question

learning

answer

a relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude that is acquired through experience and cannot be attributed to illness, injury, or maturation

question

classical conditioning

answer

a type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another. also known as Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning

question

stimulus

answer

any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds

question

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

answer

conducted classical experiments on the physiology of digestions, won Nobel Prize 1904. was engaged in research aimed at clarifying the role of saliva in the process of digestion. dogs

question

unconditioned response

answer

a response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning

question

unconditioned stimulus

answer

a stimulus that elicits a specific unconditioned response without prior learning

question

conditioned stimulus

answer

a neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes associated with it and elicits a conditioned response

question

conditioned response

answer

the learned response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus as a result of its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus

question

higher order conditioning

answer

conditioning that occurs when conditioned stimuli are linked together to form a series of signals

question

extinction (classical)

answer

the weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response as a result of repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus

question

spontaneous recovery

answer

the reappearance of an extinguished response (in a weaker form) when an organism is exposed to the original conditioned stimulus following a rest period

question

generalization (classical)

answer

the tendency to make a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus

question

discrimination

answer

the learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the conditioned response occurs only to the original conditioned stimulus but not to similar stimuli

question

behaviorism

answer

John B. Watson coined term to refer to the school of thought that proposed limiting psychology to the study of overtly observable behavior

question

Little Albert

answer

Rayner presented Little Albert with a white rat. as Albert reached for the rat, Watson struck a steel bar with a hammer just behind Albert's head. repeated until Albert saw the white rat and began to cry (without the noise.) the fear generalized to a rabbit, a dog, a seal coat, Watson's hair, and a Santa Claus mask

question

Robert Rescorla

answer

largely responsible for changing how psychologists view classical conditioning. able to demonstrate that the critical element in classical conditioning is not the repeated pairing of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus, but the important factor is whether the conditioned stimulus provides information that enables the organism to reliably predict the occurence of the unconditioned stimulus

question

biological predisposition

answer

genetically programmed tendencies to acquire classically conditioned fear responses to potentially life threatening stimuli

question

Martin Seligman (1972)

answer

said most common fears are related to the survival of the human species through the long course of evolution

question

taste aversion

answer

the intense dislike and/or avoidance of a particular food that has been associated with nausea or discomfort

question

Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)

answer

formulated several laws of learning, the most important being the law of effect

question

the law of effect

answer

states that the consequence, or effect, of a response will determine whether the tendency to respond in the same way in the future will be strengthened or weakened

question

operant conditioning

answer

a type of learning in which the consequences of behavior are manipulated so as to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing response or to shape an entirely new response

question

operant

answer

a voluntary behavior that accidentally brings about a consequence

question

reinforcer

answer

anything that follows a response and strengthens it or increases the probability that it will occur

question

shaping

answer

an operant conditioning technique that consists of gradually molding a desired behavior (or response) by reinforcing any movement in the direction of the desired response, thereby gradually guiding the responses toward the ultimate goal

question

B. F. Skinner

answer

first demonstrated that shaping was particularly effective in training animals to exhibit complex behaviors

question

Skinner box

answer

a soundproof chamber with a device for delivering food to an animal subject; used in operant conditioning experiments

question

successive approximations

answer

a series of gradual steps, each of which is more similar to the final desired response

question

extinction (operant)

answer

the weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response as a result of the withholding of reinforcement

question

generalization (operant)

answer

the tendency to make the learned response to a stimulus similar to that for which the response was originally reinforced

question

discriminative stimulus

answer

a stimulus that signals whether a certain response or behavior is likely to be rewarded, ignored, or punished

question

reinforcement

answer

any even that follows a response and strengthens or increases the probability that the response will be repeated

question

positive reinforcement

answer

any pleasant or desirable consequences that follows a response and increases the probability that the response will be repeated

question

negative reinforcement

answer

the termination of an unpleasant condition after a response, which increases the probability that the response will be repeated

question

primary reinforcer

answer

a reinforcer that fulfills a basic physical need for survival and does not depend on learning (food, water, sleep, and termination of pain)

question

secondary reinforcer

answer

a reinforcer that is acquired or learned through association with other reinforcers (praise, good grades, awards, applause, attention, and signals of approval)

question

continuous reinforcement

answer

reinforcer every time

question

partial reinforcement

answer

reinforcer intermittently

question

schedules of reinforcement

answer

a systematic process for administering reinforcement

question

fixed ratio (FR) schedule

answer

a schedule in which a reinforcer is given after a fixed number of correct, nonreinforced responses

question

variable ratio (VR) schedule

answer

a schedule in which a reinforcer is given after a varying number of nonreinforced responses, based on an average ratio

question

partial reinforcement effect

answer

the typical outcome of a variable ratio of reinforcement in which a slow rate of initial learning is coupled with resistance to extinction

question

fixed interval (FI) schedule

answer

the typical outcome of a variable ratio of reinforcement in which a slow rate of initial learning is coupled with resistance to extinction

question

variable interval (VI) schedule

answer

a schedule in which a reinforcer is given after the first correct response that follows a varying time of nonreinforcement, based on an average time

question

punishment

answer

the removal of a pleasant stimulus or the application of an unpleasant stimulus, thereby lowering the probability of a response

question

positive punishment

answer

a decrease in behavior that results from an added consequence

question

negative punishment

answer

a decrease in behavior that results from a removed consequence

question

avoidance learning

answer

learning to avoid events or conditions associated with aversive consequences of phobias

question

learning helplessness

answer

a passive resignation to aversive conditions that is learned through repeated exposure to inescapable or unavoidable aversive events

question

biofeedback

answer

the use of sensitive equipment to give people precise feedback about internal physiological processes so that they can learn, with practice, to exercise control over them

question

behavior modification

answer

a method of changing behavior through a systematic program based on the learning principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, orobservational learning

question

token economy

answer

a program that motivates socially desirable behavior by reinforcing it with tokens that can be exchanged for desired items or privileges

question

insight

answer

the sudden realization of the relationship between elements in a problem situation, which makes the solution apparent

question

latent learning

answer

learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not demonstrated until the organism is motivated to do so

question

cognitive map

answer

a mental representation of a spatial arrangement such as a maze

question

observational learning (social cognitive learning)

answer

learning by observing the behavior of others and the consequences of that behavior; learning by imitation

question

model

answer

the individual who demonstrates a behavior or whose behavior is imitated

question

modeling effect

answer

learning a new behavior from a model through the acquisition of new responses

question

facilitation effect

answer

exhibiting a behavior similar to that shown by a model in an unfamiliar situation

question

inhibitory effect

answer

suppressing a behavior because a model is punished for displaying the behavior

question

disinhibitory effect

answer

displaying a previously suppressed behavior because a model does so without receiving punishment

PSY 0010 Chapter 5 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards