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The first multicellular animals to develop neurons were

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jellyfish and sea anemones.

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The most primitive nervous systems consist of structures known as nerve

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nets.

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Simple reflexes in a worm are integrated within a segment rather than in the brain, because

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worms have a ganglion at each segment.

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Which of these have the most advanced nervous system?

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segmented worms

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The brain region that is identifiable by its folds and grooves & has/have a cortex is/are the

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cerebellum and cerebrum.

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The earliest discrete embryonic structure from which the entire nervous system eventually develops is the

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neural plate.

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The peripheral nervous system develops from the

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neural crest.

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The pons develops from the

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hindbrain.

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Which of these does NOT contribute significantly to the protection of the brain?

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cerebral space

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Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the

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choroid plexus.

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The brain has a ________ demand for oxygen

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high

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The brain receives about ________% of the total blood volume in circulation.

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15

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The brain consumes about half of the ________ circulating in the body.

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glucose

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Reasoning arises in the outer layer of neurons of which of the following?

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cerebral cortex

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Which of these has a higher concentration in cerebrospinal fluid than in the blood?

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H+

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unmyelinated, consists of cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals

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gray matter

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myelinated axons with very few cell bodies

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white matter

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carry primarily efferent signals from the brain

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descending tracts

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projections of white matter that remain in the spinal cord

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propriospinal tracts

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projections that carry sensory information to the brain

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ascending tracts

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swellings containing sensory cell bodies

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dorsal root ganglia

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The mixed cranial nerve that projects to and from internal organs, muscles, and glands is the ________ nerve.

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vagus

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Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in

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dorsal root ganglia.

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tracts of axons that transfer information to and from the brain

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columns

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motor fibers leave the spinal cord's gray matter via this

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ventral root

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cluster of gray matter in the brain

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nuclei

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sensory fibers enter this part of the "H"

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dorsal horns

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NOT housed in the medulla oblongata?

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centers for control of eye movement

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housed in the medulla oblongata

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centers for blood pressure control -centers for control of vomiting the pyramids, where tracts cross to the opposite side of the body -centers for control of breathing

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NOT related to the reticular formation?

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regulation of the menstrual cycle

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related to the reticular formation

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pain modulation blood pressure regulation arousal and sleep muscle tone and stretch reflexes

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hypothalamus does NOT

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receive sensory fibers from the optic tract, ears, and spinal cord.

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hypothalamus

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-Hypothalamic trophic factors control the release of anterior pituitary hormones. -It receives input from multiple sources. -The hypothalamus contains various centers for behavioral drives such as hunger and thirst.

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The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is the

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corpus callosum.

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Which is a system that influences motor output, according to Larry Swanson?

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behavioral state

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The most primitive region of the cerebrum is probably the

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limbic system.

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Which functions in the control of movement?

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basal nuclei only

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composed of many small nuclei, an area that integrates as well as relays sensory information that passes through it

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thalamus

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receives sensory input from the inner ear's receptors for equilibrium and balance

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cerebellum

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The brain's interpretation of sensory stimuli is called

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perception.

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The internal clock of mammals appears to be located in the

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suprachiasmatic nucleus.

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Substances that have been isolated from the blood and have been shown to induce sleep have also been linked to the ________ system

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immune

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Which brain area is considered to be a key integrating center for homeostasis?

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hypothalamus

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Symptoms of the fight-or-flight reaction include

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sweating palms pounding heart. increased blood pressure. pupillary dilation.

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Symptoms of the fight-or-flight reaction do NOT include

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hunger

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Language and verbal skills tend to be ________ side of the brain of right-handed people.

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concentrated on the left

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The hormone that is released to enhance the fight-or-flight reaction is

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epinephrine.

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The brain area acknowledged as the center for emotions is the

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amygdala.

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An important structure in both learning and memory is the

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hippocampus.

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The inability to remember newly acquired information is called

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anterograde amnesia.

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Enhancement of the postsynaptic cell's response to a repeated stimulus is called

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facilitation.

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An enhancement of the postsynaptic cell's response to a constant stimulus that lasts for a period of time from hours to weeks is called

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long-term potentiation.

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