity to receive a food reinforcement c) a rat presses a bar when a green light is on but not when a red light is on d) a rate gradually stops pressing a bar when it no longer gets food reinforcement e) a gambler continues to play a slot machine, even though he has not won on his last 20 plats and has lost a lot of money

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c

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what is one of the principle functions of mirror neurons a) to allow an organism to replace an unconditioned response with a conditioned response b) to help produce intrinsic motivation in some children c) to be the mechanism by which the brain accomplishes observational learning d) to produce the neural associations that are the basis of both classical and operant conditioning e) to explain why modeling prosocial behavior is more effective than modeling negative behavior

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a

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which of the following illustrates generalization a) a rabbit who has been conditioned to blink to a tone also blinks when a similar tone is sounded b) a dog salivates to a tone but not a buzzer c) a light is turned on repeatedly until a rat stops flexing its paw when its turned on d) a pigeon whose disk pecking response has been extinguished is placed in a skinner box for three hours and starts pecking again e) a child is startled when the doorbell rings

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a

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what did Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiments demonstrate? a) children are likely to imitate behavior of adults b) there may be a negative correlation between televised violence and aggressive behavior c) children are more likely to copy what adults say then what adults do d) allowing children to watch too much TV is detrimental to their development e) observational learning can explain the development of fears in children

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e

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what did Rescorla and Wagner's experiment establish a) that the acquisition of a CR depends on pairing the CS and the US b) the different species respond differently to classical conditioning situations c) the current belief that classical conditioning is really a form of operant conditioning d) that mirror neurons form the biological basis of classical conditioning e) the importance of cognitive factors in classical conditioning

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d

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what does Thorndike's law of effect state a) the difference between positive and negative reinforcement b) that behavior maintained by partial reinforcement is more resistant to extinction than behavior maintained by continuous reinforcement c) how shaping can be used to establish operant conditioning d) that rewarded behavior is more likely to happen again e) the limited effectiveness of punishment

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d

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which of the following processes would produce the acquisition of a conditioned response a) repeatedly present an unconditioned response b) administer the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus c) make sure that the conditioned stimulus comes at least one minute before the unconditioned stimulus d) pair a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus several times e) present the conditioned stimulus until it starts to produce an unconditioned response

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e

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which of the following would help determine what stimuli an organism can distinguish between a) negative reinforcement b) a variable ration schedule or reinforcement c) a fixed ration schedule of reinforcement d) extinction e) a discriminative stimulus

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b

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a student studies diligently to avoid the bad feelings associated with a previously low grade on a test. In this case, the studying behavior is being strengthened because of what kind of reinforcement? a) postive reinforcement b) negative reinforcement c) delayed reinforcement d) primary reinforcement e) conditioned reinforcement

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d

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taste aversion studies lead researchers to which of the following conclusions a) taste is the most fundamental of the senses b) there are genetic predispositions involved in taste learning c) animals must evaluate a situation cognitively before taste aversion develops d) taste aversion is a universal survival mechanism

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a

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Mary checks her phone every 30 min for incoming text messages. Her behavior is being maintained by what kind of reinforcement schedule a) fixed interval b) variable interval c) variable ratio d) fixed ratio e) continous

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a

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a dog is trained to salivate when it hears a tone associated with food. Then the tone is sounded repeatedly without an unconditioned stimulus until the dog stops salivating. Later, when the tone sounds again, the dog salivates again. This is a description of what part of the conditioning process a) spontaneous recovery b) extinction c) generalization d) discrimination e) acquisition

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c

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latent learning is evidence for which of these conclusions a) punishment is an ineffective means of controlling behavior b) negative reinforcement should be avoided at all costs c) cognition plays an important role in operant conditioning d) conditioned reinforcers are more effective than primary reinforcers e) shaping is usually not necessary for operant conditioning

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c

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classical conditioning and operant conditioning are based on the principles of which psychological perspective a) cognitive b) biological c) behavioralist d) evolutionary e) humanist

Psych Unit 6 (learning) – Flashcards

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