physiology lab final review lima ccri 2014 – Flashcards

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LAB 1 METRICS, RULES, AND MSDS
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LAB 1 METRICS, RULES, AND MSDS
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what does MSDS stand for and what does it contain
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material safety data sheet; contains all MSDS for a lab; precautions for safety wear (goggles, gloves, etc.), flamability, and toxicity, etc
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rules of the lab
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-use gloves when prompted; -no bags, coats, drinks, or food in lab; - confine long hair; -no baggy clothing
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benedicts solution is used for detecting
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sugars
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how do you get a reaction out of benedicts solution?
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you must heat it
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biuret solution is used for detecting
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proteins
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what color does biuret solution turn when a protein is present
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purple
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what color does benedicts solution turn when sugars are present
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anywhere from yellow-green-orange-red
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control
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specimen which all other experimental samples are compared
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metric system
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nonvarying standard of reference
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what is the scale of the metric system from largest to smallest
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mega-kilo-__-__-unit-deci-centi-milli-micro-nano
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which direction does the decimal move when you are switching to larger degree
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left
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which direction does the decimal move when you are switching to a smaller degree
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right
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unit of length
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meter
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unit of volume
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liter
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amount of matter
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mass
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unit of mass
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gram
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352 cm = __________ mm
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3520 mm
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12 cm = ________ mm
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120 mm
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150 km = __________ m
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150,000 m
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2000 microm = ___________ mm
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2
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1 mm = ________ m
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0.001 m
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how many 5 mL injections can be prepared from 1 L of a medicine?
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200
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450 mL volume of alcohol is __________ L
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0.45
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1000 mg = ________ g
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1 g
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1 L = ________ mL
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1600 mm
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160 cm = __________ mm
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0.109 kg
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14 km = _________ m
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1000 ml
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109 g = __________ kg
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14000 m
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250 m = ___________ km
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.250 km
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2000 mg = _______ g
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2 g
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104 km = _________ m
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104000 m
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480 cm = ________ m
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4.8 m
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5.6 kg = ________ g
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5600 g
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8 mm = __________ cm
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0.8 cm
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5 L = __________ mL
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5000 mL
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198 g = ___________ kg
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0.198 kg
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75 mL = __________ L
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0.075 L
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50 cm = ___________ m
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0.5 m
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5.6 m = __________ cm
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560 cm
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16 cm = _________ mm
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160 mm
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2500 m = __________ km
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2.5 km
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65 g = ___________ mg
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65000 mg
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6.4 cm = _________ mm
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63 mm
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120 mg = _________ g
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0.12 g
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12.65 m = ____________ km
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0.01265 km
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LAB 2 GRAPHING, ACCURACY VS. PRECISION, AND PH
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LAB 2 GRAPHING, ACCURACY VS. PRECISION, AND PH
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what 7 things are the rules of graphing
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1. must have a title; 2. x-axis is the independent, chosen by experimenter (time, days, temp, pH, # of trials) 3. y-axis is the dependent, obtained during experiment using the x-axis criteria (usually height, weight, color, volume) 4. label 5. divide into regular intervals 6. intersection = 0 unless otherwise stated 7. first set of date points is a dot, more than one can be in a triangle, circle, square, etc.
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accurate
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correct, ability of device to deliver specified volume
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precise
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same/repeatable, ability of device to deliver same volume repeatedly
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what experiment did we use to measure accuracy vs. precision
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we weighed 10 beakers and measured the same amount of fluid (8.4 mL) into each using two different instruments (graduated cylinder vs. pipette) to get the liquid into the beakers to determine which devise was more accurate and which was more precise
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which delivery method was more accurate
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pipette
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which delivery method was more precise
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graduated cylinder
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hydrochloric acid HCl
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gives away hydrogen; acidic
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sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
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takes hydrogen ions; basic/alkaline
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what does pH refer to
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the number of hydrogen ions
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what is neutral
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water with a pH of 7
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solution with more hydrogen ions
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pH less than 7 = alkaline
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solution with less hydrogen ions
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pH more than 7 = acidic
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what did we do to test for pH
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-we used 9 test tubes and added a few mL of HCl to tube 1; tube 2,3,4 had 9 mL of distilled water in them; we used a pipette to transfer 1 mL of HCl to tube 2 from tube 1, mixed, and then transfered 1 mL of solution from tube 2 to tube 3, and the same from tube 3 to tube 4 - in tube 5 we put a few mL of NaOH; in tube 6,7,8 we put 9 mL of distilled water; we used a pipette to repeat the steps from the first procedure with the NaOH and then tested the pH of each solution
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t/f an acidic solution has more hydrogen ions than OH⁻ ions
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true
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t/f a solution with a pH of 2 is basic (alkaline)
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false; acidic
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LAB 3 - THE MICROSCOPE
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LAB 3 - THE MICROSCOPE
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base
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supports the microscope
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substage light
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located in the base; light passes directly upward through the micrscope
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stage
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platform the slide rests on while being viewed
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condensor
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concentrates the light on the specimen
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iris diagphragm level
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arm attached to the condenser that regulates the amount of light passing through the condenser
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coarse adjustment knob
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used to focus on the specimen
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fine adjustment knob
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used for precise focusing once coarse focusing has been completed
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head or body tube
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supports the objective lens system
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arm
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vertical portion of the microscope connecting the base and head
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ocular
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eyepiece; one or two lenses are the superior end of the head or body tube; observations are made through the oculars; magnification is 10x.
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pointer
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attached to one ocular and can be positioned by rotating the ocular lens
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nosepiece
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carries three or four objective lenses and permits sequential positioning of these lenses over the light beam passing through the hole in the stage
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objective lenses
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adjustable lens system that permits the use of a scanning lens, a low power lens, and a high power lens or an oil immersion lens
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low power lens
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10x magnification
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scanning lens
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4x magnification
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high power lens
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40x magnification
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oil immersion lens
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100x magnification
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real image
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produced by the objectify lens to magnify the specimen
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virtual image
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produced by the real image and magnified by the ocular lens; this is what is seen by the eye
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TM
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total magnification; power of the ocular lens x power of objective lens
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resolution
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ability to discriminate two close objects as separate
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resolving power
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determined by the amount and physical properties of the visible light that enters the microscope
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field
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area you see through the microscope
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diameter of field B
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( diameter of field A x TM of field A) / TM of field B
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depth of field
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depth of the specimen clearing in focus
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TM of scanning lens
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40x
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TM of low power lens
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100x
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TM of high power lens
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400x
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which microscope parts contribute to the magnification of the specimen? a. objectives only b. condenser and oculars c. oculars and objectives d. condenser and base
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C. oculars and objectives
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t/f as you increase magnification the diameter of the field of view decreases
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true
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when first focusing on a specimen, which objective would you use? a. 4x b. 10x c. 40x d. 100x
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A. 4x
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what did we view under the microscope?
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cheek cells; thread; letter e
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LAB 4- TRANSPORT MECHANISMS AND CELL PERMEABILITY
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LAB 4- TRANSPORT MECHANISMS AND CELL PERMEABILITY
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differential, or selective, permeability
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certain proteins are kept within the cell and others are passed to the exterior
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active processes
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cell provides energy (ATP) to power the transport process
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passive processes
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concentration or pressure differences drive the movement
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two divisions of passive processes
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diffusion and filtration
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diffusion
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important transport process for every cell in the body
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filtration
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occurs only across capillary walls
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concentration gradient
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difference in concentration; movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration
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simple diffusion
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diffusion of solutes through a differentially permeable membrane
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osmosis
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diffusion of water through a differentially permeable membrane
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facilitated diffusion
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certain molecules are able to combine with protein carrier molecules in the plasma membrane and move from one side of the membrane to the other down a concentration gradient; does not require ATP
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what experiment did we use to compare diffusion rates?
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we used an agar petri dish and put methylene blue in one well and potassium permanganate in another well and measured how far it spread every 15 minutes
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agar gel
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appears quite solid, primarily 98.5% water; allows free movement of the diffusion dye molecules through it
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methylene blue
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molecular weight of 320; deep blue in color; small particles
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potassium permanganate
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purple dye with a molecular weight of 158; larger crystals
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What is the relationship between molecular weight and rate of molecular movement (diffusion):
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the MB had smaller, lighter crystals, which diffused rapidly. The PP had larger, heavier crystals, which diffused slower.
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why did the dye molecules move?
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the dye molecules vibrate, bump, bounce off each other
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what experiment did we use to observe diffusion through nonliving membranes?
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we used dialysis sacs filled with different solutions soaking in distilled water to determine the permeability of the dialysis sacs and what is able to pass through those pores
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what are the dialysis sacs comparable to
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plasma membrane
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describe the dialysis sacs and what they were filled with as well as what solutions they were soaked in
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-sac 1: 40% glucose solution into a solution of distilled water -sac 2: 40% glucose solution into a solution of 40% glucose -sac 3: 10% NaCl solution into a solution of distilled water -sac 4: boiled starch solution into a solution of distilled water
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what did we use benedicts solution for
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to test for the presence of sugars
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which sac did we use benedicts solution for
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sac 1 to test for the presence of glucose in both the beaker fluid and sac fluid
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what solution or reaction were we looking for to tell us if sugar was present and what did we have to do to the beakers after we added the benedicts solution
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boil for a few minutes SOLUTION: if a green, yellow, or red color forms, the test is positive and glucose is present If it remains the same: the test is negative and no glucose has soaked through
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how did we test osmotic diffusion
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weigh the initial weight of dialysis sac 2 against the final weight of the dialysis sac to determine whether there was osmosis of the glucose molecules
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what did silver nitrate test for?
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it tests for the presence of NaCl
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what reaction would happen if NaCl was present when we added AgCl
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it would turn cloudy and white
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what did we use lugol's iodine solution to test for
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starch
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what would happen to the fluid if starch was present after adding lugol's iodine solution
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it would turn black
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was starch able to flow through the dialysis sac?
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no, the molecules were too large to pass through
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name the substances that were able to pass through the dialysis bag
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NaCl and glucose
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t/f molecules, on their own and without the use of energy, move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
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false
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t/f molecules move through a gel at different rates based on their molecular weight
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true
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LAB 5- PROPERTIES OF ENZYMES
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LAB 5- PROPERTIES OF ENZYMES
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catalysts
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chemical substances which control the rates at which reactions occur by lowering the energy of activation; can be used repeatedly to bring about the same reaction
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substrate
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chemical substance (reactant) for which the catalyst has an affinity, meaning that the substrate physically fits a particular part of the catalyst called the active site
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most enzymes are ___________
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proteins
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what experiment did we use to test the properties of enzymes?
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we used a mashed up potato with buffer added to it that we centrifuged and then put in the spectrophotometer which measured the absorbance of the reaction, which we measured every 20 seconds and recorded
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substrate in this experiment was
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catechol which is white or clear and comes from a bottle
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the enzyme (aka extract) in this experiment was
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catechol oxidase from the potato
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the product in this experiment was
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oxidized catechol
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the buffer in this experiment was (in the beginning)
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pH 5, used to help the enzymes dissolve into it
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what did we do in our first set of reactions with the extract?
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we had a control and then dilute, medium, and concentrated enzyme extract to measure the absorbance
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spectrophotometer
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passes a beam of light through the tube and measures how much light is absorbed determining the absorbance of the reaction
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______ reaction = ________ color = ________ absorbance
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more; more; more
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we graphed our results and how did we pick which enzyme concentration to use for our next experiment?
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we used the amount of enzyme that gave the greatest and most linear change in absorbance from 0-1 in two minutes
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what did we alter about our next experiment after we chose which extract concentration to use?
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the pH of the buffer between 3, 5, and 7
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did we use a control at all for any of these reactions
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yes, for every new thing that we tested, we used a control test tube to balance the spectrophotometer
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what did changing the pH in the enzyme show us
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the effects of enzyme activity in different types of pH's
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how did we determine what buffer to use for our next experiment
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we used the one which gave us the highest absorbance
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what did our next experiment include
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testing the effects of different temperatures on enzyme activity
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how did we test this?
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we prepared our pH solution, enzyme concentration, and substrate in five different test tubes and then placed them in different temperatures
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what temperatures did we place our test tubes in?
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5°C (refrigerate), 22°C (room temperature), 37°C (body temperature), 50°C (hot)
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what was the name of the enzyme used? a. catechol b. catechol oxidase c. oxidized catechol d. catecholesterase
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b. catechol oxidase
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waht was the name of the substrate a. catechol b. catechol oxidase c. oxidized catechol d. catecholesterase
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a. catechol
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how might non optimal pH or temperature affect an enzyme?
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it affects the activity of the enzyme by denaturing it and changing its shape; which affects the outcome of the product
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in every set of tubes you made, there was a tube with all ingredients except the enzyme. what was the purpose of this tube?
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it was the 'blank' or control that we used to balance the spectrometer and compare our results to
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t/f the higher the number on the spectrophotometer absorbance display, the more the reaction has occured
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true
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LAB 6- REFLEXES
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LAB 6- REFLEXES
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intrafusal muscle fibers
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detect stretch
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extrafusal muscle fibers
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contract muscle
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ipsilateral
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info enters and exits spinal cord on same side
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contralateral
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info enters and exits spinal cord on opposite side
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monosynaptic
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1 synapse in reflex arc
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polysynaptic
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two or more synapses in reflex arc
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reflex
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stimulus response sequence (reflex arc)
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reflexes can be either
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innate or adaptive
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spinal reflex
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skeletal muscle reflex involves the spinal cord
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integrating center
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spinal cord
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spinal reflexes
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involuntary skeletal muscle responses
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stimulus
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triggering event
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information about the ________ is detected by special skeletal muscle fibers called _______________
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stimulus intrafusal muscle fibers
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information is then carried to the spinal cord via ___________ that enter the spinal cord via its dorsal roots
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afferent neurons
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in the spinal cord, information can move through one or more segments and can involve __________
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interneurons
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if there are no interneurons involved
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monosynaptic
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if there is one or more interneurons
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polysynaptic
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information leaves the spinal cord through the ventral roots and is carried to the skeletal muscle by way of
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efferent neurons
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__________________ respond to this information by contracting
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extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers
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If info exits and enters on the same side of the spinal cord:
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ipsilateral
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If info exits and enters on opposite sides of the spinal cord
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contralateral
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Knee jerk or patellar reflex
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patellar reflex: monosynaptic reflex -tests the function of spinal cord segments L2, L3, and L4 and the femoral nerve -normal response: contraction of the qaudriceps femoris -important reflex for balance and posture -abnormal response: known as westphal's sign
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ankle jerk of achilles reflex
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-tests the function of spinal cord segments S1 and S2 and the medial popliteal nerve -normal response involves jerking of the foot towards its plantar surface
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biceps jerk
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-tests the function of spinal cord segments C5 and C6 and the musculocutaneous nerve -normal response involves contraction of the biceps muscle and flexation of the elbow -can be detected beneath the examiner's thumb
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triceps jerk
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-tests the function of spinal cord segments C6 and C7 and the radial nerve -normal response involves contraction of triceps muscle and extension of the elbow
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plantar's reflex, babinski sign
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-nociceptive response -triggered by stimulation of pain receptors -polysynaptic -involves several segments of the spinal cord -involves tibial nerve and segments L4, L5, S1, S2 of the spinal cord -normal reflex has the toes curving inward while the foot everts -abnormal reflex is known as babinski sign -demonstrated by dorsiflexion of the toes -babinski is normal in infants due to incomplete myelination of nerves
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t/f abnormal or absent reflexes may be indicative of nervous system dysfunction
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true
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t/f spinal reflexes are involuntary skeletal muscle responses which occur without involving the brain
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true
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which of the following tests the radial nerve? a. ankle jerk/ achilles reflex b. knee jerk/ patellar reflex c. triceps jerk d. plantar's reflex
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c. triceps jerk
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t/f in an infant, the normal plantar reflex is to curve the toes toward the sole of the foot (plantar flex)
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false
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how many neurons are involved in a monosynaptic reflex arc? a. 0 b. 2 c. 1 d. it differs
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b. 2
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stimulus → ______________________________ receptor → ______________________________ afferent pathway → ____________________________ integrating center → ___________________________ efferent pathway → ____________________________ effector → ___________________________ response → _________________________
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receptor intrafusal muscle fiber afferent sensory neurons spinal cord efferent motor neuron extrafusal muscle fibers movement of limb
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are responses positive or negative when someone reacts?
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negative
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what nerve does the biceps jerk test
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musculocutaneous
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what nerve does the triceps jerk test
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radial nerve
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what nerve does the knee jerk test
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femoral nerve
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what nerve does the ankle jerk test
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medial popliteal nerve
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LAB 7- REACTION TIME
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LAB 7- REACTION TIME
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reaction time
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time it takes to respond to a stimulus -related to the time it takes for information about the stimulus to get to the integrating center involved in analyzing the stimulus
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________________ → _________________ → __________________→ ___________________→ _________________→ _________________→ __________________
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stimulus→ receptor→ afferent pathway→ integrating center→ efferent pathway→ effector→ response
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where are receptors located
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in muscles
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what does the afferent pathway do
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sends messages to the integrating center
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what does our efferent pathway do
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carry messages from CNS to nerve
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what does the effector do and where is it located
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in the organ and it produces the response
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what did we do to test the reaction time?
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we tested distracted and undistracted reaction times by having a student wear headphones and everytime a click was heard, they press a button. we analyzed their results at the end
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what did we do for test one in undistracted reaction times?
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1. pseudo-random stimuli at pseudorandom intervals 10 clicks 2. pseudo-random stimuli-clicks at pseudorandom internals 3. fixed interval trial, clicks will come at intervals 4. fixed interval trial; clicks come with fixed intervals
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what did we do for test two in distracted reaction times
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1. pseudo-random stimuli at pseudorandom intervals 10 clicks 2. pseudo-random stimuli-clicks at pseudorandom internals 3. fixed interval trial, clicks will come at intervals 4. fixed interval trial; clicks come with fixed intervals
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what is the t-test used for
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to compare different sets of data using excel
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what do the results look like from a t-test
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between 0-1 the answer is a percentage
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if a result from a t test was below 0.05 that means the results were
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significantly different 95% sure they are not similar
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if a result from a t test was above 0.05 that means the results were
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not significantly different; meaning that the tests were overlapping
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what is the effector
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the skeletal muscle which performs the response action
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t/f hearing the noise in the headphones and reacting by pushing the button is an example of a spinal reflex
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false, these messages were sent to the brain
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t/f the data from the psseudo-random interval segments allowed you to determine if reaction time changed due to learning
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false
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how is the t-test different from the average
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the t-test compares two different variations of data whereas the mean is just one set of data. the t test also is able to compare against distracted and undistracted and intervals vs. pseudo-random intervals
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LAB 8- PHYSICAL FITNESS
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LAB 8- PHYSICAL FITNESS
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what tests did we do to analyze physical fitness
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body skin fold measurement aerobic fitness electromyography
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what did we do to test body skin fold measurement
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we used skin fold calipers to test three places on the body to determine density and % fat
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what did we do to test aerobic fitness
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we used a step stool and a metronome to set the pace for five minutes of exercise; after five minutes of consistent exercise, we timed the pulse for 15 seconds after the person sat for 15 seconds after exercise
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what did we do to test electromyography
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we measured grip strength in order to determine fatigue and muscle unit recruitment with the biopac machine and dynomometer
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where did we place the electrons for the electromyography of the grip test
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- white lead: medial superior forearm - red lead: lateral inferior forearm - black lead: medial inferior forearm closest to palm
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what did we do on segment one where we tested motor unit recruitment
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-clench for 2 seconds, release and wait for two seconds -try to begin with your assigned increment of force (5, 10, 20 kg) -increase increment of force by (5, 10, 15; 10, 20, 30; or 20, 40, 60) until maximum clench force is achieved
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what did we do on segment two where we tested fatigue
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- clench at maximal force until it decreases by 50% - time to fatigue will vary greatly between individuals
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t/f we only tested one arm because the results will be the same for both arms
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false; we tested both arms forearm 1 is the dominant hand forearm 2 is the other hand
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when analyzing, what does the mean display
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the average value in the selected area
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when analyzing, what does the p-p display
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peak to peak finds the max value in the selected area and subtracts the minimum value found in the selected area
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when analyzing, what does the i-beam do
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used to select certain areas
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when analyzing, what does the value display
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the amplitude value for the channel at the point selected by the i-beam cursor
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when analyzing, what does the deltaT display
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the amount of time in the selected segment
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what areas did we test during the skin fold body measurement test
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-triceps : halfway between the acromion process of the scapula and olecranon process of the ulna on the dorsum of the arm -biceps: anterior of the arm, halfway between the greater tubercle of the humerus and the coronoid fossa -chin: under the chin above the hyoid bone
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the accu-measure caliper was used to measure a. aerobic fitness b. body composition c. time until muscle fatigue d. max grip strength
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b. body comp
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t/f ideally we should have 0% body fat
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false
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t/f slow steady and longer duration exercise is anaerobic
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false
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when using the biopac system, what did we measure
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grip strenth to determine motor unit recruitment and muscle fatigue
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when fatigued, your muscle is unable to produce maximum force because _________ is depleted
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ATP
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when holding an object, does the number of motor units remain the same? are the same motor units used for the duration of holding the object?
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yes, the number of motor units remain the same and when a motor unit gets tired it is able to switch with a resting motor unit in able to last the duration
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as you fatigue, the force exerted by your muscles decreases. what physiological processes explain the decline in strength?
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creatine phosphate is the first energy source used and when taht burns out, your body has to make ATP which can be a length process and cause the muscle to fatigue.
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LAB 9- BLOOD
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LAB 9- BLOOD
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what determines how red blood is?
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the amount of oxygen it is carrying
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average volume of blood in males and females
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5-6 L in males 4-5 L in females
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blood is a type of ___________
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connective tissue
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what is blood composed of
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nonliving fluid matrix (plasma) in which living cells (formed elements) are suspended
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what are the three types of formed elements
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erythrocytes, white blood cells, platelets
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erythrocytes
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RBC; sacs of hemoglobin molecules that transport the bulk of oxygen carried in the blood Biconcave, anucleate disc, salmon colored
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how long does it take for erythrocytes to develop
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5-7 days
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what is the life span of erythrocytes
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100-120 days
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leukocytes
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WBC's; part of the body's nonspecific defenses and the immune system spherical, nucleated cells divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes
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platelets
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function in hemostasis constitute 45% of whole blood -discoid cytoplasmic fragments containing granules -250,000- 500,000 in blood population -4-5 days to develop -5-10 days life span -seal small tears in blood vessels; instrumental in blood clotting -formed in bone marrow
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what percentage of blood does plasma take up
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55%
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what are the types of granulocytes
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neutrophils eosinophils basophils
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neutrophils
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-nucleus multilobed; inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules -3,000 -7,000 in blood -6-9 days to develop -6 hours to a few days in life span -phagocytize bacteria -40-70% of leukocyte population
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eosinophils
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-nucleus bilobed; red cytoplasmic granules -100-400 in blood -6-9 days to develop -8-12 days life span -kills parasitic worms; destroys antigen-antibody complexes; inactivate some inflammatory chemicals of allergy -1-4% of leukocyte population
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basophils
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-nucleus lobed; large blue-purple cytoplasmic granules -20-50 inb lood -3-7 days of development -life span of a few hours to a few days -release histamine and other mediators of inflammation' contain heparin, an anticoagulant -least abundant less than 1%
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what are the types of agranulocytes
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lymphocyte monocyte
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lymphocyte
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-nucleus spherical or indented; pale blue cytoplasm -1,500 - 3,000 -days to weeks to develop -hours to years life span -mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies -smallest; abundant in lymphoid tissue -20-45% of te WBC population
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monocyte
answer
-nucleus U or kidney shaped; gray blue cytoplasm -100-700 in blood -2-3 days to develop -months life span -phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in tissues -bigger; more abundant in lymphoid tissues -4-8% of the population
question
how did we do a white blood cell count
answer
-obtain a microscope and a blood slide -scan the slide under low power and find the area with the largest number of nucleated WBC -begin at the edge of the smear and move the slide systematically -record 100 WBC as they are observed -percent % = (# observed/total # counted) x 100 -record results as a %
question
diapedesis
answer
ability to move in and out of blood vessels
question
amoeboid motion
answer
wander through body tissues to reach sites of inflammation or tissue destruction
question
what did we do to test hematocrit
answer
we used an alcohol swab to clean a finger, a lancet to prick the finger, and a heparinized capillary tube to collect blood into, clay to seal the end. once filled 3/4 of the way full, we spun in the microhematocrit centrifuge
question
what did the hematocrit test determine
answer
the percentage of RBC, WBC, and plasma by using a ruler and measuring the length of the RBC/full length x 100
question
how did we figure out hemoglobin concentration
answer
we used talquist paper and a blood smear to compare it to a chart in order to determine the amount of hemoglobin in the blood
question
what is blood typing
answer
system of blood classification based on the presence of specific glycoprotein's (antigens) on the otuer surface of the RBC plasma membrane
question
describe the process for using the blood typing cards
answer
-card is marked A, B, and Rh; anti-A serum, anti-B serum, anti-Rh serum -drop of blood into each area -add a drop of anti-A serum into the A spot -add a drop of anti-B serum into the B spot -add a drop of anti-Rh serum into the Rh spot -rock back and forth to combine -wait a few minutes to see if agglutination occurs -if clotting appears in an area that means that that area is the blood type you are -ex. Clotting in B and Rh determines that the person is B+
question
if all the wells are agglutinated, then the person's blood type must be
answer
AB+
question
if none of the wells are agglutinated, then the person's blood type must be
answer
O-
question
agglutination occurs when
answer
antibodies meet their antigens
question
how can you identify what type of WBC one is?
answer
1. does it have granules or is it smooth? 2. what does the nucleus look like?
question
what is the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration determine
answer
the concentration of RBC
question
what is the mean corpuscular volume determine
answer
the average size of the RBC
question
t/f the hematocrit result tells you the percent of the blood which is made up of erythrocytes
answer
true
question
t/f blood that is type AB will contain both A and B antigens
answer
true
question
when performing a blood typing experiment, agglutination occurs in the B well only and that makes the blood: a. B- b. A+ c. A- d. O+
answer
a. B-
question
LAB 10 - CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY
answer
LAB 10 - CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY
question
what is used to record the ECG
answer
biopac
question
when did we record the student's heart rate
answer
-lying down -after sitting up -breathing deeply -after exercise
question
where did we apply the electrodes
answer
-white lead: right anterior forearm -black lead: right leg, medial surface, right above ankle -red lead: left leg, medial surface, just above ankle
question
normally, how many electrodes are used on a real ECG
answer
12
question
describe what we had the student doing while we recorded their heart rate for 120 seconds
answer
-record for 20 seconds while the subject is lying down -record for 20 seconds after the subject quickly sits up and takes five deep breaths -record for 20 seconds as the subject takes five deep breaths -record for 20 seconds after the student has exercised and then sits down
question
what does ∆T (delta time) measure
answer
the difference in time between start and end select area
question
what does BPM stand for
answer
beats per minute
question
what did we analyze
answer
-intervals between R waves (recorded BPM) -duration of the PR intervals (recorded ∆T) -duration of ventricular systole (QT wave) (recorded ∆T) -duration of ventricular diastole (end of T wave to beginning of next R wave) (recorded ∆T)
question
what does the pump on a blood pressure pump?
answer
inflates the cuff to stop the blood flow in your artery for a few seconds
question
what does the dial on a blood pressure pump?
answer
numbered dial or a column of mercury can be used to record the bp reading
question
what does the cuff on a blood pressure pump?
answer
wrapped around the upper arm
question
what does the valve on a blood pressure pump?
answer
lets some air out of the cuff, which allows the blood flow to start again
question
what does the stethoscope on a blood pressure pump?
answer
used to hear the sound of blood rushing back through the artery
question
what is happening when you first hear a thumping noise
answer
it is the sound of systolic blood pressure
question
what is happening when you no longer hear a noise
answer
that is the diastolic pressure
question
bp= sp= dp= MAP= pp=
answer
blood pressure systolic pressure diastolic pressure mean arterial pressure pulse pressure
question
what equation do we use to determine BP
answer
SP/DP
question
what equation do we use to determine PP
answer
SP-DP
question
what equation do we use to determine MAP
answer
DP + (1/3xPP)
question
what is tachycardia
answer
when the QRS complex is really fast and close together, about or over 100 bpm
question
what cardiac event is occurring when you see the p wave in the ECG?
answer
atrial depolarization
question
when the heart is resting between heartbeats, the pressure experienced by blood vessels is the __________ pressure
answer
diastolic
question
what does an ECG do
answer
measures the electrical activity from the heart records activity which as spread into body fluids and reaches the surface reports the total activity from the heart
question
what are the waves of an ECG
answer
- p wave: atrial depolarization - QRS wave complex: ventricular depolarization - T wave: ventricular repolarization
question
where is atrial depolarization show on the waves
answer
it does not show because it is masked by the QRS complex P wave is much smaller than the QRS wave complex because the atria are smaller and weaker than the ventricles
question
how are abnormalities in cardiac activity determined
answer
by the distance between consecutive QRS complexes
question
bradycardia
answer
less than 60 bpm
question
tachycardia
answer
over 100 bpm
question
describe the heart sounds
answer
-can be heart with a stethoscope -1st sound = lub = ave valves closing -occurs at the onset of ventricular contraction -2nd sound = dub = semilunar valves closing -occurs at the onset of ventricular relaxation
question
what is the difference between smooth and turbulent blood flow?
answer
-smooth uninterrupted blood flow does not produce sound -turbulent blood flow produces sound which can be detected as murmurs
question
CO= HV= SV=
answer
cardiac output heart rate stroke volume
question
what is CO
answer
amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute
question
CO depends on
answer
HR and SV
question
what is the average CO
answer
5L/min
question
CO= __________x__________
answer
HV; SV
question
what is blood pressure
answer
the force exerted by the blood against vessel walls
question
what does blood pressure depend on and refer to
answer
depends upon the volume of blood and the compliance of the vessel (stretch) -always refers to pressure in arteries
question
systolic pressure
answer
max pressure in arteries occurs as blood is ejected from the heart normally 110-120 mm Hg
question
diastolic pressure
answer
min pressure in arteries occurs as heart relaxes about 70-80 mm Hg
question
what is pulse pressure
answer
dif. between systolic and diastolic pressures
question
what is MAP
answer
mean arterial pressure average pressure driving blood forward through the vessels
question
if normal blood pressure is not maintained in the heart and blood vessels experience extra stress, such as when BP is too high in _______________
answer
hypertension
question
if normal blood pressure is not maintained in the heart and blood vessels experience extra stress, such as when BP is too low in _______________
answer
hypotension
question
if normal blood pressure is not maintained in the heart and blood vessels experience extra stress, such as when extreme hypotension occurs _______________
answer
circulatory shock
question
what cardiac event is occuring when you see the P wave in the ECG?
answer
atrial depolarization
question
when the heart is resting between heartbeats, the pressure experienced by blood vessels is the ___________ pressure
answer
diastolic
question
t/f turbulent blood flow is audible through a stethoscope
answer
true
question
LAB 11 - RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY
answer
LAB 11 - RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY
question
at what percentage do lungs operate
answer
50%
question
t/f gas exchange is continuous
answer
true
question
TV
answer
tidal volume volume of air entering/exiting lungs during normal, unforced breathing
question
IRV
answer
inspiratory reserve max volume of air able to be inspired after the end of a normal inspiration
question
ERV
answer
expiratory reserve max volume of air able to be expired after the end of a normal expiration
question
RV
answer
residual volume volume of air remaining in lungs after a max expiration
question
IC
answer
inspiratory capacity total amount of air able to be inhaled after a normal expiration
question
FRC
answer
functional residual capacity total amount of air left in lungs after a normal expiration
question
what is the formula for IC
answer
IRV + TV
question
what is the formula for FRC
answer
ERV + RV
question
VC
answer
vital capacity total amount of air able to be inhaled after a max expiration
question
TLC
answer
total lung capacity volume of air in lungs after a maximal inspiration
question
what is the formula for VC
answer
ERV + VT + IRV
question
what is the formula for TLC
answer
VC + RV
question
FVC
answer
forced vital capacity forced exhalation of as much air as possible after maximal inhalation
question
FEV
answer
forced expiratory volume measures a percent of FVC in a length of time
question
FEV₁
answer
first second of an exhale should be 80% or more
question
obstructive disorders
answer
increased airway resistance harder to inspire and expire FEV₁ is less than 80% asthma, COPD, emphysema
question
restrictive diseases
answer
decreased lung expansion decreased TLC and VC asbestosis and fibrosis
question
volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation
answer
functional residual
question
volume of gas inspired or expired during each normal ventilation cycle
answer
tidal volume
question
total volume of gas in the lungs after a max inhalation
answer
total lung capacity
question
max amount of gas that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal inhalation
answer
inspiratory reserve volume
question
volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a max exhalation
answer
residual volume
question
max volume of gas that can be exhaled after a max inhalation
answer
vital capacity
question
max volume of gas that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation
answer
inspiratory capacity
question
max volume of a gas that can forcefully exhaled after a normal exhalation
answer
expiratory reserve capcity
question
ventilation
answer
act of breathing
question
ventilatory cycle includes
answer
inhalation or inspiration exhalation or expiration
question
in order to determine the vital capacity of a group member we used a formula that included
answer
height and age VC= 0.041(h) - 0.018(a) - 2.69
question
what equipment did we use for our experiment
answer
-airflow transducer -syringe -disposable filter and mouthpiece -biopac
question
what type of breathing did we have our group member do in order to analyze the results
answer
-5 normal breaths -deep inhale -exhale completely -5 normal breaths
question
what did we use p-p to measure?
answer
tidal volume and vital capacity
question
what did we use ∆ to analyze?
answer
inspiratory volume and expiratory volume
question
what is the formula for flow of air into the lungs
answer
F=∆P/R
question
what does F stand for
answer
flow
question
what does ∆P stand for
answer
change in pressure
question
what does R stand for
answer
resistance
question
what equipment did we use to determine the flow of air?
answer
- calibration syringe/filter - airflow transducer - mouthpiece and filter - biopac machine
question
what type of breathing did we do in to show the flow of air?
answer
- breathe normally for 3 cycles - inhale as deeply as possible - pause - exhale as quickly and completely as possible - breath normally for 3 breaths
question
what did we analyze for this set of data?
answer
the maximal exhale that is 3 seconds in length
question
what did we use ∆ and p-p for?
answer
vital capacity
question
what did we select and record?
answer
the first second and recorded the ∆T two seconds and recorded ∆T all 3 seconds and recorded ∆T
question
what is impossible to measure
answer
residual volume
question
t/f if you add your inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume, the result is your vital capacity
answer
true
question
t/f an FEV₁ below 80% is abnormal and may indicate the presence of an obstructive respiratory disease
answer
true
question
LAB 12- DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATE, PROTEIN, AND FAT
answer
LAB 12- DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATE, PROTEIN, AND FAT
question
what does saliva contain
answer
salivary amylase
question
what does salivary amylase do?
answer
it is an enzyme that digests starch into sugars
question
what do stomach secretions contain
answer
pepsin
question
what is pepsin
answer
an enzyme that hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds of large proteins into smaller peptides
question
what does pancreatic juice contain
answer
lipase
question
what is lipase
answer
an enzyme that digests fats emulsified by bile salts into fatty acids and glycerol
question
what materials did we use for this lab?
answer
- water bath at 37 degrees celcius - graduated clyinders - starch solution - iodine solution (lugol's reagent) - benedict's reagent
question
where does digestion begin
answer
digestion of a carb like starch begins in the mouth were it is mixed with saliva containing salivary amylase or ptyalin
question
what is starch and what happens to it once it begins to be broken down
answer
starch is a long chain of repeating glucose subunits it is hydrolyzed by amylase into shorter polysaccharide chains and then into disaccharide maltose
question
describe the procedure we used
answer
we used four test tubes -tube 1: 2 mL of distilled water -tube 2: 2 mL of saliva/amylase -tube 3: 2 mL of saliva/amylase and 3 drops of concentrated HCl -tube 4: 2 mL of boiled saliva -add 4 mL of cooked starch to each of the four tubes -incubate all tubes for one hour -split the tubes into 4 additional tubes
question
how did we test for complex sugars?
answer
-test set 1 for complex sugars by adding a few drops of iodine solution (lugol's reagent) -positive test is shown by purplish black color
question
how did we test for starch?
answer
-test set 2 for starch by adding 5 mL of benedict's reagent to each of the tubes and immerse them in a water bath for 2 minutes -no change means no maltose -green, yellow, orange, red indicates presence of maltose
question
what was the name of the enzyme used?
answer
amylase
question
amylase is found in our a. stomach b. small intestine c. saliva d. all of the above
answer
c. saliva
question
t/f when testing with iodine, a black color indicates the presence of complex sugars
answer
true
question
t/f the produce of the reaction that occurred in this experiment was a polysaccharide
answer
false
question
what was the HCl and boiling supposed to show in the experiment?
answer
to see if acid or high heat would denature the enzyme and make it unable to work afterwards
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