question

A gradual physical decline related to aging. ___occurs in everyone and in every body part, but the rate of decline is highly variable within and between persons.

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senescence

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A significant loss of hearing associated with senescence. _____ usually is not apparent until after age 60.

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presbycusis

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The time in middle age, usually around age 50, when a women's menstrual periods cease and the production of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone drops. ____is dated one year after a woman's last menstrual period.

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menopause

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Taking hormones to compensate for hormone reduction. ___is most common in women at menopause or after removal of ovaries, but it is also used by men as their testosterone decreases. ___has some medical uses but also carries health risks.

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hormone replacement therapy

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A term coined to signify a drop in testosterone levels in older men, which normally results in reduced sexual desire, erections, and muscle mass.

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andropause

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Any situation, event, experience, or other stimulus that causes a person to feel stressed. many circumstances become _____ for some people but not others.

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stressor

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A strategy to deal with stress by tackling a stressful situation directly.

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problem-focused coping

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A strategy to deal with stress by changing feelings about the stressor rather than changing the stressor itself.

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emotion-focused coping

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The total, combined burden of physiological stresses that a person lives with. A high ____ load increases the risk of disease.

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allostatic load

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The gradual accumulation of stressors over a long period of time, wearing down the resilience and resistance of a person

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weathering

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Measures that help prevent morbidity, mortality, and disability in the public at large, such as immunization, monitoring the food and water supply, and increasing preventive health practices.

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public health

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Death. As a measure of health, ____ usually refers to the number of deaths each year per 1,000 members of a given population.

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mortality

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Disease. As a measure of health, ____ usually refers to the rate of diseases in a given population-physical and emotional, acute and chronic.

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morbidity

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difficulty in performing normal activities of daily life because of some physical, mental, or emotional condition.

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disability

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A measure of the reduced quality of life caused by disability.

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disability-adjusted life year

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A measure of health that refers to how healthy and energetic- physically, intellectually, and socially, an individual actually feels

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vitality

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A way of comparing mere survival without vitality to survival with good health. A full year of health is a full QALY; people with less than full health have a fraction of QALY each year. Thus, their total QALY is less than the total years they live.

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quality-adjusted life years

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The idea of (g) assumes that intelligence is one basic trait, underlying all cognitive abilities. According to this concept, people have varying levels of this general ability.

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general intelligence

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The first cross sequential study of adult intelligence. This study began in 1956; the most recent testing was conducted in 2005.

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Seattle Longitudinal study

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Those types of basic intelligence that make learning of all sorts quick and thorough. Abilities such as short term memory, abstract thought, and speed of thinking are all usually considered part of ______

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fluid intelligence

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those types of intellectual ability that reflect accumulated learning. Vocab and general info are examples. Some developmental psychologists think crystallized intelligence increases with age, while fluid intelligence declines.

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crystallized intelligence

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A form of intelligence that involves such mental processes as abstract planning, strategy selection, focused attention, and information processing, as well as verbal and logical skills.

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analytic intelligence

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A form of intelligence that involves the capacity to be intellectually flexible and innovative.

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creative intelligence

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The intellectual skills used in everyday problem solving.

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practical intelligence

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The theory, developed by Paul and Margaret Baltes, that people try to maintain a balance in their lives by looking for the best way to compensate for physical and cognitive losses and to become more proficient in activities they can already do well.

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selective optimization with compensation

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Someone who is notably more skilled and knowledgeable than the average person about whichever activities are personally meaningful.

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selective expert

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Thinking that occurs without deliberate, conscious thought. Experts process most tasks automatically, saving conscious thought for unfamiliar challenges.

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automatic processing

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A term formerly used to denigrate domestic and caregiving tasks that were once thought to be the responsibility of females.

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women's work

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A supposed period of unusual anxiety, radical self-reexamination, and sudden transformation that was once widely associated with middle age but that actually had more to do with developmental history than with chronological age.

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midlife crisis

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The five basic clusters of personality traits that remain quite stable throughout adulthood, openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

answer

Big five

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The particular lifestyle and social context that adults settle into because it is compatible with their individual personality needs and interests.

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ecological niche

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Collectively, the family members, friends, acquaintances, and even strangers who move through life with an individual.

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social convoy

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People who are not in a persons closest friendship circle convoy but nonetheless have an impact.

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consequential strangers

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The belief that family members should support one another, sacrificing individual freedom and success, if necessary, in order to preserve family unity

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familism

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Someone who becomes accepted as past of a family to which he or she has no blood relation

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fictive kin

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The time in the lives of parents when their children have left the family home to pursue their own lives

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empty nest

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A caregiver who takes responsibility for maintaining communication among family members.

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kinkeeper

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The generation of middle aged people who are supposedly squeezed by the needs of the younger and older members of their families. In reality, some adults do feel pressured by these obligations, but most are not burdened by them, either because they choose to take on only some of them or none of them.

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sandwich generation

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The tangible benefits, usually in the form of compensation.

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extrinsic rewards of work

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The intangible gratifications that come from within oneself as a result of doing a job

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intrinsic rewards of work

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A skilled and knowledgeable person who advises or guides an inexperienced person

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mentor

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An arrangement in which work schedules are flexible so that employees can balance personal and occupational responsibilities.

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flextime

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Working at home and keeping in touch with the office via computer, telephone and fax.

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telecommuting

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A prejudice whereby people are categorized and judged solely on the basic of their chronological age.

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ageism

question

A condescending way of speaking to older adults that resembles baby talk, with simple and short sentences, exaggerated emphasis, repetition, and a slower rate and a higher pitch than used in normal speech

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elderspeak

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The multidisciplinary study of old age

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gerontology

question

The medical specialty devoted to aging

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geriatrics

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A shift in the proportions of the populations of various ages

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demographic shift

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A person who has lived 100 years or more

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centenarian

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Healthy, vigorous, financially secure older adults who are well integrated into lives of their families and communities. Aged 60-75.

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young-old

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Older adults who suffer from physical, mental, or social deficits. Aged over 75.

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old-old

question

Elderly adults, aged over 85, who are dependent on others for almost everything, requiring supportive services such as nursing homes and hospital stays.

answer

oldest-old

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The universal and irreversible physical changes that occur to all living creatures as they grow older.

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primary aging

question

The specific physical illnesses or conditions that become more common with aging but are caused by health habits, genes, and other influences that vary from person to person

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secondary aging

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Disease that involves the heart and circulatory system.

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cardiovascular disease

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A shortening of the time a person spends ill or infirm, accomplished by postponing illness.

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compression of morbidity

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A view of aging as a process by which the human body wears out because of the passage of time and exposure to environmental stressors.

answer

wear and tear theory

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A purported mechanism in the DNA of cells that regulated the aging process by triggering hormonal changes and controlling cellular reproduction and repair.

answer

genetic clock

question

The oldest possible age that members of a species can live under ideal circumstances. For humans, that age is approximately 122 years.

answer

maximum life span

question

The number of years the average newborn in a particular population group is likely to live.

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average life expectancy

question

Atoms of oxygen that, as a result of metabolic processes, have an unpaired electron. These atoms scramble DNA molecules or mitochondria, producing errors in cell maintenance and repair that, over time, may cause cancer, diabetes, and arteriosclerosis.

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oxygen free radicals

question

chemical compounds that nullify the effects of oxygen free radicals by forming a bond with their unattached oxygen electron

answer

antioxidants

question

Immune cells manufactured in the bone marrow that creates antibodies for isolating and destroying bacteria and viruses that invade the body.

answer

B cells

question

Immune cells manufactured in the thymus gland that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.

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T cells

question

The number of times a human cell is capable of dividing into two new cells. The limit for most human cells is about 50 divisions, an indication that the life span is limited by our genetic program.

answer

Hayflick limit

question

The ends of chromosomes in the cells, their length decreases with each cell duplication and seems to correlate with longevity.

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telomeres

question

An enzyme that increases the length of telomeres, which in turn may slow the advance of aging.

answer

telomerase

question

The practice of limiting dietary energy intake for the purpose of improving health and slowing down the aging process

answer

calorie restriction

question

The part of the information-processing system that regulates the analysis and flow of info. Memory and retrieval strategies, selective attention, and rules or strategies for problem solving are all useful control processes.

answer

control processes

question

Words or ideas presented in advance that make it easier to remember something. It is also possible for ____ to impair cognition, as with stereotype threat.

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priming

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An overall slowdown of cognitive abilities in the weeks and months before death.

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terminal decline

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The idea that cognition should be measured in settings that are realistic as possible and that the abilities measured should be those needed in real life.

answer

ecological validity

question

Irreversible loss of intellectual functioning caused by organic brain damage or disease. Dementia becomes more common with age, but it is abnormal and pathological even in the very old.

answer

dementia

question

A temporary loss of memory, often accompanied by hallucinations, terror, grandiosity, and irrational behavior.

answer

delirium

question

The most common cause of dementia. Among people in their 70's only one person in 20 does, and most of those who reach 90 or 100 are not demented. Presented another way, the prevalence data sound more dire. Almost 4 million people in the U.S. have dementia.

answer

Alzheimer disease

question

A protein that makes up the plaques that are found in the tissues surrounding neurons.

answer

beta-amyloid

question

A protein that makes up the tangles found within neurons

answer

tau

question

forgetfulness and loss of verbal fluency that often comes before the first stage of Alzheimer disease.

answer

mild cognitive impairment

question

A form of dementia characterized by sporadic, and progressive, loss of intellectual functioning caused by repeated infarcts, or temporary obstructions of blood vessels, which prevent sufficient blood from reaching the brain.

answer

vascular dementia

question

deterioration of the amygdala and frontal lobes that may be the cause of 15 percent of all dementias.

answer

frontal lobe dementia

question

A chronic, progressive disease that is characterized by muscle tremor and rigidity, and sometimes dementia, caused by a reduction of dopamine production in the brain.

answer

parkinson disease

question

A form of dementia characterized by an increase on Lewy body cells in the brain. Symptoms include visual hallucinations, momentary loss of attention, falling and fainting.

answer

lewy body dementia

question

refers to a situation in which elderly people are prescribed several medications. The various side effects and interactions of those medications can result in dementia symptoms.

answer

polypharmacy

question

The final stage in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, characterized by aesthetic, creative, philosophical, and spiritual understanding.

answer

self-actualization

question

An examination of one's own role in the history of human life, engaged in by many elderly people.

answer

life review

question

Theories of late adulthood that emphasize the core self, or the search to maintain one's integrity and identity.

answer

self theories

question

The final stage of Erik Erikson's developmental sequence, in which older adults seek to integrate their unique experiences with their vision of community.

answer

integrity versus despair

question

The urge to accumulate and hold on to familiar objects and possessions, sometimes to then point of their becoming health and or safety hazards. This impulse tends to increase with age.

answer

compulsive hoarding

question

The tendency for elderly people to perceive, prefer, and remember positive images and experiences more than negative ones.

answer

positivity effect

question

Theories that emphasize that social forces, particularly those related to a persons social stratum or social category, limit individual choices and affect a person's ability to function in late adulthood because past _____ continues to limit life in various ways.

answer

stratification theories

question

The view that aging makes a person's social sphere increasingly narrow, resulting in role relinquishment, withdrawal, and passivity.

answer

disengagement theory

question

The view that elderly people want and need to remain active in a variety of social spheres, with relatives, friends, and community groups and become withdrawn only unwillingly, as a result of ageism

answer

activity theory

question

Remaining in the same home and community in later life, adjusting but not leaving when health fades.

answer

aging in place

question

A neighborhood or apartment complex whose population is mostly retired people who moved to the location as younger adults and never left.

answer

naturally occurring retirement community

question

A U.S organization of people aged 50 and older that advocates for the elderly. It was originally called the American Association of Retired Persons, but now only the initials ____ are used, since members need not be retired.

answer

AARP

question

The obligation of adult children to care for their aging parents.

answer

filial responsibility

question

People over age 65, and often over age 85, who are physically infirm, very ill, or cognitively disabled.

answer

frail elderly

question

Typically identified as five tasks of self care that are important to independent living: eating, bathing, toileting, dressing, and transferring from bed to chair. The inability to perform any of these tasks is a sign of frailty.

answer

activities of daily life

question

Actions that are important to independent living and that require some intellectual competence and forethought. The ability to perform these tasks may be even more critical to self-sufficiency than ADL ability.

answer

instrumental activities of daily life

question

A living arrangement for elderly people that combines privacy and independence with medical supervision.

answer

assisted living

question

response to the death of another

answer

Bereavement

question

general appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience.

answer

openness

question

friendly and outgoing

answer

extroverted

question

tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement against measures or outside expectations.

answer

Conscientiousness

question

trait reflects individual differences in general concern for social harmony. Agreeable individuals value getting along with others.

answer

agreeableness

question

tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anger, anxiety, or depression. It is sometimes called emotional instability, or is reversed and referred to as emotional stability

answer

Neuroticism

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