question

learning based on predicting an event that is associated with another event.

answer

classical conditioning

question

Where did the concept of classical conditioning come from?

answer

Pavlov's experiments

question

What type of scientist was Pavlov?

answer

digestive physiologist

question

Classical conditioning is ______ the neutral stimulus and non-neutral stimulus.

answer

associating

question

Pairing the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus

answer

conditioning

question

In classical conditioning, what does the unconditioned stimulus cause?

answer

unconditioned response

question

What causes the unconditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus to become a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus?

answer

learning

question

After learning, what does the neutral stimulus become?

answer

conditioned stimulus

question

Principles of classical conditioning: 1) ____________; 2) predict stimulus from other events; 3) automatic behavior occurs with other events, 4) the unconditioned response is automatic behavior.

answer

automatic behavior is elicited by stimulus

question

Principles of classical conditioning: 1) automatic behavior is elicited by stimulus; 2) ____________; 3) automatic behavior occurs with other events, 4) the unconditioned response is automatic behavior.

answer

predict stimulus from other events

question

Principles of classical conditioning: 1) automatic behavior is elicited by stimulus; 2) predict stimulus from other events; 3) ____________, 4) the unconditioned response is automatic behavior.

answer

automatic behavior occurs with other events

question

Principles of classical conditioning: 1) automatic behavior is elicited by stimulus; 2) predict stimulus from other events; 3) automatic behavior occurs with other events, 4) ____________ .

answer

the unconditioned response is automatic behavior

question

Classical conditioning = US + CS -> _______

answer

UR

question

Result of classical conditioning: CS -> _______

answer

CR

question

What makes classical conditioning unique?

answer

behavior is automatic or unintentional / behavior is not controlled

question

Pavlov researched: 1) ________; 2) number of US and US pairings needed; 3) types of CS and US stimuli that work.

answer

optimal timing of CS and US to learn association

question

Pavlov researched: 1) optimal timing of CS and US to learn association; 2) ________; 3) types of CS and US stimuli that work.

answer

number of US and US pairings needed

question

Pavlov researched: 1) optimal timing of CS and US to learn association; 2) number of US and US pairings needed; 3) ________.

answer

types of CS and US stimuli that work

question

Pavlov found that the strongest CR depended on the optimal timing of CS & US. What was the timing?

answer

present the CS 0.5 seconds before the US

question

What was Pavlov's general finding on optimal timing of CS & US?

answer

strength of the CR depends on timing of the CS and US

question

Term for the type of conditioning we are attempting to create when we present the CS a little before the US?

answer

forward

question

Term for the type of conditioning we are attempting to create when we present the US a little before the CS?

answer

backward

question

Name of the model of learning that describes the relationship between the number of pairings of CS and US, and the strength of the CR.

answer

Rescorla-Wagner

question

Describe the Rescorla-Wagner model.

answer

learning occurs quickly and then levels off

question

Rescorla-Wagner model of learning shows that the _________ will have the most impact on the learner, but it increases marginally

answer

first few pairings of CS and US

question

Pavlov's finding on the effect of the type of stimuli on conditioning: Any two stimuli that can be detected will work, but ________________ work better, and the animal must _________

answer

stronger stimuli, be paying attention

question

Term for type of conditioning that occurs when a CS is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

answer

second order

question

Term that refers to the fact that the more similar a neutral stimulus is to a conditioned stimulus, the stronger the conditioned response.

answer

generalization gradient

question

Does an animal need conditioning to generalize a CS to other neutral stimuli?

answer

no

question

Term referring to the fact that a conditioned response is weaker, the less like the original stimulus another stimulus is.

answer

generalization gradient

question

What does classical conditioning experiments tell us about learning: 1) ___________; 2) multiple trials are needed (Rescorla-Wagner model); 3) different types of stimuli work (secondary conditioning and stimulus generalization).

answer

timing of events is important (short delay is best)

question

What does classical conditioning experiments tell us about learning: 1) timing of events is important (short delay is best); 2) ___________; 3) different types of stimuli work (secondary conditioning and stimulus generalization).

answer

multiple trials are needed (Rescorla-Wagner model)

question

What does classical conditioning experiments tell us about learning: 1) timing of events is important (short delay is best); 2) multiple trials are needed (Rescorla-Wagner model); 3) ___________.

answer

different types of stimuli work (secondary conditioning and stimulus generalization)

question

What was Pavlov's explanation for learning being an association between US and other neutral stimuli?

answer

neural cue substitution

question

Updates on classical conditioning since Pavlov: 1) __________; 2) overshadowing and blocking can affect the learning curve; 3) stimulus discrimination occurs and differs between species; 4) compensatory response shows that neural cue substitution is not right.

answer

contingency (predictability) is more important than timing

question

Updates on classical conditioning since Pavlov: 1) contingency (predictability) is more important than timing; 2) __________; 3) stimulus discrimination occurs and differs between species; 4) compensatory response shows that neural cue substitution is not right.

answer

overshadowing and blocking can affect the learning curve

question

Updates on classical conditioning since Pavlov: 1) contingency (predictability) is more important than timing; 2) overshadowing and blocking can affect the learning curve; 3) __________ stimulus; 4) compensatory response shows that neural cue substitution is not right.

answer

discrimination occurs and differs between species

question

Updates on classical conditioning since Pavlov: 1) contingency (predictability) is more important than timing; 2) overshadowing and blocking can affect the learning curve; 3) stimulus discrimination occurs and differs between species; 4) __________.

answer

compensatory response shows that neural cue substitution is not right

question

What shows us that neural cue substitution does not accurately explain learning?

answer

compensatory response

question

What does later research on classical conditioning tell us about types of CS and US stimuli: 1) ______, 2) stimulus generalization, 3) different species respond best to different stimuli.

answer

different types of stimuli can be conditioned

question

What does later research on classical conditioning tell us about types of CS and US stimuli: 1) different types of stimuli can be conditioned, 2) ______, 3) different species respond best to different stimuli.

answer

stimulus generalization

question

What does later research on classical conditioning tell us about types of CS and US stimuli: 1) different types of stimuli can be conditioned, 2) stimulus generalization, 3) ______.

answer

different species respond best to different stimuli

question

Two arguments against importance of timing in learning: 1) best learning does not occur at zero time difference between US and CS, 2) __________

answer

backward conditioning does not work (ie order of US and CS matters)

question

Two arguments against importance of timing in learning: 1) __________ best, 2) backward conditioning does not work (ie order of US and CS matters)

answer

learning does not occur at zero time difference between US and CS

question

Who did the contingency (predictability) experiments that manipulated pairing associations between US and CS and measured strength of conditioning?

answer

Rescorla

question

Term used to refer to the fact that prior associations between the US and a CS can prevent conditioning (learning) occurring.

answer

blocking

question

What can occur if a US provides no new information to the animal so it fails to develop into a CS (doesn't initiate a CR)?

answer

blocking

question

Term used to refer to the fact that stronger-perceived stimuli will prevent the formation of a new association between the US and a less-strongly perceived stimuli.

answer

overshadowing

question

Garcia effect teaches us: 1) ________, 2) learning is not arbitrary, 3) strength of learning to associate certain stimuli and responses depends on natural species behavior.

answer

not all stimuli can be associated

question

Garcia effect teaches us: 1) not all stimuli can be associated, 2) ________, 3) strength of learning to associate certain stimuli and responses depends on natural species behavior.

answer

learning is not arbitrary

question

Garcia effect teaches us: 1) not all stimuli can be associated, 2) learning is not arbitrary, 3) ________.

answer

strength of learning depends on natural species behavior

question

Name of the phenomenon that was studied with rats and birds with nauseating food and colored lights.

answer

Garcia effect

question

Type of conditioning where a CS signals the absence of an expected US does not become capable of producing and excitatory CR, but rather gains the capacity to stop the CR.

answer

inhibitory conditioning

question

Term that refers to situations where the CS triggers a preparation for the US.

answer

compensatory response

question

What effect suggests that conditioning is not simply a case of cue substitution?

answer

compensatory response

question

Three ways that classical conditioning is used to treat phobias: 1) _________, 2) systematic desensitization (exposure therapy, a series of extinctions), 3) counter conditioning.

answer

extinction (periods of extinction and spontaneous recovery)

question

Three ways that classical conditioning is used to treat phobias: 1) extinction (periods of extinction and spontaneous recovery), 2) _________, 3) counter conditioning.

answer

systematic desensitization (exposure therapy, a series of extinctions)

question

Three ways that classical conditioning is used to treat phobias: 1) extinction (periods of extinction and spontaneous recovery), 2) systematic desensitization (exposure therapy, a series of extinctions), 3) _________.

answer

counter conditioning

question

Another name for systematic desensitization

answer

exposure therapy

question

Another name for exposure therapy.

answer

systematic desensitization

question

Term for therapy to treat a phobia that uses classical conditioning to replace a negative association with a positive association.

answer

counter conditioning

question

Which type of conditioning did Thorndike study?

answer

operant

question

which type of conditioning involves learning by trial and error?

answer

operant

question

What is Thorndike's Law of Effect

answer

behavior changes because of consequences

question

"Behavior changes because of consequences." What is this?

answer

Thorndike's Law of Effect

question

"Those responses which are accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction to an animal will be more likely to occur, and those responses which are accompanied or closely followed by discomfort will be less likely to occur." What is this?

answer

Thorndike's Law of Effect

question

Thorndike's characteristics (Laws) of learning: Laws of 1) __________, 2) exercise, 3) attitude, 4) response by analogy.

answer

readiness

question

Thorndike's characteristics (Laws) of learning: Laws of 1) readiness, 2) __________, 3) attitude, 4) response by analogy.

answer

exercise

question

Thorndike's characteristics (Laws) of learning: Laws of 1) readiness, 2) exercise, 3) __________, 4) response by analogy.

answer

attitude

question

Thorndike's characteristics (Laws) of learning: Laws of 1) readiness, 2) exercise, 3) attitude, 4) __________.

answer

response by analogy

question

Which of Thorndike's laws says that some behaviors are more easily trained (ie natural to a species)

answer

readiness

question

Which of Thorndike's laws says that repetition of behavior increases the behavior. The more the behavior can be repeated, the more likely it is to be increased.

answer

exercise

question

Which of Thorndike's laws says that previous experiences affect training? For example, behaviors previously punished will be exhibited less and be more difficult to train.

answer

attitude

question

Which of Thorndike's laws says that responses will generalize to other similar situations

answer

response by analogy

question

Why did Skinner create the operant conditioning chamber (Skinner box)? 1) __________, and 2) allow continuous experiments to occur.

answer

to avoid handling animals between trials

question

Why did Skinner create the operant conditioning chamber (Skinner box)? 1) to avoid handling animals between trials, and 2) __________.

answer

to allow continuous experiments to occur

question

Skinner's three -term contingency: 1) __________, 2) behavior (R), 3) feedback (response to behavior).

answer

environmental context (S)

question

Skinner's three -term contingency: 1) environmental context (S), 2) __________, 3) feedback (response to behavior).

answer

behavior (R)

question

Skinner's three -term contingency: 1) environmental context (S), 2) behavior (R), 3) __________.

answer

feedback (response to behavior)

question

A stimulus that, when presented after a response, increases the likelihood of that response.

answer

positive reinforcement

question

A stimulus that, when removed after a response, increases the likelihood of that response.

answer

negative reinforcement

question

Positive/negative, reinforcement/punishment: Rat receives food pellet after it presses a lever

answer

positive reinforcement

question

Positive/negative, reinforcement/punishment: A person studies hard for an exam and receives an A

answer

positive reinforcement

question

Theory of reinforcement that any response that is preferred by an organism can serve to reinforce the performance of a less preferred response.

answer

Premack principle

question

Positive/negative, reinforcement/punishment: Shock to rat stops after lever press

answer

negative reinforcement

question

Positive/negative, reinforcement/punishment: You drink water and feeling of thirst is removed

answer

negative reinforcement

question

Positive/negative, reinforcement/punishment: You buy renter's insurance and fear of being robbed is gone

answer

negative reinforcement

question

A stimulus that, when presented after a response, decreases the likelihood of that response.

answer

positive punishment

question

Positive/negative, reinforcement/punishment: Rat receives shock after lever press

answer

positive punishment

question

Positive/negative, reinforcement/punishment: Mother makes child eat broccoli when they are bad at dinner

answer

positive punishment

question

Positive/negative, reinforcement/punishment: You get detention when you skip class

answer

positive punishment

question

A stimulus that, when removed after a response, decreases the likelihood of that response.

answer

negative punishment

question

Positive/negative, reinforcement/punishment: Rat has food dish removed after lever press

answer

negative punishment

question

Positive/negative, reinforcement/punishment: Child receives "time out" from activity for being bad

answer

negative punishment

question

Positive/negative, reinforcement/punishment: You must pay a ticket when you are caught speeding.

answer

negative punishment

question

Situational factors that lead people to overestimate their control over events: 1) __________, 2) familiarity with the task, 3) if you achieve the desired outcome, 4) previous success.

answer

being active in the task

question

Situational factors that lead people to overestimate their control over events: 1) being active in the task, 2) __________, 3) if you achieve the desired outcome, 4) previous success.

answer

familiarity with the task

question

Situational factors that lead people to overestimate their control over events: 1) being active in the task, 2) familiarity with the task, 3) __________, 4) previous success.

answer

if you achieve the desired outcome

question

Situational factors that lead people to overestimate their control over events: 1) being active in the task, 2) familiarity with the task, 3) if you achieve the desired outcome, 4) __________.

answer

previous success

question

Person factors that lead people to overestimate their control over events: 1) __________ 2) need for control personality (those who feel greater control tend to overestimate it)

answer

mood state (depressed people less likely to overestimate control)

question

Person factors that lead people to overestimate their control over events: 1) mood state (depressed people less likely to overestimate control) 2) __________

answer

need for control personality (those who feel greater control tend to overestimate it)

question

Skinner found this when reinforcement is presented on a noncontingent basis.

answer

superstitious behavior

question

Punishment works best when its presentation is timed ________________

answer

immediately after a response

question

When an animal had not been able to find anything they can do to stop a punishment, in new situations they won't do anything to stop punishment. This is called _______

answer

learned helplessness

question

Name of the theory that proposes that conditioning depends on how adequately a CS serves as a predictor for US occurrence.

answer

contingency

question

Background stimuli that are present throughout a conditioning experience and can serve as CS during conditioning

answer

contextual stimuli

question

The minimum conditions required for an event to occur

answer

necessary conditions

question

Those conditions that should always produce a particular outcome.

answer

sufficient conditions

question

A process in which an organism's behavior is gradually molded by successive approximations to the desired behavior.

answer

shaping

question

Two steps in shaping: 1) ________, 2) reinforce the behavior.

answer

wait for animal to spontaneously perform behavior

question

Two steps in shaping: 1) wait for animal to spontaneously perform behavior, 2) ________.

answer

reinforce the behavior

question

Similarities between classical and operant conditioning: 1) ________ 2) rapid learning that levels off, 3) both show generalization 4) both show discrimination, 5) likelihood of response adjusts according to the reinforcement schedule 6) species specific behaviors interfere.

answer

extinction when behavior is not rewarded

question

Similarities between classical and operant conditioning: 1) extinction when behavior is not rewarded 2) ________, 3) both show generalization 4) both show discrimination, 5) likelihood of response adjusts according to the reinforcement schedule 6) species specific behaviors interfere.

answer

rapid learning that levels off

question

Similarities between classical and operant conditioning: 1) extinction when behavior is not rewarded 2) rapid learning that levels off, 3) ________ 4) both show discrimination, 5) likelihood of response adjusts according to the reinforcement schedule 6) species specific behaviors interfere.

answer

both show generalization

question

Similarities between classical and operant conditioning: 1) extinction when behavior is not rewarded 2) rapid learning that levels off, 3) both show generalization 4) ________, 5) likelihood of response adjusts according to the reinforcement schedule 6) species specific behaviors interfere.

answer

both show discrimination

question

Similarities between classical and operant conditioning: 1) extinction when behavior is not rewarded 2) rapid learning that levels off, 3) both show generalization 4) both show discrimination, 5) ________ 6) species specific behaviors interfere.

answer

likelihood of response adjusts according to the reinforcement schedule

question

Similarities between classical and operant conditioning: 1) extinction when behavior is not rewarded 2) rapid learning that levels off, 3) both show generalization 4) both show discrimination, 5) likelihood of response adjusts according to the reinforcement schedule 6) ________.

answer

species specific behaviors interfere

question

Fact that a partially or intermittently reinforced response will take longer to extinguish than a response on a continuous or 100 percent schedule of reinforcement.

answer

partial reinforcement effect

question

Situation in which no relationship exists between an organism's behavior and the availability of reinforcement.

answer

noncontingent reinforcement

question

Situation in which only those responses that are increasingly similar to the one ultimately desired are reinforced.

answer

successive approximations

question

Weakening of an operant response by removing the reinforcer that had been following the response during acquisition. It occurs when a response returns to its operant level.

answer

extinction

question

A process in which an organism's behavior is gradually molded by successive approximations to the desired behavior.

answer

shaping

question

Reinforcement schedule in which a certain average number of responses need to be made before reinforcement is obtained. For example, the organism is reinforced on the average of every fifth response.

answer

variable ratio

question

What type of reinforcement does superstitious behavior result from?

answer

noncontingent

question

Reinforcement is given after a set (specific) number of responses.

answer

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

question

Two types of fixed reward schedules: 1) _____, 2) fixed interval

answer

fixed ratio

question

Two types of fixed reward schedules: 1) fixed ratio, 2) _____

answer

fixed interval

question

The tendency to extend a particular behavior pattern from the situation (cues) in which it was originally learned to other similar situations.

answer

stimulus generalization

question

Slot machines are an example of which type of partial reinforcement strategy?

answer

variable ratio

question

Pop quiz, hunting and fishing are examples of which type of partial reinforcement strategy?

answer

variable interval

question

Reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that is made only after a specified interval of time has passed.

answer

fixed interval

question

Schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a desired response each time it occurs. Also called 100% schedule of reinforcement.

answer

continuous

question

The reappearance of the conditioned response after a pause, which suggests that extinction is actually inhibition rather than elimination of a response.

answer

spontaneous recovery

question

Reinforcement schedule where the interval between reinforcement is randomly varied around a certain average of time.

answer

variable interval

question

Behavior that develops under noncontingent reinforcement in which the organism seems to believe that a relationship exists between its actions and reinforcement, when in fact no such relationship exists.

answer

superstitious behavior

question

when something is removed (subtracted) following a desired behavior and the likelihood of a behavior increases, what is it?

answer

negative reinforcement

question

Schedule of reinforcement that sometimes reinforces a desired response and sometimes does not. In other words, the response is maintained on a schedule of reinforcement somewhere between 100 percent and 0 percent.

answer

partial reinforcement schedule

question

A schedule of reinforcement in which the desired behavior is reinforced every time (100%) it occurs.

answer

continuous reinforcement

question

Paying per box of fruit picked is an example of which type of partial reinforcement strategy?

answer

fixed ratio

question

Fortnightly pay is an example of which type of partial reinforcement strategy?

answer

fixed interval

question

Reinforcement schedule that achieves more persistence and resistance to extinction of conditioning

answer

partial

question

Mathematical description of optimizing behavior: the ratio of responses equals the ratio of reinforcement of the different behaviors. A quantitative description of Thorndike's Law of Effect

answer

matching law

question

Term for when an animal's instinct interferes with the operant conditioning

answer

instinctive drift

question

Type of learning that involves observing behavior in others, imitation and behaviors that are modeled.

answer

observational

question

Examples of observational learning: 1) _______, 2) adaptive behaviors, 3) complex behaviors

answer

avoidance of dangerous situations

question

Examples of observational learning: 1) avoidance of dangerous situations, 2) _______, 3) complex behaviors

answer

adaptive behaviors

question

Examples of observational learning: 1) avoidance of dangerous situations, 2) adaptive behaviors, 3) _______

answer

complex behaviors

question

Whose famous experiment, and what was the experiment, that provided supporting evidence for observational learning?

answer

Bandura's Bobo doll experiment

question

Evidence of observational learning: 1) _______, 2) monkeys raised in captivity learn to fear snakes by watching others, 3) babies imitate others, 4) mirror neurons.

answer

bobo doll experiment

question

Evidence of observational learning: 1) bobo doll experiment, 2) _______, 3) babies imitate others, 4) mirror neurons.

answer

monkeys raised in captivity learn to fear snakes by watching others

question

Evidence of observational learning: 1) bobo doll experiment, 2) monkeys raised in captivity learn to fear snakes by watching others, 3) _______, 4) mirror neurons.

answer

babies imitate others

question

Evidence of observational learning: 1) bobo doll experiment, 2) monkeys raised in captivity learn to fear snakes by watching others, 3) babies imitate others, 4) _______.

answer

mirror neurons

question

Arguments against observational learning being distinct from classical conditioning: 1) _________; 2) learn fear of UR to others fear as US.

answer

observers may be receiving vicarious reinforcement

question

Arguments against observational learning being distinct from classical conditioning: 1) observers may be receiving vicarious reinforcement; 2) _________ .

answer

learn fear of UR to others fear as US

PSY253 Classical, Operant and Observational Learning – Flashcards

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