question

1. Humans interact with their meaningful environments 2. Human personality is learned 3. Personality has a basic unity 4. Motivation is goal directed 5. People are capable of anticipating events

answer

Rotter's Social Learning Theory was based on what five hypotheses

question

1. A reinforcement approach 2. Cognitive or field theory

answer

Rotter's social-learning theory is an attempt to integrate two major trends, what are they?

question

The idea that behavior is determined by a complex interplay between congitive and environmental variables

answer

Field Theory

question

Unlike Freud, Rotter does not believe it is necessary to probe the individual's past experiences in great depth in order to predict behavior adequately

answer

How is Rotter's theory different from Freud

question

When they help us meet our predictive goals

answer

When did Rotter feel that it was necessary to focus on our past experiences

question

1. Current experiences 2. Things learned 3. Past

answer

Past experiences influence _________ __________, and current experiences change the _________ _________ in the ________

question

Behaviors and reinforcements

answer

What are functionally related

question

Goal directed

answer

Rotter Assumes that much of our behavior is what?

question

Modified

answer

As long as people are capable of learning the human personality can be

question

Stability

answer

Even though we modify and change the personality, personality does have some

question

Most of our behavior is learned and is acquired through our experiences with other people

answer

Rotter's basic assumptions

question

The unity or interdependence of personality

answer

What did Rotter emphasize about the personality

question

Much of our behavior is goal directed People strive to maximize rewards and to minimize or avoid punishment

answer

What is meant by motivation in personality, according to Rotter

question

Goals and reinforcements

answer

When investigators using social-learning theory focus on the environmental conditions that determine the direction behavior, they speak in terms of what?

question

Needs

answer

When investigators using social learning theory focus on the person determining the direction of behavior, they speak of what?

question

Empirical law of effect

answer

What is used to overcome the understanding of reinforcement of the complex social behaviors ?

question

Reinforcement is judged to have occurred if changes in behavior are observed following the introduction or removal of a stimulating event

answer

Empirical law of effect

question

Within a family setting

answer

The social-learning theory assumes that early goals are learned where?

question

The potential for a behavior to occur in any specific situation is a function of the expectancy that the behavior will lead to a particular reinforcement in that situation and the value of that rienforcement

answer

What is the formula for behavior

question

1. Behavior potential 2. Expectancy 3. Reinforcement value 4. Psychological situation 5. Freedom of movement and minimal goal

answer

Five variables that must be analyzed in order to make accurate predictions of behavior in any specific situation

question

A particular response will occur at a given time and place in relation to its likely reinforcement The likelihood that a behavior will occur

answer

Behavior potential

question

Cognitive functions

answer

What did Rotter place more an emphasis on for behavior potential

question

Rotter believes that people make active use of their subjective interpretations of the events that confront them It is assumed that the potential for behavior is affected by people's perception of the other behaviors available to them in a given situation

answer

What does Rotter mean by cognitive functions

question

A cognition or belief-held with higher or lower degree of certainty- about the property of some object or event

answer

Expectancy

question

Experience Experiences can change expectancies

answer

Expectancies are subject to and what does this mean

question

1. Simple cognition or labeling of stimuli 2. Expectancies for behavior-reinforcement outcomes 3. Expectancies for reinforcement sequences

answer

Three different kinds of expectancy

question

"I think that is a painting by Picasso"

answer

Example of simple cognition or labeling of stimuli

question

"If I wear my Tommy Hilfiger jacket, my friends will compliment me"

answer

Expectancies for behavior-reinforcement outcomes example

question

"If i graduate from a top-ranked medical school, I will probably get a high-paying job and become wealthy and respected"

answer

Expectancies for reinforcement sequences example

question

Reinforcement Expectancy

answer

In social learning theory any behavior that has been associated with a _________ gives rise to an _________

question

Past experiences

answer

Each expectancy is based on what

question

1. Person's preference for any particular reinforcement 2. Internal reinforcement vs external reinforcement 3. Reinforcement-reinforcement sequences

answer

Reinforcement value (3)

question

Past experiences

answer

Reinforcement value is based on what

question

Two different things reinforcing the behavior Future goal is in mind

answer

Reinforcement reinforcement sequences

question

1. The situation as it is defined from the individual's personal perspective 2. That part of the external and internal world to which a person is responding 3. They both have an effect on behavior

answer

Psychological Situation

question

The potential for a behavior to occur in a particular situation in relation to a given reinforcement is a function of people's expectancy that their behavior will be followed by that reinforcement in that situation

answer

Basic Prediction Formula

question

Individual's expectancy that his or her behavior will generally lead to success or failure in a given life area

answer

Freedom of movement

question

High freedom of movement

answer

What is it called in the freedom of movement when a person's expectancy is that his or her behavior will generally lead to success

question

Low freedom of movement

answer

What is it called when an individual's expectancy that his or her behaviors will generally lead to failure

question

Maladjusted

answer

People can set themselves up for failure and cause them to be...

question

Dividing point between those outcomes that produce feelings of satisfaction and those that produce dissatisfaction They fluctuate depending on the activity and the person

answer

Minimal goal

question

Refer to functionally related categories of behaviors This is what drives people

answer

Needs

question

1. Recognition status 2. Dominance 3. Independence 4. Protection-Dependence 5. Love and affection 6. Physical comfort

answer

Six broad categories of needs

question

Need to be the best at something and be recognized by others in this elite fashion

answer

Recognition Status

question

Need to have other people care for us and protect us from things

answer

Protection-Dependence

question

Basic needs of food shelter good health etc

answer

Physical comfort

question

1. Need potential 2. Freedom of movement 3. Need value

answer

Three Components of needs are

question

The more specific concepts of behavior potential, expectancy, and reinforcement value

answer

What are the need components analogous to

question

Personality develops from parental expectations and by getting recognized for doing things well Parents become a reinforcer in and of itself

answer

How do parents impact personality development according to Rotter

question

1. The range of the individual's experiences with others 2. The diversity of the individual's experiences with others 3. The quality of the individual's experiences with others

answer

Personality development hinges largely on (3)

question

Responses made in the presence of an original stimulus come to be made in the presence of other, similar stimuli

answer

Stimulus generalization

question

Other people who resemble parents are perceived and evaluated in the same or similar ways

answer

Why is stimulus generalization important for personality development

question

Once parents and other adults acquire value as conditioned reinforcers, the child will work to secure their approval and avoid their disapproval

answer

What did Rotter say about parents and other adults that has to do with development of the personality

question

Language

answer

What is important for children's development

question

cues

answer

Words serve as _____to direct behavior

question

Told you that you did a great job Criticize when you did something wrong

answer

How can words serve as cues to direct behavior

question

Instructions

answer

What do parents use to help children solve problems in fewer trials

question

Verbal reinforcers

answer

What is used in language to teach expediencies

question

1. Statements of love 2. Statements of rejection 3. Either way teaches expectations to child which is then generalized to societal expectations

answer

Verbal reinforcers (3)

question

Help children learn different expectancies for success and failure in many different situations

answer

Language, cues, and verbal reinforcers help children...

question

Verbalizations

answer

Expectancies can be modified through the use of what

question

1. Neglect 2. Rejection 3. Overindulgence

answer

What can lead to problems with development (3)

question

1. Interview 2. Projective tests 3. Controlled behavioral tests 4. Behavioral observation methods 5. Questionnaire

answer

Five major techniques for the clinical measurement of personality

question

1. The interview is useful for the assessment of personality traits and for counseling and therapeutic purposes 2. Can be used to assess an individual's need potentials, freedom of movement, and need value

answer

What is the interview useful for

question

1. Rorschach 2. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) 3. Rotter's own Incomplete Sentence Blank

answer

Examples of Projective Tests (3)

question

Diagnostic work

answer

What did Rotter believe Projective Tests could be used for

question

1. Used to measure freedom of movement 2. People are asked to finish sentences after the investigator provides the first few words 3. "I Like..."

answer

How does the Incomplete Sentence Blank work and what is it used to do (3)

question

Underlying conflicts that determine expectancy levels of failure in given situations

answer

What are Incomplete Sentence Blank responses assumed to indicate

question

Create the situation to observe persons reactions and behaviors

answer

Behavioral observation methods

question

1. Internal External control of reinforcement 2. I-E Scale

answer

Questionnaire and scale constructed by Rotter

question

Individuals belief that his or her behavior is self-determined

answer

Internal control of reinforcement

question

Individual's belief that his or her behavior is determined by outside factors See no connection between their behavior and various reinforcers

answer

External control of reinforcement

question

Internal and External Control of Reinforcement Scale Interpersonal Trust Scale

answer

What are Rotters two most famous scales for measuring generalized expectancies

question

Attempt to measure the degree to which people perceive a causal relationship between their own efforts and environmental consequences

answer

Internal and External Control of Reinforcement Scale

question

Measures the extent to which a person expects the word or promise of another person to be true

answer

Interpersonal Trust Scale

question

Internal and external part

answer

Locus of control is comprised of

question

I control the consequences of my behavior

answer

Internal Locus of Control

question

The consequences of my behavior are outside my control

answer

External Locus of Control

question

1. Forced choice scale consisting of 23 items 2. Scores are assigned one point for each external alternative endorsed by the subject and summed across all items 3. Scores range from 0-23 4. Higher scores indicate greater externality 5. Determines if a person is more or less internal or external

answer

I-E Scale (5)

question

1. Better academic achievement 2. Better interpersonal relations 3. Greater efforts to learn 4. Positive attitudes to exercise 5. Lower cigarette smoking 6. Lower hypertension and heart attacks

answer

Qualities of people that have more of a internal locus of control (6)

question

1. More resigned to conditions "as they are" 2. Lower efforts to deal with health 3. Lower levels of psych adjustment But in non-responsive environments 4. Greater sense of satisfaction

answer

Qualities of people that have more of an external locus of control (4)

question

Any persistent behavior that fails to move a person closer to a desired goal

answer

Maladaptive behavior

question

Try to lose weight but you are going to McDonalds every day

answer

Example of a maladaptive behavior

question

Unrealistically high goals in combination with low ability to achieve them or inadequate skills Setting yourself up for failure

answer

What typically causes maladaptive behaviors

question

To achieve harmony between a client's freedom of movement and need value

answer

Goals of psychotherapy

question

1. Changing Goals 2. Eliminating Low Expectancies

answer

The Therapist is actively involved in doing the following

question

1. Conflict between goals 2. Destructive goals 3. Unrealistically lofty goals

answer

Maladaptive behaviors follow from three categories of inappropriate goals and they are:

question

Change low expectancies of success using a variety of approaches

answer

Eliminating Low expectancies help clients...

question

satisfactions growing out of the performance of behaviors that are seen as constructive by society

answer

According to Rotter well adjusted people experience ...

question

Perpetually dissatisfied with themselves and behave in ways that precipitate punishing responses by society

answer

According to Rotter maladjusted people are

question

Low freedom of movement High need value

answer

Maladjusted people are often characterized by

question

1. Tend to avoid or escape punishment or failure, thus failing to learn new behaviors 2. Apply low expectations for success in one area to other areas so they perceive themselves as generally worthless 3. Find much importance on the gratification of one need 4. Tend to engage in behaviors that lead to immediate rewards but are punishing in the long run 5. Lack verbal and social skills

answer

Other Characteristics of maladjusted people (5)

question

1. Therapists need to be flexible 2. Therapy should be an evolving relationship between client and therapist

answer

What does Rotter believe about helping maladjusted people in therapy

question

Because clients come into therapy with different problems arising from unique life experiences and motives thus the environmental conditions that promote optimal change will vary from person to person

answer

Why do therapists need to be flexible

question

Clients are helped to discover how their present needs, attitudes, and behaviors developed, which ones are appropriate for effective living, and what alternatives are available

answer

What will therapy that has an evolving relationship between client and therapist do to benefit the client

question

1. Client must take responsibility for change 2. Client must be motivated to change 3. Client must be willing to try out new behaviors

answer

What is required of the client during therapy (3)

question

1. Teaching clients to discriminate between situations in which behaviors are likely to lead to failure and those likely to produce success 2. Helping them to lower unrealistically high expectations for punishment 3. Encouraging them to assess the importance of their goals more critically and appropriately 4. Changing in the importance a person attaches to certain goals

answer

Therapeutic goals may include.. (4)

question

Therapist may analyze and contrast a client's past life situation with his present situation and show him that his previous experiences of failure are unlikely to transfer into the present Therapists job is to adjust the client's unrealistic expectations for success or failure

answer

What may the therapist do to encourage discrimination between situations

question

Undesirable Desirable

answer

Rotter advocates a therpay that focuses not only on the elimination of ________ behaviors but also on the acquisition of ________ behaviors

question

Analyzing problems as a means of finding better solutions and encouraged to try out new behaviors

answer

In Rotter's therapy the client is taught methods of what

question

1. source 2. new behaviors

answer

In Rotter's view it is not enough for therapists to help clients understand the ______ of their problems; clients must be shown how to perform ______ _________ designed to overcome the problem

Personality Theory: Rotter – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards