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Target Heart Rate Range

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70% - 85% of: 220-age

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Resting heart rate

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* Heart rate take while standing while standing still * Avg of: 3 times before getting of bed

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Fitness programs should be designed with what student characteristics in mind?

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* Grade level * Age * Fitness level * Abilities

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Systematic guidelines should be followed--FITT is one, it stands for:

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* Frequency * Intensity * Time * Type of activity

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FITT Frequency refers to:

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Number of sessions an activity might take to achieve the desired results

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FITT Intensity refers to:

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An indication of how difficult an activity might be

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FITT Intensity monitor b/c:

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* Cardio exertion should be neither too high or too low * Instruction must be adjusted to increase or decrease cardio level

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FITT Time refers to:

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* Duration is dependent on: > Intensity > Type * Aerobic activity range > 10-20 min * Ideal aerobic time: 20m/hour

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FITT Type refers to:

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* Mode of activity * "Kind of activity" * Activities should be chosen such that they help achieve instructional goals

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FITT Type--reminder > All activities should include:

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* Warm-up * Strength development * aerobic activity * Cool-down

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Characteristics of physical fitness activities

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Bodily movements that produce: > Contraction of skeletal muscles > Increase energy thru: . exercise . sports . dance . other movement forms

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Not all physical activities constitute standards-based PE instruction b/c:

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* Provide student learning but * Don't meet the criteria of CA framework for PE

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Characteristics of CA PE Framework

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* Safe environment * Class management * Effective teaching behaviors * Transfer learning * Encourage practice

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Safe environment means:

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* Physical environment * Psychological environment

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Safe physical environment:

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* Safe equipment * Appropriate class size * Communication system in place for emergencies * Proper instruction for equipment use * Sufficient supervision

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Safe psychological environment:

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* During instruction process all students should feel: > Physically safe > Emotionally safe > Socially safe

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Class Management means:

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* Provides time & opportunity for learning to occur: > Promotes student engagement > Maximizes instructional effectiveness

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Effective Teaching Behaviors--Cliff's lists 8, name the 1st 4

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1. Planning for every lesson 2. Using time effectively 3. Providing effective practice 4. Providing positive specific or corrective feedback

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Effective Teaching Behaviors--Cliff's lists 8, name the last 4

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5. Keeping students engaged in moderate-to-vigorous activity at 50% of instructional time 6. Keeping students engaged in academic learning 7. Improving speed and accuracy 8. Applying motor learning concepts to instructional practices

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T/F: PE teachers use research-based, effective teaching behaviors to support student learning

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True, of course

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Transfer Learning refers to:

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* Guiding students toward positive transfer of learning and away from negative transfer of learning * Instruction should point out similarities in movements between activities * Instruction should ID differences between movements to help students avoid interference between activities

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Transfer learning examples

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* Similarities between > Volleyball & Tennis serve * Differences between > Skip & Gallop

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Encourage practice > 4 practice methods are:

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* Distributed Practice * Mass Practice * Whole Practice * Part Practice

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Distributed Practice refers to:

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* Practice spaced out over time > E.g., students practice a number different skills during each class

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Mass practice refers to:

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Practice completed in one instructional period

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Which is more effective? * Distributed Practice * Mass Practice

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Mass practice generally leads to more effective learning > Especially in early stages

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Practice can involve the entire skill, a.k.a. _____ practice or the skill can broken down into small units, a.k.a., ______ practice

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whole part

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Practice example w/triple jump-- > whole practice would involve:

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Performing the hop, skip, jump together

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Practice example w/triple jump-- > part practice would involve:

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Practicing the hop, then practicing the skip, then, the jump

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Classroom Activity should include the following 5 components:

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1. Warm-up 2. Instructional Component 3. Physical Activity 4. Cool-down 5. Discussion & Evaluation

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Warm-up--characteristics

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* Use muscles that will be used in the activity portion * Try to isolate muscle groups * Remind students not overextend or bounce * Ex: light aerobics, calisthenics, walking, slow jogging, etc.

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Instructional Component--characteristics

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* Step-by-step instruction * Address fitness components * Address FITT components

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Physical Activity--characteristics

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* The targeted activity > E.g., dribbling a basketball * Model the activity * Provide specific verbal cues

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Physical Activity > Grades K-3: competitive or not?

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K-3 should be non-competitive

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Physical Activity > Grades 4-9: activity should be related to sports or not?

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Grades 4-9, activity should be related to sports

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Physical Activity > 4 Characteristics ALL activities

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* Safe * Enjoyable (promoting self-image) * Inclusive (active for all students) * Developmentally appropriate

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Cool-down--value

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* Research indicates: > As essential to preventing injuries as warm-ups

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Cool-down--example exercises

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* Simple calisthenics * Breathing exercises * Light walking

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Discussion and Evaluation

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* Provide feedback > Body mechanics > Sportsmanship > Learning objectives > Social aspects of activity

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Cool-down/discussion/KIN400

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> Review muscles here > Review instruction from earlier in class > And all that other stuff

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K-3 Basic Station Classroom Activity

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* 3 Stations w/different activities > 1: nonlocomotor > 2: locomotor > 3: object manipulation * Rotate after 10 minutes

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Growth patterns of children are significantly impacted by _____ inheritance. However, there are _____ periods of maturation _____ to the physical development of children.

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genetic average common

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Average physical changes occur in these 4 periods:

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1. rapid growth: infancy--early childhood 2. slow, steady growth: middle school 3. rapid growth spurts: puberty 4. gradual, measured, slow growth: adolescence

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Changes in _____ proportions have influence on how _____ skills and fitness _____ are performed

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body movement activities

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Changing body proportion examples:

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* Rapid change in leg length can affect running * Younger children are top heavy b/c their bodies haven't grown into their heads yet

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Boys and girls do/do not grow at the same rate.

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do NOT

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Peak growth spurt for boys:

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* 13-15 * As much as 3.5" per year!

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Peak growth spurt for girls:

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* 11-13 * As much as 3" per year

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Puberty coincides with growth spurts

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growth

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Other changes also coincide with the growth spurt

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* boys: broader shoulders * girls: broader hips

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Physical changes will affect body _____ and it can be frustrating and _____ to learn to adapt to the new _____ size and shape

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mechanics difficult body

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Self-image: > Effective classroom fitness activities not only provide a physical outlet but also provide necessary _____ and _____ structures to create _____

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psychological emotional self-image

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The confidence and competency gained through physical self-expression construct:

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Personal Internalized Meaning (??)

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_____ of physical skills is an opportunity for children to modify and _____ upon _____ and _____ internalized processes

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Mastery improve cognitive emotional

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4 Instructional "programs" that are effective in promoting a positive self-image:

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* Self-responsibility * Goal-setting * Social Interaction * Group Interaction

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Self-responsibility refers to:

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Promoting responsibility for one's self > includes self-appraisal

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Goal-setting refers to:

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* Setting and achieving realistic fitness goals > Should be progressively more varied at different skill levels

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Social Interaction refers to:

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Developing interaction among students involving: > Communication > Cooperation > Encouraging & praising others > Respectful criticism > Accepting individual differences

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Group Interaction refers to:

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* Fostering social concepts of supportive learning as a group or team * Working together to form group decisions * Respecting the sport rules * Exhibiting good sportsmanship

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Social Aspects of PE: > involve knowledge of psychological and sociological concepts, principles, and strategies that apply to the:

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learning and performance of physical activity

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Social Aspects of PE: > Teachers should provide an atmosphere that has clear ____ of ____ and _____

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expectations behavior achievement

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Social Aspects of PE: > During elementary school, the influences of social development appear in the following:

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* Team activities * Self-responsibility * Social interaction

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Social Aspects of PE: > Team activities allow opportunities to develop interpersonal strategies for teamwork including:

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* Motivating others * Taking turns * Working together cooperatively * Accepting physical strengths & limitations of others

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Social Aspects of PE: > Self-responsibility refers to students taking responsibility for:

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* Health-related fitness & * Own fitness performance >> Without blaming others

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Social Aspects of PE: > Self-responsibility also refers to:

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Responding respectfully to winning & losing

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Social Aspects of PE: > Social interaction refers to students learning to be:

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* Empathetic toward others > as they respect individual differences

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Social Aspects of PE: > Social interaction also refers to:

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* Including others in activities * Motivating others to achieve success

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PE as an academic subject implies:

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Participating in physical activity is not the same as learning the content in PE

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All elementary PE programs should emphasize the importance of:

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Physical fitness as well as physical activity

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How is fitness developed in PE?

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Activities in daily lessons that emphasize: > High amounts of physical activity > Continuous movement > Challenges that overload the major muscle groups

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How are students guided towards a lifetime of fitness?

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Provided opportunities to understand: > Fitness components > Fitness assessment > The need for a lifetime of physical activity

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Grade specific tidbit--5th grade

answer

1st required experience with CA statewide Physical Fitness Test

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