PSY Ch. 6: Consciousness and Cognition – Flashcards
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The rhythm and emphasis of communicating is part of which language structure?
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pragmatics
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Piaget theorized that _____ preceded and aided the development of ______.
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concepts; language
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________ is the ability to adapt and deal with new problems or challenges the first time you encounter them
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fluid intelligence
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A person with sleep apnea
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stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more
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Natural cycles of activity that bodies must go through are called
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biological rhythms.
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Heuristics could also be called
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"rules of thumb"
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When the solution to a problem suddenly comes to mind, it is called
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insight
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The cognitive universalism theory states that
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concepts are universal and influence the development of language
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Which of the following parts of the body controls the sleep-wake cycle?
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hypothalamus.
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Kanzi, the chimpanzee, communicates with researchers by using
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abstract symbols on a keyboard and making some sounds.
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Delta waves begin to appear in which stage of sleep?
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non-REM stage 3
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One barrier to innovative problem solving is persisting in using techniques that have been successful in the past, also known as
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mental set
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Vygotsky believed that
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language could help a child learn to learn control social behavior.
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The debate over whether animals use real language centers around
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the fact that none of the animals have achieved language development comparable to a 3-year-old human
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The ________ is the internal clock that tells people when to wake up and when to fall asleep
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suprachiasmatic nucleus
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Derek was lying on the couch and had fallen asleep when all of a sudden his body jerked and he woke up because he felt like he was falling. Derek was most likely in which stage of sleep?
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non-REM stage 1
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Which of the following images is the most subordinate concept?
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magnolias
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Niles has begun to fall asleep suddenly during the day, sometimes in inappropriate places. Niles is most likely suffering from
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narcolepsy
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On Sara's walk to campus one morning, she was thinking about what a nice day it was, how many people were already on campus, and how she had to stop by the bookstore on her way to class. Sara was experiencing
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waking consciousness
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Theodora suffers from an inability to get to sleep, and then to stay asleep. Which of the following would help Theodora with her insomnia?
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going to bed and getting up on a regular schedule
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If an instructor was referring to a stream during a lecture, a student's mental image is likely to be
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a picture-like image
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A more creative method of problem-solving is the use of
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divergent thinking
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In the brain, creating a mental image is _______ seeing an actual image.
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almost the opposite of
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Nightmares are more common in children than in adults because _____.
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children spend more of their sleep in the REM state
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Mariam takes 20 minutes daily to sit by herself and meditate. A fully meditative state is a form of
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altered consciousness
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Research has shown brain activity in the ______ during tasks involving visual perception.
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parietal lobes
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A sudden loss of muscle tone is called
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cataplexy
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Which of the following is TRUE about sleepwalking?
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It is at least partially due to heredity
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A mechanical problem-solving technique is also referred to as
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trial and error
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Sleep apnea has been shown to cause
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heart problems
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The term that refers to the mental activity that takes place in the brain when a person is processing information, and includes things such as problem solving, communication, and organization of material, is
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cognition
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According to philosopher Daniel Dennett, consciousness is made up of multiple "channels" which operate in parallel and that
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are influenced by social groups and culture
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Most young adults need _______ hours of sleep every 24 hours
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7-9
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Mental imagery is
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used by all people everyday
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_______ believed that concepts become the "pegs" from which words are "hung."
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Piaget
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Which of the following is TRUE about night terrors?
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They are a state of panic experienced while asleep
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Functional fixedness is
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a barrier to successful problem solving
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A prototype is an example of
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a concept
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When a person, while solving a problem, is hesitant or unable to think beyond solutions that have worked in the past, he or she is stuck in
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a mental set
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Abby's new puppy cries each night when left in her crate. When Abby picks up the puppy and holds her to her chest the puppy stops crying and falls asleep. However, after she puts the puppy back in the crate the crying begins again. After a few nights, Abby suddenly realizes that her heartbeat is helping the dog fall asleep. She places a ticking clock next to the crate and the puppy goes right to sleep at night. Abby's realization is an example of
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insight
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Three-year-old Jamal is learning how to wait his turn to talk during circle time in preschool. Jamal is learning the ____ of language
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pragmatics
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The heart rate slows, breathing becomes more shallow and irregular, and an EEG would show the first signs of sleep spindles in
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non-REM Stage 2 sleep
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REM is a relatively ______ type of sleep.
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active
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At least some animals experience
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some kind of consciousness
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Consciousness
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awareness of everything going on inside and outside of you.
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Waking consciousness
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Thoughts, feelings, and sensations clear
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Altered state of consciousness
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Shift in quality or pattern of mental activity. Mediating, drunk, sleeping, etc.
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Circadian rhythm
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24-hour bodily rhythm
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Hypothalamus
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Tiny section of brain that nfluences glandular system
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SCN
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internal clocks tells people to wake up/fall asleep
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Beta waves (Pre-Sleep)
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smaller/faster waves. person is wide awake and mentally active.
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Alpha waves (Pre-Sleep)
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larger/slower. person is relaxed or lightly sleeping.
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Theta waves (Sleep Stage 1)
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light sleep. hypnic jerk. hypnagogic images.
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Sleep Stage 2
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temperature, breathing, and heart rate decrease; sleep spindles.
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Delta Waves (Sleep stages 3 and 4)
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growth hormones released. hard to wake up.
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REM
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eyes moving under eyelids. 90% of dreaming occurs in this stage.
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Nightmares
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bad dreams arousing feelings of horror, helplessness, extreme sorrow, etc. REM.
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Sleepwalking/talking
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moving or walking around during deep sleep. Stage 4.
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nigh terrors
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attacks of extreme fear that the victim has while sound asleep. screaming. most often in kids stage 3 or 4.
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insomnia
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inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get good quality sleep.
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narcolepsy
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person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning. cataplexy- losing muscle movement. poodle.
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sleep apnea
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person stops breathing for a half a minute or more. loud snoring.
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thinking
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mental activity for organizing, understanding, and communicating.
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concept
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idea that represents category of objects, events, and activities. Examples of the concept "dog": golden retriever, border collie.
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Superordinate concept
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fruit
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basic level type
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apple
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subordinate concept
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mcintosh apple
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problem solving
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cognition used to reach goal by thinking/behaving in certain ways.
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trial and error
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taking car to the mechanic and they try everything that could be wrong, all solutions possible until something works.
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algorithms
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specific way does same thing every time.
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heuristics
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using prior knowledge.
