Personality Theory: Rotter – Flashcards
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When they help us meet our predictive goals
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When did Rotter feel that it was necessary to focus on our past experiences
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1. Current experiences 2. Things learned 3. Past
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Past experiences influence _________ __________, and current experiences change the _________ _________ in the ________
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Behaviors and reinforcements
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What are functionally related
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Goal directed
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Rotter Assumes that much of our behavior is what?
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Modified
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As long as people are capable of learning the human personality can be
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Stability
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Even though we modify and change the personality, personality does have some
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Most of our behavior is learned and is acquired through our experiences with other people
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Rotter's basic assumptions
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The unity or interdependence of personality
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What did Rotter emphasize about the personality
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Much of our behavior is goal directed People strive to maximize rewards and to minimize or avoid punishment
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What is meant by motivation in personality, according to Rotter
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Goals and reinforcements
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When investigators using social-learning theory focus on the environmental conditions that determine the direction behavior, they speak in terms of what?
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Needs
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When investigators using social learning theory focus on the person determining the direction of behavior, they speak of what?
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Empirical law of effect
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What is used to overcome the understanding of reinforcement of the complex social behaviors ?
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Reinforcement is judged to have occurred if changes in behavior are observed following the introduction or removal of a stimulating event
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Empirical law of effect
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Within a family setting
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The social-learning theory assumes that early goals are learned where?
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The potential for a behavior to occur in any specific situation is a function of the expectancy that the behavior will lead to a particular reinforcement in that situation and the value of that rienforcement
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What is the formula for behavior
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1. Behavior potential 2. Expectancy 3. Reinforcement value 4. Psychological situation 5. Freedom of movement and minimal goal
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Five variables that must be analyzed in order to make accurate predictions of behavior in any specific situation
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A particular response will occur at a given time and place in relation to its likely reinforcement The likelihood that a behavior will occur
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Behavior potential
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Cognitive functions
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What did Rotter place more an emphasis on for behavior potential
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Rotter believes that people make active use of their subjective interpretations of the events that confront them It is assumed that the potential for behavior is affected by people's perception of the other behaviors available to them in a given situation
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What does Rotter mean by cognitive functions
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A cognition or belief-held with higher or lower degree of certainty- about the property of some object or event
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Expectancy
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Experience Experiences can change expectancies
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Expectancies are subject to and what does this mean
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1. Simple cognition or labeling of stimuli 2. Expectancies for behavior-reinforcement outcomes 3. Expectancies for reinforcement sequences
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Three different kinds of expectancy
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"I think that is a painting by Picasso"
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Example of simple cognition or labeling of stimuli
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"If I wear my Tommy Hilfiger jacket, my friends will compliment me"
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Expectancies for behavior-reinforcement outcomes example
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"If i graduate from a top-ranked medical school, I will probably get a high-paying job and become wealthy and respected"
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Expectancies for reinforcement sequences example
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Reinforcement Expectancy
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In social learning theory any behavior that has been associated with a _________ gives rise to an _________
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Past experiences
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Each expectancy is based on what
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1. Person's preference for any particular reinforcement 2. Internal reinforcement vs external reinforcement 3. Reinforcement-reinforcement sequences
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Reinforcement value (3)
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Past experiences
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Reinforcement value is based on what
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Two different things reinforcing the behavior Future goal is in mind
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Reinforcement reinforcement sequences
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1. The situation as it is defined from the individual's personal perspective 2. That part of the external and internal world to which a person is responding 3. They both have an effect on behavior
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Psychological Situation
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The potential for a behavior to occur in a particular situation in relation to a given reinforcement is a function of people's expectancy that their behavior will be followed by that reinforcement in that situation
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Basic Prediction Formula
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Individual's expectancy that his or her behavior will generally lead to success or failure in a given life area
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Freedom of movement
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High freedom of movement
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What is it called in the freedom of movement when a person's expectancy is that his or her behavior will generally lead to success
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Low freedom of movement
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What is it called when an individual's expectancy that his or her behaviors will generally lead to failure
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Maladjusted
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People can set themselves up for failure and cause them to be...
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Dividing point between those outcomes that produce feelings of satisfaction and those that produce dissatisfaction They fluctuate depending on the activity and the person
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Minimal goal
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Refer to functionally related categories of behaviors This is what drives people
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Needs
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1. Recognition status 2. Dominance 3. Independence 4. Protection-Dependence 5. Love and affection 6. Physical comfort
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Six broad categories of needs
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Need to be the best at something and be recognized by others in this elite fashion
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Recognition Status
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Need to have other people care for us and protect us from things
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Protection-Dependence
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Basic needs of food shelter good health etc
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Physical comfort
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1. Need potential 2. Freedom of movement 3. Need value
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Three Components of needs are
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The more specific concepts of behavior potential, expectancy, and reinforcement value
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What are the need components analogous to
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Personality develops from parental expectations and by getting recognized for doing things well Parents become a reinforcer in and of itself
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How do parents impact personality development according to Rotter
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1. The range of the individual's experiences with others 2. The diversity of the individual's experiences with others 3. The quality of the individual's experiences with others
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Personality development hinges largely on (3)
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Responses made in the presence of an original stimulus come to be made in the presence of other, similar stimuli
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Stimulus generalization
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Other people who resemble parents are perceived and evaluated in the same or similar ways
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Why is stimulus generalization important for personality development
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Once parents and other adults acquire value as conditioned reinforcers, the child will work to secure their approval and avoid their disapproval
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What did Rotter say about parents and other adults that has to do with development of the personality
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Language
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What is important for children's development
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cues
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Words serve as _____to direct behavior
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Told you that you did a great job Criticize when you did something wrong
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How can words serve as cues to direct behavior
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Instructions
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What do parents use to help children solve problems in fewer trials
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Verbal reinforcers
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What is used in language to teach expediencies
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1. Statements of love 2. Statements of rejection 3. Either way teaches expectations to child which is then generalized to societal expectations
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Verbal reinforcers (3)
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Help children learn different expectancies for success and failure in many different situations
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Language, cues, and verbal reinforcers help children...
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Verbalizations
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Expectancies can be modified through the use of what
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1. Neglect 2. Rejection 3. Overindulgence
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What can lead to problems with development (3)
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1. Interview 2. Projective tests 3. Controlled behavioral tests 4. Behavioral observation methods 5. Questionnaire
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Five major techniques for the clinical measurement of personality
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1. The interview is useful for the assessment of personality traits and for counseling and therapeutic purposes 2. Can be used to assess an individual's need potentials, freedom of movement, and need value
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What is the interview useful for
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1. Rorschach 2. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) 3. Rotter's own Incomplete Sentence Blank
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Examples of Projective Tests (3)
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Diagnostic work
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What did Rotter believe Projective Tests could be used for
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1. Used to measure freedom of movement 2. People are asked to finish sentences after the investigator provides the first few words 3. "I Like..."
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How does the Incomplete Sentence Blank work and what is it used to do (3)
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Underlying conflicts that determine expectancy levels of failure in given situations
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What are Incomplete Sentence Blank responses assumed to indicate
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Create the situation to observe persons reactions and behaviors
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Behavioral observation methods
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1. Internal External control of reinforcement 2. I-E Scale
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Questionnaire and scale constructed by Rotter
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Individuals belief that his or her behavior is self-determined
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Internal control of reinforcement
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Individual's belief that his or her behavior is determined by outside factors See no connection between their behavior and various reinforcers
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External control of reinforcement
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Internal and External Control of Reinforcement Scale Interpersonal Trust Scale
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What are Rotters two most famous scales for measuring generalized expectancies
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Attempt to measure the degree to which people perceive a causal relationship between their own efforts and environmental consequences
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Internal and External Control of Reinforcement Scale
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Measures the extent to which a person expects the word or promise of another person to be true
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Interpersonal Trust Scale
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Internal and external part
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Locus of control is comprised of
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I control the consequences of my behavior
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Internal Locus of Control
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The consequences of my behavior are outside my control
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External Locus of Control
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1. Forced choice scale consisting of 23 items 2. Scores are assigned one point for each external alternative endorsed by the subject and summed across all items 3. Scores range from 0-23 4. Higher scores indicate greater externality 5. Determines if a person is more or less internal or external
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I-E Scale (5)
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1. Better academic achievement 2. Better interpersonal relations 3. Greater efforts to learn 4. Positive attitudes to exercise 5. Lower cigarette smoking 6. Lower hypertension and heart attacks
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Qualities of people that have more of a internal locus of control (6)
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1. More resigned to conditions "as they are" 2. Lower efforts to deal with health 3. Lower levels of psych adjustment But in non-responsive environments 4. Greater sense of satisfaction
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Qualities of people that have more of an external locus of control (4)
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Any persistent behavior that fails to move a person closer to a desired goal
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Maladaptive behavior
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Try to lose weight but you are going to McDonalds every day
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Example of a maladaptive behavior
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Unrealistically high goals in combination with low ability to achieve them or inadequate skills Setting yourself up for failure
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What typically causes maladaptive behaviors
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To achieve harmony between a client's freedom of movement and need value
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Goals of psychotherapy
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1. Changing Goals 2. Eliminating Low Expectancies
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The Therapist is actively involved in doing the following
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1. Conflict between goals 2. Destructive goals 3. Unrealistically lofty goals
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Maladaptive behaviors follow from three categories of inappropriate goals and they are:
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Change low expectancies of success using a variety of approaches
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Eliminating Low expectancies help clients...
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satisfactions growing out of the performance of behaviors that are seen as constructive by society
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According to Rotter well adjusted people experience ...
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Perpetually dissatisfied with themselves and behave in ways that precipitate punishing responses by society
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According to Rotter maladjusted people are
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Low freedom of movement High need value
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Maladjusted people are often characterized by
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1. Tend to avoid or escape punishment or failure, thus failing to learn new behaviors 2. Apply low expectations for success in one area to other areas so they perceive themselves as generally worthless 3. Find much importance on the gratification of one need 4. Tend to engage in behaviors that lead to immediate rewards but are punishing in the long run 5. Lack verbal and social skills
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Other Characteristics of maladjusted people (5)
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1. Therapists need to be flexible 2. Therapy should be an evolving relationship between client and therapist
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What does Rotter believe about helping maladjusted people in therapy
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Because clients come into therapy with different problems arising from unique life experiences and motives thus the environmental conditions that promote optimal change will vary from person to person
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Why do therapists need to be flexible
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Clients are helped to discover how their present needs, attitudes, and behaviors developed, which ones are appropriate for effective living, and what alternatives are available
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What will therapy that has an evolving relationship between client and therapist do to benefit the client
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1. Client must take responsibility for change 2. Client must be motivated to change 3. Client must be willing to try out new behaviors
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What is required of the client during therapy (3)
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1. Teaching clients to discriminate between situations in which behaviors are likely to lead to failure and those likely to produce success 2. Helping them to lower unrealistically high expectations for punishment 3. Encouraging them to assess the importance of their goals more critically and appropriately 4. Changing in the importance a person attaches to certain goals
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Therapeutic goals may include.. (4)
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Therapist may analyze and contrast a client's past life situation with his present situation and show him that his previous experiences of failure are unlikely to transfer into the present Therapists job is to adjust the client's unrealistic expectations for success or failure
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What may the therapist do to encourage discrimination between situations
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Undesirable Desirable
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Rotter advocates a therpay that focuses not only on the elimination of ________ behaviors but also on the acquisition of ________ behaviors
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Analyzing problems as a means of finding better solutions and encouraged to try out new behaviors
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In Rotter's therapy the client is taught methods of what
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1. source 2. new behaviors
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In Rotter's view it is not enough for therapists to help clients understand the ______ of their problems; clients must be shown how to perform ______ _________ designed to overcome the problem
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