question

the science of learning is of vital importance because so many problems that face society involve

answer

Behavior

question

while training pigs and raccoons to perform in advertisements, Keller and Mary Breland discovered the phenomenon

answer

Instinctive drift

question

Francis trains a rat that lever presses produce food reinforcement. In about 30 minutes the rat is pressing the lever steadily. Francis trains the rat every day until the rat reproduces. Francis then trains one of this rats offspring in the in the same manner and repeats this procedure for generation after generation. You predict that when the 12th generation rat is put into the training cage it will press the lever steadily in about

answer

30 minutes

question

efforts to teach chimpanzees to talk probably fail because

answer

chimps lack the biological structures for speech

question

Skinner's efforts to teach pigeons to play ping-pong demonstrate that the inability to learn a skill may sometimes be overcome by

answer

breaking the task into small parts

question

John has difficulty training a raccoon to pick up points and put them in a bank. It is most likely that

answer

the raccoon has contra prepared to learn this task

question

Larry happens to find a nest of turkey eggs just as they are hatching. Larry watches the chicks as they emerge from their eggs and begin walking about. As he leaves the nest area of the young birds are determined to go with him. Larry's new friends are victims of

answer

Instinctive drift

question

Robert Tyron's work with maze bright and maze dull rats demonstrated the role of blank in learning

answer

Heredity

question

armadillos curl up into a ball when attacked. Reginald teaches an armadillo to crawl up into a ball when a buzzer sounds. Reginald is making use of the phenomenon known as

answer

Preparedness

question

memories that cannot be expressed are called

answer

Non-declarative

question

memories that can be expressed, particularly in words, are called blank memories

answer

declarative

question

H. M. proved to be a great source of information about mural mechanisms and the retention of learning. His brain damage was caused by

answer

surgery to treat severe epilepsy

question

when forgetting occurs because the environment during recall is different from the environment during training it is said to be

answer

cue dependent

question

the popular belief that experiences are permanently stored in the brain is due largely to the influence of

answer

Sigmund Freud and wilder Penfield

question

the history of how we think about human memory has been a story of

answer

Metaphors

question

Lotus found that eyewitnesses reports are influenced by the words use to ask about the event. In one experiment she found that the use of the word smashed produced higher estimates of car speed than the use of the word

answer

Hit

question

riding a bicycle is an example of _______ memory

answer

Declarative

question

the chase and Simon study comparing chess masters and ordinary players showed that when chess pieces were arranged in random order

answer

chess masters and ordinary players forgot about the same amount

question

to measure forgetting, Ebbeinghaus used the

answer

Relearning method

question

Forgetting is the deterioration of

answer

Performance

question

learning is a change in behavior due to experience. In observational learning the experience consists of

answer

Observing a model

question

has occurred if an observer is more likely to do something after watching a models behavior be reinforced

answer

Vicarious reinforcement

question

the Miller Dollard theory of vicarious learning emphasizes the

answer

Consequences of the observers behavior

question

whether children imitate an aggressive model depends largely on

answer

Whether the models behavior is reinforced or punished

question

Jill is an impressionable 17-year-old college freshman with average academic skills. She lives in the college dorms with two roommates. One of them, Martha, is bright, attractive, popular, rich, and a local celebrity because of her singing; she seldom studies. Jill's other roommate, and, is also bright, but has only a few friends, wears inexpensive clothes, and place the two but poorly; she studies all the time. On the basis of what you know about observational learning, you predict that Jill will

answer

Have poor academic performance

question

the tendency to imitate model behavior even when doing so is not reinforced is called

answer

Generalized imitation

question

Herbert and harsh compared the behavior of cats that had observed the model perform and neck three times with cats that had observed only 15 performances. They found that

answer

cats that observed 30 performances did substantially better than those that observe 15

question

when little Joey now six months old cries Martha can tell what he needs even before she goes to them. Martha skills is an example of

answer

Discrimination

question

in errorless discrimination training,

answer

the S is introduced in very weak form

question

Jill trains her dog loser to come to her when she snaps her fingers. She snaps her fingers then gives the dog a bit of food when he approaches. Finger snapping is a

answer

S +

question

Robert Eisenberger found that rewarding a high level of effort on one task increases the level of effort on another task. This illustrates

answer

Generalization

question

Bill conducts an experiment in which he pares the word psychologist with words such as nasty evil and corrupt. Later Bill asks his subjects to give their opinion of various professions by rating them on a scale from very positive to very negative. Of the following professions, blank will probably receive the lowest rating.

answer

Social worker

question

Stephen, a drug abuser, is released from the clinic. He is free of drugs, and has sworn never to take drugs again. He returns to his old neighborhood. You predict that within six months, Stephen will

answer

Be using drugs again

question

providing different consequences for different responses can enhance discrimination training. This finding is called the

answer

Differential outcomes affect

question

when generalization is based on abstract rather than physical features, it is called blank generalization

answer

Semantic

question

in __________, the task is to select from two or more alternatives the stimulus that matches the standard

answer

Matching to sample

question

in __________ discrimination training, the S + and S - are presented at the same time

answer

Simultaneous

question

when the behavior reliably occurs in the presence of an S + but not in the presence of an S -, we can say that behavior is

answer

Under stimulus control

question

Harriet hears a noise in the kitchen and investigates. He finds the cookie jar in pieces on the floor and a five-year-old Willie standing nearby. Harriet knows what happened, but asks Willie anyway. Willie admits that he broke the jar while trying to get cookies. Harriet gives Willie a spanking. Willie is most likely to learn from this experience that

answer

it doesn't pay to tell the truth

question

all of the following enhance the effectiveness of punishment except

answer

increasing the reinforcer deprivation level

question

of the following procedures the one that reinforces behavior that cannot be performed at the same time as the unwanted behavior is

answer

differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior

question

the word positive in positive punishment refers to the fact that

answer

Behavior produces stimulus

question

generally speaking the more intense a punisher the

answer

More it suppresses behavior

question

each time Charles who has a lisp says Mississippi or the like his wife Evelyn yells idiot however there is no evidence that Evelyn's efforts to reduce the frequency of such mispronunciations has been effective. We can therefore conclude that

answer

Charles behavior has not been punished

question

when disciplining their son Jacob Mr. and Mrs. Grange begin with an extremely mild form of punishment and gradually increase strength if the offense continues. This procedure is likely to result in

answer

the use of excessively strong aversive's

question

farmer Gable had a problem with motorcyclists writing across his Meadowland, tearing up sod and frightening his cattle. He installed barbed wire fencing in the area no longer had a problem. Gable's approach is best described as an example of

answer

response prevention

question

when a student repeatedly behaves in an inappropriate way probably the teachers first step should be to

answer

Try to discover what is reinforcing the behavior

question

differential reinforcement is best used in combination with

answer

Extinction

question

John gives his dog healthy a bit of food whenever it goes 30 seconds without parking. Gradually John increases the amount of quite time required to earn food until finally the dog will go for hours without a yet. The procedure John used is best described as

answer

Differential reinforcement of zero responding

question

one problem with extinction as a way of reducing the frequency of potentially harmful behavior is that

answer

the behavior on extinction sometimes increases at first

question

delaying the punishment of a behavior will most likely

answer

reduce the effectiveness of punishment

question

the two process theory of punishment assumes that punishment involves

answer

Pavlovian and operant learning

question

telling lies is best explained as being maintained by

answer

Negative reinforcement

question

one way to make punishment more effective is to provide an acceptable alternative means of obtaining reinforcement

answer

True

question

although punishment can have negative side effects there is evidence that it can also have positive effects

answer

True

question

in using punishment it is best to begin with the week punisher and gradually increase its strength as needed

answer

False

question

abnormal behavior may persist despite aversive consequences because it also produces reinforcing consequences

answer

True

question

punishers like reinforcers are defined by their effect on behavior

answer

True

question

John spent his summer picking apples for a farmer. The farmer page on five dollars for every basket of apples picked. John worked on a

answer

fixed ratio schedule

question

Bill spends his summer in the city panhandling. Every day he takes the position on a busy corner and a costs passerby saying can you spare some change? Most people ignore him but every now and then someone gives him money. Bills reinforcement schedule is best described as a

answer

Variable ratio schedule

question

the schedule to use if you want to produce the most rapid learning of new behavior is

answer

FR1

question

Shirley trains a rat to press a lever and then reinforces lever presses on an FR 10 schedule when a red light is on, and an FI 10 schedule when a green light is on. In this case lever pressing is on a

answer

Multiple schedule

question

Studies of choice involve

answer

Concurrent schedules

question

a reduction in response rate following reinforcement is called a

answer

Post reinforcement pause

question

the schedule that is most likely produce a cumulative record with scallops is the

answer

fixed interval schedule

question

a schedule that does not require the performance of any particular behavior is the

answer

fixed time schedule

question

the partial reinforcement effect is the name of the finding that behavior is more resistant to extinction

answer

following intermittent reinforcement

question

one explanation for the partial reinforcement effect states that the effect goes away if all responses which produce the reinforcer are treated as a single behavior. This is the

answer

response unit hypothesis

question

Harry spent his summer in the city panhandling. Every day he would sit on the sidewalk put a cardboard sign in front of him that said please help and places hat on the sidewalk upside down. Then he would wait. Every now and then someone would put money into his hat. Harry's reinforcement schedule is best described as a

answer

variable time schedule

question

Stanley wants to determine which of the two reinforcement schedules is more attractive to rats. He trains a rat to press a lever for food and then put the rat into an experimental chamber containing two levers. Pressing one lever produces reinforcement on a FR 10 schedule; pressing the other lever produces reinforcement on a FI 10 schedule. Lever pressing is on a

answer

Concurrent schedule

question

a pigeon is confronted with two discs, one green and the other read. The bird receives food on a VI 20 schedule when it picks the green disk, and a VI 10 schedule when it asked the red one. You predict that the bird will learn to pack

answer

the red disk about twice as often as the green disk

question

fixed time and variable time or both kinds of reinforcement

answer

Noncontingent

question

the schedule that is not an intermittent schedule is

answer

Fixed ratio one

question

the initial effect of an extinction procedure is an increase in the behavior called a

answer

Extinction burst

question

in VI schedules the reinforcer occurs periodically regardless of what the organism does

answer

False

question

one every day example of a VR schedule is the lottery

answer

True

question

in a multiple schedule the organism is forced to choose between two or more reinforcement schedules

answer

False

question

the response unit hypothesis suggests that there really is no such thing as the partial reinforcement effect

answer

True

question

The law of effect states that

answer

how an organism perceives events is more important than events themselves

question

the free operative procedure is most closely associated with

answer

Skinner

question

studies of delayed reinforcement document the importance of

answer

Contiguity

question

the level of deprivation is less important when the reinforcer used is a blank reinforcer

answer

Secondary

question

Sylvia believes that the reinforcement properties of an event depend on the extent to which it provides access to a high probability behavior. Sylvia is most likely an advocate of blank theory

answer

Relative value

question

the one thing that all reinforcers have in common is that they

answer

Strengthen behavior

question

all of the following are useful tips for shaping behavior except

answer

Never back up

question

probably the best way of increasing the creativity of stories in an English class is to

answer

Praise particularly original stories

question

shaping is the reinforcement of successive

answer

Approximations to a target behavior

question

once a superstitious behavior occurs it may be maintained by

answer

adventitious reinforcement

question

the pre-Mac principal states that reinforcement involves

answer

The relative probability of behaviors

question

Robert Epstein's box and banana experiment demonstrated that insight

answer

depends on an organism's learning history

question

Thorndike emphasized that we learn mainly from

answer

Success

question

money is a good example of a blank reinforcer

answer

Generalized

question

insightful problem-solving is best explained by referring to

answer

Pavlovian conditioning

question

study of learned helplessness in non-humans may provide a model for understanding blank in humans

answer

Depression

question

negative reinforcement increases the strength of the behavior

answer

True

question

backward chaining begins with the reinforcement of the last behavior in the chain

answer

True

question

one tip for successful shaping of behavior is to provide large reinforcers

answer

False

question

negative reinforcement and punishment are synonyms

answer

False

question

In treating Peter's fear of rabbits Jones used a procedure called

answer

Counter conditioning

question

in __________therapy a stimulus that elicits an inappropriate response is paired with an aversive stimulus such as shock or an emetic drug

answer

Aversion

question

the CS and US in the little Albert experiment were a

answer

Rat and loud sound

question

people are most likely to come to enjoy painful and humiliating events if these events consistently

answer

Precede positive events

question

conditioned suppression is used as a measure of

answer

Fear

question

the CS and US in Garcia's taste aversion experiment were

answer

Flavored water and radiation

question

Garcia's first experiment on taste aversion was unusual in

answer

CS and US were only paired once

question

Pavlov found that when he paired painful stimuli with food the dog came to show no distress at the painful stimuli this experiment may help explain___________ behavior in humans

answer

Masochistic

question

the phenomenon of ____________suggests that we should be more likely to develop aversions to novel foods meant to familiar ones

answer

Latent inhibition

question

the first person to use counter conditioning to treat a phobia was probably

answer

Mary Jones

question

What fascinated Pavlov most about his salivating dogs was that

answer

the dogs began to salivate before receiving food

question

each time a buzzer sounds a puff of air makes a rabbit link. Soon the rabbit blinks when it hears the buzzer. George believes that this means the buzzer takes the place of the air pilot. George is an advocate of

answer

Stimulus substitution theory

question

Pavlov called reflexes that are present at birth

answer

Unconditional

question

an experimenter presents a flash of light and a bell simultaneously followed by food. Conditioning proceeds satisfactorily. When the experimenter tests the light by itself and the bell by itself, he finds that the bell is an effective CS, but the light is not. There experimenter has demonstrated

answer

Overshadowing

question

when exposure to a stimulus prior to pairing it with a US interferes with conditioning the phenomenon is called

answer

Latent inhibition

question

presenting a CS repeatedly without presenting the US is called

answer

Extinction

question

the sudden reappearance of a CR after the CS has been repeatedly presented by itself is called

answer

Spontaneous recovery

question

is the degree to which the US depends upon the occurrence of the CS

answer

Contingency

question

in Pavlovian conditioning contiguity usually refers to the

answer

time between CS and US

question

a stimulus is one that consists of two or more stimuli presented simultaneously

answer

Compound

question

in general the more intense a US the

answer

Faster conditioning proceeds

question

the studies of Caroline and author starts demonstrating that nonsense syllables become pleasant after being paired with pleasant words are examples of

answer

Higher order conditioning

question

Edward and Edwina service subjects in a conditioning experiment. The CS is a buzzer the US is a mild electric shock the you are is a change in electrical conductivity called the galvanic skin response. Both subjects undergo 50 trials but the experimenter feel sorry for Edwina so periodically he lets her off without a shock. Which of the following results do you predict will happen

answer

the CR is stronger in Edward

question

Pavlov said that the salivary glands behaved as though they had

answer

Intelligence

question

Braun and Geisel Hart found that eyelid conditioning generally proceeded most slowly with

answer

Older adults

question

one way to test for the effects of conditioning is to present the CS alone

answer

False

question

if A and S is presented several times alone and is then repeatedly paired with a US conditioning proceeds more rapidly than if the NS had never been presented alone

answer

False

question

a key feature of Pavlovian conditioning is that the CS and US appear together regardless of what the animal or person does

answer

True

question

the procedure of pairing a neutral stimulus with a well-established CS is called higher order conditioning

answer

True

question

the shorter the ISI the faster conditioning proceeds

answer

True

question

A person who says everyone knows that is referring to-

answer

Anecdotal evidence

question

In within subject experiments the subject's behavior during treatment is compared with the behavior during a

answer

Baseline period

question

The experimental design in which one group of participants gets one treatment and another group gets a different treatment is a

answer

Between subjects experiment

question

experiments differ from other ways of acquiring knowledge in that they allow one to

answer

Determine cause and effect

question

Harry teachers advanced painting class is goal is to teach students to think more creatively Harry will probably measure learning as a change in response

answer

Topography

question

a _________ explanation is one in which the evidence for the explanation of an event is the event itself

answer

Circular

question

a teacher who looks for an increase in the number of actions per minute is using ___ as a measure of learning

answer

Rate

question

the main problem with using computer simulations as a substitute for animal research is that

answer

No one knows what behavior to program until the research has been done

question

the variable that an experimenter manipulates is a _____ variable

answer

Independent

question

the variable that is measured by the experiment is a

answer

Dependent variable

question

in between group experiments researchers often use ______ to make the two groups be equivalent

answer

Random sampling

question

experimental research on behavior is often said to be artificial. To compensate for this problem researchers do

answer

Field experiments

question

all of the following are reasons nonhuman animal research is conducted except which?

answer

Can develop computer models to answer questions

question

The statement she went swimming because she just felt like it is an example of

answer

A circular explanation

question

the natural science approach emphasizes physical events

answer

True

question

learning researchers note that results with humans usually parallel those with nonhuman animals

answer

True

question

an operational definition is like a recipe for a stimulus or behavior

answer

True

question

response topography is measured moment by moment on a cumulative record

answer

False

question

a survey found a significant positive correlation between taxi drivers wearing coats and number of traffic accidents. From this we can conclude that wearing a coat disrupts driving causes accidents

answer

False

question

Natural selection helps the individual adapt to changes in its environment during its lifetime.

answer

False

question

Reflexes are generally less variable than modal action patterns.

answer

True

question

Every known reflex contributes to the individual's survival.

answer

False

question

A major problem with natural selection as an adaptive mechanism is that it is slow.

answer

True

question

The evolution of most species is now complete.

answer

False

question

Behavior is anything an animal or person does that can be ____

answer

Measured

question

A reflex is best defined as ____.

answer

a relationship between an event and a simple response

question

Bridger (1961) found that infants' heart rate increased when a novel sound was presented, but that heart rate increased less and less each time the sound was presented. This is an example of _________.

answer

Habitation

question

Learning is defined as

answer

A change in behavior

question

The type of behavior change seen in the fox-breeding experiment is best characterized as a change in _______.

answer

General behavior traits

question

Modal action patterns are elicited by events called ____.

answer

Releasers

question

The chief advantage of learning over natural selection as a means of adapting to change is that learning ____.

answer

Is faster

question

______ is an increase in the intensity of a reflex response after repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus.

answer

Sensitization

question

The list of alleged human modal action patterns ____.

answer

has gotten shorter in recent years

question

Natural selection is described as being ____.

answer

Behind the times

question

Variation and natural selection are the foundations of ____.

answer

Evolution

question

In the statement "survival of the fittest" in regards to natural selection, being the fittest means____.

answer

Best animal in niche

question

The gollypod, a fictitious aquatic animal, breaks out in a cold sweat whenever exposed to the sun. This reaction is most likely ____.

answer

A reflex

question

Teenagerus Americanus, a two-legged ape indigenous to North America, breaks out in a cold sweat whenever exposed to an exam. This reaction is most likely ____.

answer

Learned behavior

question

The tendency of some animals to hoard food is probably an example of ____.

answer

A general behavior trait

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