PSY2012 Exam 3 - Flashcards

question

Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through imitation.

answer

Association

question

In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring reaction to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. conditioned stimulus (CS) neutral stimulus (NS) unconditioned response (UR) conditioned response (CR)

answer

C

question

In classical conditioning, a person learns _____, while in operant conditioning, a person learns _____. to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events; to associate a response (behavior) and its consequence to associate a response (behavior) and its consequence; two stimuli and thus to anticipate events by avoiding punishment; to associate a response (behavior) and its consequence through observation; through imitation

answer

A

question

Pavlov's dog stopped salivating to the bell when the food was no longer paired with the bell. This is called _____.

answer

Extinction

question

While 5-year-old Martha was looking at one of the balloons her mother set out for her birthday, Martha's brother Raymond took a pin and popped the balloon, causing Martha to flinch and blink quickly. Later during the party, when Martha's mother approached her with a balloon, she blinked and flinched. This is an example of: classical conditioning. latent learning. operant conditioning. observational learning.

answer

A

question

In classical conditioning, the _____ is an originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response after its association with an unconditioned stimulus.

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Conditioned stimulus

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Five-year-old Destiny is frightened by the noise thunder makes. Thus, when Destiny sees lightning, she often cries in anticipation of the thunder. This is an example of: observational learning. classical conditioning. operant conditioning. stimulus experience.

answer

B

question

In classical conditioning, the learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus is called the: conditioned response (CR). unconditioned response (UR). unconditioned stimulus (US). conditioned stimulus (CS).

answer

A

question

Zhu gave her bunny a treat each time she came to Zhu when she called his name. Soon the bunny came every time Zhu called the bunny's name. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

answer

Operant

question

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus, which after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response, is called a(n): unconditioned response (UR). conditioned stimulus (CS). unconditioned stimulus (US). conditioned response (CR).

answer

B

question

Macy gave her dog a treat each time she came to Macy when she called her name. Soon the dog came every time Macy called the dog's name. This is an example of: observational learning. operant conditioning. classical conditioning. instinctual behavior.

answer

B

question

Malia ate fried chicken she purchased from her favorite fast food restaurant. An hour later she felt ill and spent the rest of the evening vomiting. Three weeks later she entered the same restaurant and immediately became nauseous when she saw fried chicken. Malia's nausea when she saw the fried chicken is an example of _____ conditioning.

answer

Classical

question

In an experiment, people formed negative attitudes toward Pokemon characters that were repeatedly shown with negative words and images next to them. This best illustrates the impact of: the law of effect. classical conditioning. negative reinforcers. spontaneous recovery.

answer

B

question

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the _____ was the unconditioned response (UR). playful behavior with the rat fear of the white rat salivating to a tone fear of a loud noise

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D

question

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into one's eye is a(n): conditioned stimulus (CS). unconditioned stimulus (US). unconditioned response (UR). conditioned response (CR).

answer

C

question

Tim and Martina had some friends over for a meal. One of the visiting couples had a 3-year old son, Logan, who was playing with Tim and Martina's 3-year-old-son, Tony. Logan noticed some cookies on the table and requested one. His parents refused, which caused Logan to throw a tantrum. His parents gave him a cookie so he would stop the tantrum. Tony was watching. The next day Tim was preparing dinner, and Tony requested a cookie. He was told that he could have a cookie, but not until after dinner. Tony then threw a tantrum, which he had never done before. Tony's behavior is an example of _____ learning.

answer

Observational

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_____ conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

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Operant

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B.F. Skinner believed that external influences, not _____, shape animal and human behavior. negative reinforcement positive reinforcement thoughts and feelings unconscious influences

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C

question

A word of praise is to a delicious meal as _____ is to _____. operant conditioning; classical conditioning a delayed reinforcer; an immediate reinforcer a conditioned reinforcer; a primary reinforcer partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement

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C

question

What stimulus did B.F. Skinner believe was the best way to shape desirable behavior? positive reinforcement negative reinforcement aversive stimuli punishment

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A

question

Shaping is a method used by Skinner to: guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations. decrease an undesirable behavior. condition taste aversions in rats. explain how classical conditioning works.

answer

A

question

Classical conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior.

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Involuntary

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Gamblers and fishermen have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble or fish due to the _____ schedule of reinforcement. fixed-ratio latent-interval fixed-interval variable-interval

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D

question

In _____ conditioning an organism learns associations between events it doesn't control.

answer

Classical

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At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when a person selects either the "a" or "b" choices. A woman frequents this machine regularly. This best illustrates: spontaneous recovery. respondent behavior. latent learning. operant conditioning.

answer

D

question

Skinner believed that _____ influences, not thoughts and feelings, shape animal and human behavior. cognitive internal unconscious external

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D

question

To reduce the disruptive behavior of a child, a teacher might slap the desk with a ruler to startle her. The sound of the slap is a(n) _____ punishment.

answer

Positive

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To reduce their self-destructive behavior, a therapist squirts water in the children's faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a: conditioned reinforcer. negative reinforcer. positive punishment. negative punishment.

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C

question

Nanette's daughter refused to brush her teeth and threw her toys across the room. Nanette gave her daughter a 9-minute time-out. This is an example of a(n): positive punishment. negative punishment. conditioned reinforcer. negative reinforcer.

answer

B

question

You receive a money-saving credit card offer in the mail complete with a frequent-flyer reward program. You are excited until you read further and find that the one mile for every dollar spent may not be such a great offer after all. You'll get a $500 airline ticket only after you acquire 25,000 miles or spend $25,000. This is a _____ schedule. fixed-interval variable-ratio fixed-ratio variable-interval

answer

C

question

Three-year-old Camden was playing with a balloon he was given by his father. While playing with the balloon, it popped in his face, which frightened him and he sobbed. Just days later, he went to another child's birthday party, saw some balloons, began to cry, and ran out of the room. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

answer

Classical

question

Today's learning theorists recognize that human learning results not only from environmental influences but from an interaction of _____ influences. biological psychological biopsychosocial social

answer

C

question

In a 1972 classical conditioning study, _____ showed that an animal can learn the predictability of an event.

answer

Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner

question

Giacomo Rizzolatti is the researcher who discovered the function of _____ through his experiments with monkeys.

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Mirror neurons

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_____ studied the development of taste aversions and stated that they could not be explained by the basic principles of classical conditioning.

answer

John Garcia

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Behavior motivated by enjoyment, satisfaction, or challenge is _____ motivation.

answer

Intrinsic

question

Monkeys who were reared apart from their mothers and exposed to high levels of aggression showed greater aggression as adults. This is evidence for the _____ transmission of aggression.

answer

Environmental

question

Which statement best describes instinctive drift? The biological predisposition to perform natural behaviors can interfere with learning operant behaviors. As operant behaviors are learned, they override instinctive or reflexive behaviors. Misbehavior can be prevented by operantly conditioning instinctive behaviors that are incompatible with the misbehavior. Over time, reflex behaviors change as a function of repeated exposure to classical conditioning.

answer

A

question

Michelle always drives down Hampton Avenue to go to the work. One morning Michelle discovers that Hampton Avenue is closed due to construction. Michelle immediately takes a different route to work. She is able to make a quick route change because: she is classically conditioned to fear construction machinery. Michelle was observing the actions of others in the situation. she has formed a cognitive map of the area. the construction was a reliable predictor of danger.

answer

C

question

Raphael is in dental school and is learning the correct way to take an X-ray of the mouth. His instructor first shows the class a video that demonstrates the proper procedures for taking an X-ray and then demonstrates these same procedures using Raphael as a patient. Raphael and his classmates are learning how to take an X-ray of patients' teeth through the use of _____.

answer

Behavior modeling (or observational learning)

question

In using operant conditioning principles to train animals to perform tricks, Keller and Marian Breland found that: punishment is more effective than reinforcement in shaping animal behavior. it is impossible to train pigs to perform tricks. an animal's inborn or instinctive behavior patterns could interfere with the operant conditioning of new behaviors. positive and negative reinforcement is the sole determinant of an animal's behavior.

answer

C

question

In experiments with rats in which rewards were not given to the rats for exploring a maze, experimenters later included rewards after several trials. When rewards were given upon reaching the end of the maze, the time needed to complete the maze decreased immediately. This caused researchers to conclude that: continuous reinforcement is necessary for operant conditioning to occur. rats learn nothing more than a sequence of left and right turns. learning will not occur in the absence of reinforcement. reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur.

answer

D

question

While watching the movie Field of Dreams, Lizette becomes very emotional during the scene when the main character gets emotional after he asks his father to play catch. This empathetic response can be partially attributed to her _____ neurons. motor sensory mirror interneuron

answer

C

question

Ray drank too much whiskey last night. He spent much of this morning vomiting and nauseated. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how will Ray likely react today when he tastes from or smells the whiskey bottle that he drank from last night? He will want to drink more whiskey right away. He will find the scent and taste of whiskey aversive. He will invite all of his friends over that night for another party. He will find the scent and taste more appealing than before.

answer

B

question

Learning that is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior is called: classical conditioning. repressed learning. operant conditioning. latent learning.

answer

D

question

A rat is allowed to explore a maze for several trials. On the last trial he finds a piece of food at the end of the maze. On the following trial his speed through the maze increases dramatically. This is an example of: the law of effect. operant conditioning. classical conditioning. latent learning.

answer

D

question

In a study, adult males who spent three evenings watching sexually violent movies became progressively less bothered by the rapes and beatings. Compared with those in a control group, the film watchers later expressed less sympathy for domestic violence victims, and they rated the victims' injuries as less severe. The violence-viewing effect demonstrated in this study was: desensitization. prosocial modeling. latent learning. modeling.

answer

A

question

Tara is taking advanced placement chemistry in High School because she loves science and is fascinated by chemistry experimentation. Tara is motivated by _____ motivation.

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Intrinsic

question

Learning by imitating the behavior of others is called _____ learning.

answer

Observational

question

In the classical conditioning experiment conducted by Robert Rescorla that involved two groups of rats, one group of rats heard a tone just before each of 20 shocks. The second group of rats experienced the same 20 tone-shock pairings, but also experienced an additional 20 shocks that were not paired with a tone. How did the two groups differ? As predicted by the basic principles of classical conditioning, there were no differences between the two groups of rats. The rats in the first group developed learned helplessness, while the rats in the second group did not. Since they experienced more shocks, the rats in the second group displayed a much stronger fear response to the tone than did the rats in the first group. The rats in the first group displayed a much stronger conditioned fear response to the tone than did the rats in the second group.

answer

D

question

Learning that is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior is called _____ learning.

answer

Latent

question

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of the music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by _____.

answer

Biological predispositions

question

Researchers discover that the neuronal activity in the brain of a monkey who simply watched another monkey pick up and eat a peanut was the same as the brain activity of the monkey actually performing these actions. These researchers are investigating _____.

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Mirror neurons

question

The predictability of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) facilitates an organism's ability to anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) _____ perspective.

answer

Cognitive

question

Tina's goal is to raise children who enjoy playing musical instruments. Given what you know about observational learning, what would you recommend? Tina should deny her children toys and only give them musical instruments. Tina should pay her children money to play an instrument. Tina should punish her children if they refuse to practice playing an instrument. Tina should play her own musical instrument in front of her children.

answer

D

question

In a famous experiment, John Garcia gave novel food to one group of rats and familiar food to another group of rats. Then both groups of rats were made to vomit. According to Garcia's work, which group of rats developed an aversion to their food? the rats given the novel food both rats developed an aversion to their food the rats given the familiar food neither group of rats developed an aversion to their food

answer

A

question

Behaviorist and learning researcher Gregory Kimble acknowledged that learning in animals is not just a matter of responding to the environment but it is limited by the animals' _____ to learn associations that enhance their chances of survival.

answer

Predispositions

question

Ten-year-old Maggie continually interrupts her teacher with jokes that make her fellow students laugh. The attention from the other students is an example of a(n) _____ reward.

answer

Extrinsic

question

Ricky has had his driver's license for less than a year and loves to drive. His love of driving gave him the idea of getting a job delivering pizza 25 hours a week. After having the job for 6 months, one can probably predict that: Ricky would seek more jobs where he could drive. Ricky's love of driving would have decreased. Ricky would volunteer to drive his grandmother to appointments. Ricky would continue to love his job.

answer

B

question

According to the results of series of experiments done by Elliot and Niesta (2008), if a woman wanted to increase her attractiveness to a male she should: agree to buy dinner. wear a black dress and black lipstick. put a blue streak in her hair. wear a red dress and red lipstick.

answer

D

question

_____ is a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

answer

Relearning

question

Using mental pictures is a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. This process involves: retrieval. imagery. retrospection. priming.

answer

B

question

Multiple-choice questions are to essay questions as: encoding is to storage. storage is to encoding. recall is to recognition. recognition is to recall.

answer

D

question

Individuals _____ information about space. For example, while reading a textbook, one encodes the place on a page where certain material appears. forget use echoic memory to encode mirror automatically process

answer

D

question

Millie has been having difficulties remembering what people have just said. She is also unable to follow along during her favorite television shows. Millie is having difficulty with her _____ memory.

answer

Short-term

question

Nine-year-old Jade has just discovered something very interesting. She can look at a picture in a book and, when she closes her eyes, she can still see the picture very clearly for a few tenths of a second. Jade is experiencing _____ memory.

answer

Iconic

question

Abdul has to make an important phone call. Unfortunately, his cell phone is not charged and he has to use his landline, which does not store phone numbers. To make the call, he has to get the number from his cell phone and remember it long enough to dial on his landline. For this task, which memory system is MOST important? echoic memory flashbulb memory working memory long-term memory

answer

C

question

Imagine having to pick the correct answer from a displayed list of options. This aspect of memory is known as: recognition. recall. reconstruction. relearning.

answer

A

question

Dr. Santos prefers to give all essay and fill-in-the-blank questions to fully test students': reconstruction. recognition. recall. relearning.

answer

C

question

Victor often pretends to listen to what his sister is saying when he is really focused elsewhere. When she asks him, "What did I just say?", he can sometimes repeat her last few words. The mechanism behind this is his: echoic memory. iconic memory. implicit memory. declarative memory.

answer

A

question

When Roger studies for an exam he reads the textbook, stops to think about the material, and then takes a practice exam. According to the information-processing model, Roger is actively: feeling, storing, and retrieving. sensing, engaging, and practicing. encoding, storing, and retrieving. encoding, storing, and practicing.

answer

C

question

Shuana is an excellent student. She rewrites her notes after each class and reviews the chapter covered in the lecture each evening. Rewriting her notes and reviewing the chapter is a form of: rehearsal. chunking. automatic processing. implicit memory.

answer

A

question

Which is believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory? semantic encoding proactive interference long-term potentiation priming

answer

C

question

When people become depressed, they are often flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. This experience BEST illustrates: retroactive interference. repression. the misinformation effect. mood-congruent memory.

answer

D

question

Which is an example of an implicit memory? the date of Abraham Lincoln's birthday being taught by a parent to ride a bike how to ride a bike the correct spelling of emancipation

answer

C

question

Formerly depressed people's recollections more closely resemble: the recollections of people who never suffered from depression. currently depressed people's recollections. both currently depressed people's recollections and the recollections of people who never suffered from depression. neither currently depressed people's recollections nor the recollections of people who never suffered from depression.

answer

A

question

Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard news of the attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001. This BEST illustrates _____ memory.

answer

Flashbulb

question

Those suffering from depression are more likely to have their memories affected by negative associations. This is known as: state-dependent memory. retroactive inhibition. mood-congruent memory. serial position effect.

answer

C

question

Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was two years old, yet the rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail. Her inability to remember this event is known as _____ amnesia.

answer

Infantile

question

If one learns a list of chemistry terms while one is in a great mood, one has a better chance of recalling that list if one is in the same mood when one takes the exam. This is known as: state-dependent memory. a repressed memory. source amnesia. the misinformation effect.

answer

A

question

Which is an example of an explicit memory? how to ride a bike being taught by a parent to ride a bike how to sign your name how to drive

answer

B

question

When people become depressed, they are often flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. This experience BEST illustrates _____ memory.

answer

Mood-congruent

question

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze, and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He reported that, no matter what part of the cortex was removed, the rats retained partial memory of how to solve the maze. This indicates that: rats' brains are more plastic than are human brains. memories are not located in single, specific locations in the brain. rats learn differently than humans do. long-term potentiation does not occur in rats.

answer

B

question

Darlene is trying to remember the name of a woman sitting next to her on the bus. She knows she met her at a party, and she is trying to rember which one. Darlene is able to imagine where the woman was seated at the party, as well as what she was eating. Darlene is using _____ to remember the woman's name. retrieval cues proactive inhibition retroactive inhibition implicit memor

answer

A

question

Implicit memories are to _____ processing as explicit memories are to _____ processing. frontal lobe; hippocampal effortful; automatic automatic; effortful hippocampal; frontal lobe

answer

C

question

Hakeem has a very clear memory of his daughter's birth. He remembers the weather, what he was wearing, the sounds in the hallway, and the joy he felt. Psychologists would say that: he will completely forget all of these memories over time. his ability to remember an emotionally significant event in so much detail is unusual. he is describing the spotlight effect. he has a flashbulb memory for this event.

answer

D

question

On a business trip last year, Susan and Pam flew from Los Angeles to Boston. Susan really hates to fly. In the middle of the flight, Susan and Pam experienced 20 minutes of very severe turbulence. Susan remembers this incident as if it was yesterday, but Pam cannot recall it. Why? At the time, the level of Pam's stress hormones was greater than Susan's level. There is no way to know, because stress and emotion do not influence memory. Susan experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes. Pam experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes.

answer

C

question

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories is called: retroactive interference automatic processing. source amnesia. repression.

answer

D

question

Repeatedly imagining nonexistent actions and events is called _____ and can create false memories.

answer

Imagination inflation

question

Which BEST describes the typical forgetting curve? a slow, initial decline in retention becoming rapid thereafter a steady, rapid decline in retention over time a rapid, initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter a steady, slow decline in retention over time

answer

C

question

According to your text, even imagining nonexistent events can create _____ memories.

answer

False

question

Those with _____ amnesia cannot recall their past, whereas those with _____ amnesia can recall their past, but they cannot form new memories. retrograde; prograde prograde; retrograde anterograde; retrograde retrograde; anterograde

answer

D

question

When one recalls an imagined event as something that really happened, one is experiencing source _____.

answer

Amnesia

question

According to Sigmund Freud, one reason that people forget is because they are _____ painful memories.

answer

Repressing

question

Lonnie often has vivid dreams. In the morning, he can recall them in great detail. This sometimes gets him in trouble, because he can't figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that actually happened. This problem is known as: source amnesia. infantile amnesia. mood-congruent memory. blocking.

answer

A

question

Ron has been trying to quit smoking for years. Although Ron typically smokes two packs of cigarettes each day, he recalls smoking little more than one pack per day. This poor memory BEST illustrates: the self-reference effect. the misinformation effect. motivated forgetting. the spacing effect.

answer

C

question

As a practical joke, Nadine tells her younger brother a story about an event that did NOT happen when he was 4 years old. She said he called 911 to report a fight they were having. Nadine repeats this story several times, until her brother begins to believe that he had dialed 911. This is an example of imagination: inflation. blocking. persistence. transience.

answer

A

question

One reason memory fails is because of problems with information _____, the processing of saving information to memory.

answer

Encoding

question

Anthony went to school one day with his zipper down. He considers it his most embarrassing moment ever and would rather forget that the event ever occurred. Anthony is exhibiting _____ forgetting.

answer

Motivated

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Rashad is studying for tomorrow's biology exam. He has been reading and taking notes for hours, and he feels as though he can study biology no longer. To avoid _____ interference, the BEST thing for Rashad to do is to go directly to sleep.

answer

Retroactive

question

During a Spanish language exam, Janice easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning. However, she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she studied that afternoon. Her difficulty BEST illustrates _____ interference.

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Proactive

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Relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience

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Learning

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Experience (nurture) is the key to ______.

answer

Learning

question

We learn by association

answer

Association

question

Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence; aristotle 2000 years ago, john locke and david hume 200 years ago.

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Association

question

Organism comes to associate two stimuli (lightning and thunder, tone and food)

answer

Classical conditioning

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Begins with a reflex

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Classical conditioning

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A neural stimulus is paired with a stimulus that evokes the reflex; neural stimulus eventually comes to evoke the reflex

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Classical conditioning

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Effective stimulus that unconditionally-automatically and naturally triggers a response

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Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

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Unlearned, naturally occurring automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus (salvation when food is in the mouth)

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Unconditioned response (UCR)

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Does not initially trigger a response but after repeated association with the UCS, acquires the ability to do so

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Neural stimulus (NS)

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Previously neural stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a condition response

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Conditioned stimulus (CS)

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Learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

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Conditioned response (CR)

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1849-1936; russian physician/neurophysiologist; nobel prize in 1904; studied digestive secretions

answer

Ivan Pavlov

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What is John B Watson a follower of?

answer

Behaviorism

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Viewed psychology as an objective science

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John B Watson

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Recommended study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes

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John B Watson

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In classical conditioning, _______ is the initial stage of learning, during which a response is established and gradually strengthened.

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Acquistion

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In classical conditioning, ____ is the tendency to stimuli similar to CS to evoke similar responses

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Generalization

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In classical conditioning, _____ is the ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal and UCS

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Discrimination

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In classical conditioning, ____ is the diminishing of a CR; when a UCS does not follow a CS for a long enough period of time, the CS no longer triggers the CR

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Extinction

question

In classical conditioning, _____ is the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR

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Spontaneous recovery

question

Type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment

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Operant conditioning

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Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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Law of effect

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Complex or voluntary behaviors; operates (acts) on environment); produces consequences

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Operant behavior

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Elaborated Thorndike's law of effect; developed behavioral technology

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BF Skinner

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Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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Reinforcer

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Conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal

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Shaping

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Reward behaviors that increasingly desired behavior

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Successive approximations

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Adds a positive stimulus (a hug)

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Positive reinforcement

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Removes an aversive stimulus (seat belt turns off buzzer)

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Negative reinforcement

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Soundproof chamber with a bar or key that an animal presses or pecks to release a food or water reward

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Skinner box

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Contains a device to record responses

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Skinner box

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Innately reinforcing stimulus; satisfies a biological need

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Primary reinforcer

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Conditioned reinforcer; learned through association with primary reinforcer

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Secondary reinforcer

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Reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs; learning occurs rapidly; extinction occurs rapidly

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Continuous reinforcement

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Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition greater resistance to extinction

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Partial reinforcement

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Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

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Fixed Ratio (FR)

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Faster you respond the more rewards you get

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Fixed Ratio (FR)

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Different ratios

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Fixed Ratio (FR)

question

Very high rate of responding

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Fixed Ratio (FR)

question

Like piecework pay

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Fixed Ratio (FR)

question

Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

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Variable ratio (VR)

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Average ratios

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Variable ratio (VR)

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Like gambling, fishing

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Variable ratio (VR)

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Very hard to extinguish because of unpredictably

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Variable ratio (VR)

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The first behavior after a certain amount of time has passed is reinforced

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Interval schedules

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Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

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Fixed interval (FI)

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Response occurs more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near

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Fixed interval (FI)

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Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

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Variable interval (VI)

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Produces slow steady responding

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Variable interval (VI)

question

Like pop quiz

answer

Variable interval (VI)

question

In operant conditioning, ______ is the initial stage during which a response is established and gradually strengthened

answer

Acquisition

question

In operant conditioning, ______ is the strengthening of a reinforced response.

answer

Acquisition

question

In operant conditioning, ______ is the subject does behaviors similar to the behavior that is being reinforced.

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Generalization

question

In operant conditioning, ______ is responding differently to stimuli that signal a behavior will be reinforced or not be reinforced

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Discrimination

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In operant conditioning, ______ is when a response is no longer reinforced, the subject no longer does that behavior

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Extinction

question

In operant conditioning, ______ is the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished behavior

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Spontaneous recovery

question

Aversive event that decreases the behavior that is follows

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Punishment

question

Powerful controller of unwanted behavior

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Punishment

question

Administer an aversive stimulus (spanking)

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Positive punishment

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Withdraw a desirable stimulus (time-out from privileges)

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Negative punishment

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Mental representation of the layout of one's environment

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Cognitive map

question

Example : after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a ______ on it.

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Cognitive map

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Learning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

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Latent learning

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The desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

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Intrinsic motivation

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The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

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Extrinsic motivation

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The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do; the person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task.

answer

Overjustification effect

question

Neuroscientists discovered _______________ in the brains of animal and humans that are active during observational learning.

answer

Mirror neurons

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Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing to do so

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Mirror neurons

question

May enable imitation, language learning, and empathy

answer

Mirror neurons

question

What was the name of the experiment Albert Bandura did?

answer

Bobo doll

question

Who did the bobo doll experiment?

answer

Albert bandura

question

Albert bandura was apart of what theory?

answer

Social learning

question

Learning by observing and imitating others

answer

Observational learning

question

Process of observing and imitating behavior

answer

Modeling

question

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior

answer

Prosocial behavior

question

Opposite of antisocial behavior

answer

Prosocial behavior

question

Bandura's studies show that antisocial models (family, neighborhood or TV) may have ______ effects.

answer

Antisocial

question

Prosocial (positive, helpful) models may have _____ effects.

answer

Prosocial

question

Research shows that viewing media violence leads to an increased expression of ________.

answer

Aggression

question

Three hours after eating at an airport fast-food restaurant, Karen got extremely nauseous while in flight. The next time she was in the airport and walked by that restaurant, she felt a wave of nausea. How can this best be explained? A. All of these things explain why Karen became nauseated at the sight of the restaurant. B. The nausea became associated with the restaurant. C. The restaurant became an conditioned stimulus (CS) for nausea. D. Humans are biologically prepared to learn which foods make them sick.

answer

A

question

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of: A. genetic predispositions. B. emotional outcomes. C. observable behavior. D. cognitive processes.

answer

C

question

Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) ____________ repeatedly comes before a(n) ____________. A. unconditioned stimulus (US); conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS) B. negative reinforcer; operant behavior C. secondary reinforcer; operant behavior D. stimulus-response pair; conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS)

answer

A

question

In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. A. conditioned response (CR) B. conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS) C. neutral stimulus D. unconditioned response (UR)

answer

D

question

All of the following are Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology EXCEPT: A. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods. B. principles of learning apply across species. C. significant psychological phenomena can be studied objectively. D. his methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments.

answer

D

question

Marlee was raped at gunpoint in a parking garage. Her attacker was wearing strong cologne, and she refuses to go through the male fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by herself or with any man, and will not park in any garages. This reaction best illustrates: A. generalization. B. an unconditioned response (UR). C. discrimination. D. operant conditioning.

answer

A

question

In his experiments, Pavlov found that spontaneous recovery often occurred after a conditioned response was extinguished if: A. the tone was sounded again and again without presenting food to the dogs. B. after a few hours without the CS or the US, the tone was presented again. C. the tone was sounded again and again while presenting food to the dogs. D. the neutral stimulus was presented before the conditioned response.

answer

B

question

The predictability of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) facilitates an organism's ability to expect or anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a _____________ perspective. A. Pavlovian B. neuroscience C. cognitive D. behaviorist

answer

C

question

The law of effect is most clearly highlighted by: A. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement. B. Garcia and Koelling's research on taste aversion. C. Watson and Rayner's findings on fear conditioning. D. Pavlov's studies of conditioned salivation.

answer

A

question

A word of praise is to a delicious meal as ______________ is to ______________. A. operant conditioning; classical conditioning B. partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement C. conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer D. delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer

answer

C

question

Michael is busy with his work project that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. This best illustrates the value of: A. secondary reinforcement. B. negative reinforcement. C. erratic behavior. D. positive reinforcement.

answer

B

question

According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning? A. Parents should ignore complaints or whining about school. B. If the girl refuses to get in the car, parents should explain why this is a problem and use time-outs. C. Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl. D. Parents should reward the girl when she cooperates by getting into the car in the morning.

answer

C

question

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when she first met her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates: A. spontaneous recovery. B. delayed reinforcement. C. shaping. D. latent learning.

answer

A

question

Critics of B. F. Skinner were concerned that: A. he relied too heavily on animals to explain general learning principles. B. he ignored the influence of stimulus-response associations. C. he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity. D. his research methods were flawed.

answer

C

question

Continuously checking to see if the cookies are ready is an example of the _____________ schedule of reinforcement. A. variable-interval B. fixed-ratio C. fixed-interval D. variable-ratio

answer

C

question

At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when you select either the "A" or "B" choices. You continue to frequent this machine regularly. This best illustrates: A. latent learning. B. spontaneous recovery. C. respondent behavior. D. operant conditioning.

answer

D

question

One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to ____________ a behavior, while the goal of punishment is to ____________ a behavior. A. shape; change B. discourage; encourage C. decrease; increase D. increase; decrease

answer

D

question

Which of the following is evidence that animals are predisposed to learn associations that help them adapt and survive in their environment? A. Chimpanzees learning American Sign Language. B. Humans developing a taste aversion to food and the restaurant where the food was served. C. Birds, which hunt by sight, appear biologically primed to develop aversions to the sight of tainted food. D. Dogs learning to sit on command.

answer

C

question

Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses that have been laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is best explained by which classical conditioning phenomenon? A. Negative reinforcement. B. Secondary conditioning. C. Punishment. D. Taste aversion.

answer

D

question

Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that: A. rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds. B. rats are more likely to develop aversions sights or sounds than they are to taste. C. the unconditioned stimulus (US) MUST immediately follow the conditioned stimulus (CS). D. organisms do NOT have biological predispositions when learning associations.

answer

A

question

A mental representation of the layout of one's environment is called a(n): A. intrinsic reward. B. cognitive map. C. observational learning. D. unconditioned stimulus.

answer

B

question

A rat is allowed to explore a maze for several trials. On the last trial he finds a piece of food at the end of the maze. On the following trial his speed through the maze increases dramatically. This is an example of: A. classical conditioning. B. latent learning. C. operant conditioning. D. the law of effect.

answer

B

question

Although Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which of the following findings suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning: A. Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes. B. Children learn from observing their parents, and exhibit the learning immediately. C. Learning is merely the association of a response with a consequence. D. Rats do NOT seem to develop a cognitive map of mazes.

answer

A

question

Mirror neurons are found in the brain's ______________ and are believed to be the neural basis for ______________. A. temporal lobe; operant conditioning B. temporal lobe; observational learning C. frontal lobe; observational learning D. frontal lobe; classical conditioning

answer

C

question

If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, which type of neuron is likely to be activated in an empathetic response to this observation? A. motor neuron B. sensory neuron C. mirror neuron D. interneuron

answer

C

question

Learning by imitating the behavior of others is called ______________ learning. The researcher best known for studying this type of learning is ______________. A. observational; Bandura B. secondary; Pavlov C. secondary; Skinner D. observational; Watson

answer

A

question

Jackie is worried about her young children being exposed to the violence on television. You tell Jackie all of the following EXCEPT: A. correlational studies do link violence viewing with violent behavior. B. she should not worry. C. the more hours children spend watching violent programs, the more at risk they are for aggression and crime as teens. D. correlation does not prove causation.

answer

B

question

One chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This best illustrates: A. observational learning. B. spontaneous recovery. C. operant conditioning. D. respondent behavior.

answer

A

question

Nicole's parents are often inconsistent in terms of their behaviors and what they say. For example, they often tell Nicole how important it is to be polite, but are not very polite themselves when it comes to letting other people off airplanes or giving up seats in public buses. How would you expect this contradiction would impact Nicole's behavior? A. She would act rude and talk about how being polite is not important. B. She would act rude but talk about how important it is to be polite. C. She would act polite and talk about the importance of being polite. D. She would not be influenced by her parents' words or behaviors.

answer

B

question

Johnny is "hammering" the nail in with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is a clear example of: A. observational conditioning. B. modeling. C. reinforced learning. D. classical learning.

answer

B

question

When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus she has learned via: A. neural networks. B. operant conditioning. C. classical conditioning. D. observation.

answer

D

question

Tameka is reading a novel. When the phone rings, she looks up to see if her husband is going to answer it, which he does. She returns her attention to the book, going back to the exact spot on the page where she left off. Tameka is able to effortlessly return to her reading because: A. women are better at remembering their place in a book than are men. B. of the effortful processing of space. C. she is extremely bright. D. of the automatic processing of space.

answer

D

question

While you probably wish that your study time was automatic, unfortunately successful studying for Introductory Psychology requires attention and conscious effort known as: A. implicit memory. B. consciousness. C. linguistic determinism. D. effortful processing.

answer

D

question

To make a long-distance call, you have to dial an unfamiliar phone number. You are likely to have trouble retaining the number you just looked up. This best illustrates the limited capacity of ___________ memory. A. explicit B. short-term C. long-term D. implicit

answer

B

question

Participants in a study conducted by Haber were shown more than 2,500 slides of faces and places for only 10 seconds each. Later, they were shown 280 of these slides, paired with an unseen slide, and they were able to recognize _______ percent of the slides they had seen before. A. 100 B. 60 C. 90 D. 75

answer

C

question

A fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of: A. retrieval. B. recall. C. relearning. D. recognition.

answer

B

question

The three steps in memory information processing are: A. encoding, storage, retrieval. B. input, processing, output. C. input, storage, retrieval. D. input, storage, output.

answer

A

question

Which of the following is NOT a measure of retention? A. recognition B. relearning C. retrieval D. recall

answer

C

question

Even after we learn the material, _______________ increases retention. A. underlearning B. sleeping C. overlearning D. unlearning

answer

C

question

Darlene is trying to remember the name of a woman sitting next to her on the bus. She knows she met her at a party, and she is trying to remember which one. Darlene is able to imagine where the woman was seated at the party, as well as what she was eating. Darlene is using ____________ to remember the woman's name. A. proactive inhibition B. retroactive inhibition C. implicit memory D. retrieval cues

answer

D

question

The _____________ is the neural center involved in processing explicit memories for storage. A. parietal lobe B. hippocampus C. medulla D. amygdala

answer

B

question

Our unconscious capacity for learning how to do something is known as: A. implicit memory. B. explicit memory. C. declarative memory. D. long-term potentiation.

answer

A

question

When learning occurs in the Aplysia snail, the snail releases more of this neurotransmitter at certain synapses. A. GABA B. norepinephrine C. dopamine D. serotonin

answer

D

question

Rashad is studying for tomorrow's biology exam. He has been reading and taking notes for hours, and he feels like he cannot study any longer. To avoid retroactive interference, the best thing for Rashad to do at this point is: A. go directly to sleep. B. study for his French test. C. stay awake for as long as possible. D. watch an exciting documentary on a different topic.

answer

A

question

Events that are forgotten are like books that cannot be found in a library. Which of the following scenarios can BEST be used to explain the retrieval problem? A. The book was discarded and not replaced. B. The book was never purchased. C. You can't remember the author's name or the title of the book, so you can't look it up. D. The book was willfully thrown away.

answer

C

question

Most forgetting curves indicate that the course of forgetting is initially rapid, but then it levels off with time. One explanation for the shape of the curves is a(n): A. gradual fading of the physical memory trace. B. decline in visual encoding. C. increase in automatic processing. D. decrease in source amnesia.

answer

A

question

Researchers have found that a major difference between memories derived from real experience versus imagined memories is: A. memories of imagined experiences have more detail. B. memories of imagined experiences are more biased. C. real memories are more biased. D. real memories have more detail.

answer

D

question

When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as: A. retroactive interference. B. the misinformation effect. C. long-term potentiation. D. source amnesia.

answer

B

question

Research on memory construction reveals that memories: A. are stored as exact copies of experience. B. even if long term, usually decay within about five years. C. may be chemically transferred from one organism to another. D. reflect a person's biases and assumptions.

answer

D

question

_______________ occurs when something you learned before interferes with your recall of something you learn later. A. Retroactive interference B. A flashbulb memory C. Relearning D. Proactive interference

answer

D

question

Luca has been studying all week for his Biology final. He studies until he is ready to go to bed because he knows that information presented within _______ before sleep will be well remembered. A. one hour B. eight hours C. twenty-four hours D. three hours

answer

A

question

Researchers have found that a major difference between memories derived from real experience versus imagined memories is: A. imagined memories are more persistent. B. imagined memories are more restricted to the gist of the event. C. real memories are more persistent. D. real memories are more restricted to the gist of the event.

answer

D

question

Perceptual illusions are to _____________ as false memories are to _____________. A. hypnosis; age regression B. Gestalt psychologists; behaviorists C. source misattribution; source amnesia D. real perceptions; real memories

answer

D

question

Which of the following best describes the typical forgetting curve? A. a slow initial decline in retention becoming rapid thereafter B. a steady, slow decline in retention over time C. a steady, rapid decline in retention over time D. a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter

answer

D

question

While taking an American history exam, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the first president of the United States. Her difficulty most clearly illustrates: A. state-dependent memory. B. the serial position effect. C. the self-reference effect. D. retrieval failure.

answer

D

question

Research on memory construction reveals that memories: A. are stored as exact copies of experience. B. reflect a person's biases and assumptions. C. even if long term, usually decay within about five years. D. may be chemically transferred from one organism to another.

answer

B

question

One of your new patients claims to have been molested and discovered this after going to a hypnotherapist. You know all of the following EXCEPT: A. memories recovered under medications are reliable. B. hypnotized subjects incorporate suggestions into their memories. C. incest and sexual abuse do happen. D. memories recovered under hypnosis are unreliable.

answer

A

question

When you recall an imagined event as something that you directly experienced, or something that really happened to you, you are best illustrating: A. the self-reference effect. B. mood-congruent memory. C. proactive interference. D. source misattribution.

answer

D

question

_____ is the basis for knowing your friends, neighbors, the English language, the national anthem, and yourself.

answer

Memory

question

The persistence of learning overtime

answer

Memory

question

The three main things in memory

answer

Encoding, storage, retrieval

question

Another name for working memory is?

answer

Short-term memory

question

A newer understanding of ___________ that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

answer

Short-term memory

question

Getting information in

answer

Encoding

question

Information such as a route to your school

answer

Automatic processing

question

New or unusual information that requires attention and effort

answer

Effortful processing

question

While reading a textbook, you automatically encode the place of a picture on a page.

answer

Space

question

The three things related to automatic processing?

answer

Space, time, frequency

question

We unintentionally note the events that take place in a day

answer

Time

question

You effortlessly keep track of things that happen to you

answer

Frequency

question

Committing novel information to memory requires effort just like learning a concept from a textbook. Such processing leads to durable and accessible memories.

answer

Effortful processing

question

Effortful learning usually requires ______ or conscious repetition.

answer

Rehearsal

question

Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using what?

answer

Nonsense syllables

question

What are the three memory effects?

answer

Spacing, next-in-line, serial position

question

We retain information better when we rehearse over time

answer

Spacing effect

question

We tend to forget the information that comes right before we have to perform because we fail to encode it

answer

Next-in-line effect

question

When your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items

answer

Serial position effect

question

Encoding of meaning, including meaning of words

answer

Semantic encoding

question

Encoding of picture images

answer

Visual encoding

question

Processing the meaning of verbal information by associating it with what we already know or imagine.

answer

Encoding meaning (semantic encoding)

question

_______ results in better recognition later than visual or acoustic encoding

answer

Encoding meaning (semantic encoding)

question

Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.

answer

Visual encoding

question

_____ is at the heart of many memory aids.

answer

Imagery

question

___ techniques use vivid imagery and organizational devices in aiding memory

answer

Mnemonic

question

Greek orators used this technique to remember long speeches

answer

Method of loci

question

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically; use of acronyms

answer

Chunking

question

Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories

answer

Hierarchy

question

Retaining information

answer

Storage

question

___ is at the heart of memory.

answer

Storage

question

Limited in duration (about 20 seconds)

answer

Short term memory

question

Essentially unlimited capacity store

answer

Long term memlory

question

______________ refers to synaptic enhancement after learning. An increase in neurotransmitter release or receptors on the receiving neuron indicates strengthening of synapses/

answer

Long term potentiation

question

Clear memories of emotionally significant moments or events.

answer

Flashbulb memories

question

Refers to facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.

answer

Explicit memory

question

Involves learning an action while the individual does not know or declare what she knows

answer

Implicit memory

question

General knowledge

answer

Facts

question

Motor and cognitive

answer

Skills

question

A neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories

answer

Hippocampus

question

When you can remember everything until you get your hippocampus removed, then you cannot make new memories.

answer

Anterograde amnesia

question

A neural center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories

answer

Cerebellum

question

The ability to retrieve information learned earlier and not in conscious awareness - fill in the blank test.

answer

Recall

question

Getting information out

answer

Retrieval

question

The ability to identify previously learned items - multiple choice test

answer

Recognition

question

The individual shows how much time or effort is saved when learning material for the second timr

answer

Relearning

question

Memories are held in storage by a web of associations. These associations are like anchors that help retrieve memory.

answer

Retrieval cues

question

Voluntary (willful) behavior

answer

Operant conditioning

question

Operant conditioning is based upon?

answer

Law of effect

question

Favorable consequences are?

answer

Reinforcer

question

Unfavorable consequences are?

answer

Punisher

question

Increases chance of behavior happening again

answer

Reinforcer

question

Decreases chance of behavior happening again

answer

Punisher

question

Who was the founder of reinforcer and punisher?

answer

BF Skinner

question

Works toward goal/reward

answer

Shaping

question

What is food and water an example of?

answer

Primary reinforcer

question

Feeling sorry for somebody

answer

Sympathy

question

Actually feeling someones pain as if it was you.

answer

Empathy

question

Reflexive behavior

answer

Classical conditioning

question

To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations, you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it.

answer

Priming

question

Memory works better in the context of original learning

answer

Context effects

question

Already seen (french)

answer

Deja vu

question

Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood

answer

Mood congruent memory

question

Cues from the current situations may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience

answer

Deja vu

question

What is learned in one state (while one is high, drunk or depressed) can more easily be remembered in the same state

answer

State dependent memory

question

An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding, storage, or retrieval

answer

Forgetting

question

Who said we would be as bad off if we remembered everything as we would be if we remembered nothing?

answer

William James

question

We cannot remember what we did not encode

answer

Encoding failure

question

Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay.

answer

Storage decay

question

Ebbinghaus showed storage decay with _____?

answer

Forgetting curve

question

______ showed storage decay with a forgetting curve.

answer

Ebbinghaus

question

Although the information is retained in the memory store, it cannot be accessed.

answer

Retrieval failure

question

Tip-of-the-tongue is a ______________ phenomenon.

answer

Retrieval failure

question

Learning some items may disrupt retrieval of other information

answer

Interference

question

The forward acting interference

answer

Proactive interference

question

Disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information (remembering your parents new phone number)

answer

Proactive interference

question

Backwards acting interference

answer

Retroactive interference

question

Disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old information

answer

Retroactive interference

question

___ prevents retroactive interference.

answer

Sleep

question

People unknowingly revise their memories

answer

Motivated forgetting

question

A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

answer

Repression

question

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

answer

Misinformation effect

question

Attributing an event to the wrong source that we experienced, heard, read, or imagined

answer

Source amnesia

question

What kind of psychologist was John B Watson?

answer

Behavioral psychologist

question

Natural predispositions contain what stimuli and responses can easily be associated

answer

Biological predisposition in classical conditioning

question

Organism best learn behaviors similar to their natural behaviors; unnatural behaviors instinctively drift back toward natural ones.

answer

Biological predisposition is operant conditioning

question

Which behaviorist elaborated on Thorndike's work in the laboratory?

answer

BF Skinner

question

Operant conditioning emphasizes the importance of ______.

answer

Nurture

question

What is an effect of physical punishment?

answer

It can cause agression

question

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

answer

Iconic memory

question

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

answer

Echoic memory

question

Encoding by hearing

answer

Acoustic encoding

question

Semantic meaning is the same as?

answer

Encoding meaning

question

When things are meaningful and organized it is?

answer

Easier to remember

question

Hepatic means?

answer

Touch

question

When you are chunking and you see something quickly how many letters or things should you be able to remember?

answer

7 +- 2

question

How long do you remember things with working memory?

answer

20 sec

question

How do you encode sensory memory?

answer

Copy

question

How do you encode working memory?

answer

Phonemic

question

How do you encode long term memory?

answer

Semantic

question

What is the capacity of sensory memory?

answer

Unlimited

question

What is the capacity of long term memory?

answer

Very large

question

What is the duration of sensory memory?

answer

0.25 sec

question

What is the duration of long term memory?

answer

Years

question

Where do you store memories in your brain?

answer

The whole thing

question

What is apart of the explicit memory?

answer

Hippocampus, frontal lobe

question

What is apart of the implicit memory?

answer

Cerebellum

question

What are the three main parts of the brain?

answer

Cortex, hippocampus, frontal lobe

question

Retrieval cues are done through what?

answer

Association

question

Who came up with repression?

answer

Freud

question

How does learning things work in order?

answer

Encoding to storage to retrieval

question

Events that would most likely to be automatically encoded:

answer

Route to school

question

Ebbinghaus studies (nonsense syllables) results what?

answer

Repetition helps

question

Using ______________ reinforcement conditions is a behavior learned the fastest?

answer

Fixed ratio

question

Using _____ reinforcement conditions is a behavior most resistant to extinction?

answer

Variable interval

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