question

Prenatal development is divided into __________-mainperiods. The first two weeks of development are called the _________period; from the _---week through the _______-week isknown as the ____________period; and from this point until birth is the ________________period.

answer

3;germinal;3rd; 8th; embryonic; featl

question

About one week after conception, the muliplying cells separate into our cells that will become the _________________--and inner cells form the nucleus that will become the _________________.

answer

placenta; embryo

question

The next significant event is the burrowing of the zygote into the lining of the uterus, a process called ______________. The process ______________(is/is not) automatic.

answer

imlplantation;is not

question

At the beginning of the period of the embryo, a think line down the middle of the developing individual forms a structure that will become the ________ ___________, which becomes the ________-- _________ and eventually will develop into the _________ __________ ______. Briefly describe the major features of development during the 2nd month.

answer

preimitive streak; neural tube; central nervous system The head begins to take shape as eyes, ears, nose, and mouth start to form. A tiny blood vessel that will become the heart begins to pulsate. By the 5th week buds that will become arms and legs emerge. The upper arms, then the forearms, palms and webed fingers appear. Legs, feet and webbed toes follow. At the end of the 8th week, the embryo has all the basic organs and bady parts, except the sex organs.

question

At the end of the 8th week after conception, the embryo weighs about ____-- and is about ______________ in length. From the start of the ninth week after conception until birth, the organism is called the ________________.

answer

1/30 ounce (1 gram); 1 inch (2.5 cm; fetus

question

If the fetus has a (n) _______---chromosome, the _________--gene on this chromosome sends a signal that triggers development of the ___________(male/female)sex organs. Without that gene, no signal is sent and the fetus begins to develop ______________(male/female)sex organs.

answer

Y ; SRY; male; femal

question

Prenatal development is ___________, meaning that it proceeds from "head to tail," and __________, or from "near to far." By the end of the ____________month, the sex organs are visible on a ___________(also called _______________).

answer

cephalacaudal; proximodistal; 3rd; ultrasound; sonogram

question

By the end of the 3rd month, the fetus weighs approximately _________ and is about _____-long. These figures _______(vary/do not vary) from fetus to fetus.

answer

3 ounces (87 grams); 3 inches (7.5 cm); vary

question

Durling the 4,5th, and 6th months, the brain increases in size by a factor of _______. The brain develops new neurons in a process called _______ and new connections between them ((synapses in a process called ________________---. This neurological maturation is essential to the regulation of such basic body functions as _____________- and ______________.

answer

six neurogenesis; synaptogenesis; breathing; sucking

question

The age at which a fetus has at least some chance of surviving outside the utuerus is called the ____________ __-- _, which occurs about _______ after conception. This barrier _______(has/has not) been reduced by advances in neonatal care, probably because maintaining life depends on some _________---response.

answer

age of viability; 22 has not ; brain

question

Three crucial aspects of development in the last months of prenatal life are maturation of the _______,_______, and _______-systems.

answer

neurological; respiratory; cardiovascular

question

By full term, brain growth is so extensive that the brai's advanced outer layer, called the ___________, forms sever folds in order to fit into the skull.

answer

cortex

question

In the final ____________(how many?0 months, the fetus hears many sounds, including the mother's ______________-and ______________.

answer

3; heartbeat; voice

question

My brain is developing well as a result of the processes of ________- and _______________. I am a ________________.

answer

neurogenesis; synaptogenesis; fetus. Brain maturity is the key to reaching the age of viability.

question

Karen and Brad report to their neighbors that , 6 wks after conception, an ultrasound of their child-to-be revealed female sex organs. The neighbors are skeptical of their statement because

answer

c Male and remale sex organs do not develop until the 9th week.

question

About _____(hou many?) weeks after conception, the fetal brain signals the release of certain ______, specifically ____________, which signal the fetal brain for delivery and starts labor. The normal birth process begins when contractions become regular. The average length of labor is _____-hours for first births and ____hours for subsequent births.

answer

38; hormoes; oxytocin: 12;7

question

Worldwide, the newborn is usally rated on the _____________ ________-, which assigns a score of0,1,or 2 to each of the following five characteristics: _________________ ___________________________________. A score below __________indicates that the newborn is in critical condition and requires immediate attention; if the score is ________or better, all is wel. This rating is made twice, at __________ minutes after birth and again at ________________minutes.

answer

Apgar scale; heart rate, beathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes; 4; 7; one; five

question

In more than ______________9how many?) of U.S. births, a surgical procedure called a ______________ ________________ is performed.

answer

one-third; cesarean section

question

Thinking critically: Planned home births are much more common in many nations in _________________ than they are in the ________________ _____________. In the poorest nations, most babies are born ________________(at home/in the hospital).

answer

Europe; United States; at home

question

A traditional custom incorporated into a modern birth in the presence of a professional birth coach, or ___________________, to assist in the birth process.

answer

doula

question

Harmful agents and conditions that can result in birth defects, called _____, include ______________________.

answer

tertogens;viruses,drugs,chemicals, pollutants, extreme stress,a ndmalnutrition

question

Substances that impair the child's action and intellect by harming the bain are called _____________ ___________. Approximately _______ percent of all children are born with behavioral difficulties that could be connected to damage done during the prenatal period.

answer

behavioral teratogens; 20

question

Thre crucial factors that determine whether a specific teratogen will cause harm, and of what nature, are the _____________________ of exposure, the ____________of exposure, and the developing organism's _______________ _______________ to damage from the substance.

answer

timing; amount; genetic vulnerability

question

The time whn a particular part of the body is most susceptible to teratogenic damage is called its ____________ ___________. For physical structure and form, this is the entire period of the ___________. However, for ____________ teratogens, the entire prenatal period is critical.

answer

critical period; embryo; behavioral

question

Some teratogens have a ______________ effect- that is, the substances are harmless until exposure reaches a certain level.

answer

threshold

question

Ohter teratogens, when taken together, _______- and so are more harmful that when take separately.

answer

interact

question

Genes are also known to affect the likelihood of neural-tube defects such as __________ ___________- or _____________. These defects occur more commonly in certain ___---groups, which led researchers to discover the allele that prevents that normal utiliztion of ________________ ________________.

answer

spina bifida; anencephaly; ethnic; folic acid

question

Women are advised to avoid all __________________________________.

answer

drugs, chemicals in pesticides, cleaning fluids, and cosmetics; medications

question

High doses of alcohol during pregnancy may cause _________ _____ _____. it later causes _______ ___________ ______, leading to hyperactivity, poor concentration, impaired spatial reasoning, and slow learning.

answer

fetal alcohol syndrome; fetal alcohol effects

question

5 yr old Benjamin can't sit quitly and concentrate on a task for more than a minute at a time. Dr. Simmons, who is a teratologist, suspects that Benjamin may have been exposed to ______________during prenatal development.

answer

behavioral teratogen HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. Rubella may cause blindness, deafness, and brain damage. In small doses, lead may be harmless; large does may produce brain damage in the fetus.

question

This is an example of a threshold effect?

answer

some teratogens are vitually harmless until exposure reaches a certain level Some teratogens are virtually harmless until they reach a certan level. For example, too much vitamin A can cause some abnormalities.

question

Suppose a woman drinks heavily during pregnancy, and her baby is born with fetal alcohol syndrome. Although alcohol is a proven teratogen, research indicates that the caue of the baby's condition may be

answer

woman's genetic histroy, the level of exposure to the teratogen, the timing of exposure to the teratogen. Researchers do not yet know which of these factors are necessary for alcohol to be teratogenic

question

Sylvia and stan, who are of British descent, are hoping to have a child. Dr. Caruthers asks for a complete nutritional history and is particularly concerned whn she discover that Sylvia may have a deficiency of folic acid in ther diet. Dr. Caruthers is probably worried about the risk of _______-in the couples offspring.

answer

neural-tube defects. Folic acid is needed of the fetus to develop normally.

question

Newborns wo weigh less than - are classified as _________ ___________- babies. Below 3 pounds, 5 ounces, they are called ___________ _________________ _______________- babies; at less than 2 pound 3 ounces, theyare ______________ _____________ ____________- babies . Worldwide, rates of this condition ___________(vary/do not vary) from nation to nation.

answer

2,500 grams (5 1/2 pounds); low-birthweight; very-low-birthweight; extremely-low-birthweight; vary

question

Babies who are born 3 or more weeks before the standard 38 wks have elapsed are called _________.

answer

preterm

question

infants who weigh substantially less than they should, given how much time has passed since conception, are called _____________ _____________ _______________ _____________-.

answer

small for gestational age

question

Cause of SGA incude maternal or fetal ___________________. however, maternal ________ use is a more common reason. About 25 percent of al LBW birth are linked to maternal use of ________________.

answer

illness; drug; tobacco

question

Another other common reason for low birth-weight is maternal _______________. In addition, ________---- births are more likely to result in LBW. Consequently, the rate of LBW has increased dramatically with the use of ____________ _______________.

answer

malnuturition; multiple; assistaed reproduction

question

LBW babies are more likely to become adults who have higher rates of ________, ______________ disease, and ______________.

answer

obesity; heart; diabetes

question

The disorder ______________ _______________, which affects motor centers in the brain, often results from _______________ vulnerablility, worsened by exposure to _____________ and a preterm birth that involves _______________, a temporary lack of _______________during birth.

answer

cerebral palsy; genetic; teratogens; anoxia; oxygen

question

3 yr old Kenny was born underwreight and premature. Today, he is small for his age what would be the most likely reason for Kenny's small size? _________________________-

answer

Kenny's mother smoked heavily during her pregnancy. Although every psychoactive drug slow prenatal growth, tobacco is the worst and most prevalent cause of SGA.

question

What Apgar score in newborns would be most likely to have problems in body structure and functions?

answer

Apgar score of 3. If a newborn's Apgar score is below 4, the infant is in critical condition and needs immediat medical attention.

question

At birth, Clarence was classified as small for gestational age. It is likely that Clarence

answer

suffered several months of prenatal malnutrition. Where a baby is born generally will not affect its size at birth. And cetainly size is not hereditary.

question

Who is most likely to give birth to a low-birhweight child?

answer

a 16 yr old,who diets frequently despite being underweight. The risk factor for having an LBW baby is her weight (teens tend not to eat well and can be undernourished).

question

An infant is born 38 weeks after conception, weighing 4 pound. How would that infant be classified in terms of weight and timeing?

answer

low-birthweight; small-for -gestational age. 38 weks is full term, so a baby at 4 pound would be small-for-gestational age and, of course, low birthweight.

question

An infant who was born at 35 weeks, weighing 6 pounds,would be called a _____________ infant.

answer

preterm. Any birth before 38 wks is preterm

question

One minute and five minutes after he was born; Malcolm was tested using the Apgar scale. The characteristics of a newborn tested by the scale are ___________________ __________________.

answer

reflexes,breathing, muscle tone, heart rate, and color

question

The test that measures behavioral responsiveness in newborns is the __________ _________________ _________________ ______________-.

answer

Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale

question

An involuntary rsponse to a stimulus is called a __________________-.

answer

reflex

question

The involuntary response that causes the newborn to take the first breath even before the umbilical cord is cut is called the _____________ ___________. Other reflexive behaviors that maintain oxygen are _____________ ______________ and _________________.

answer

breathing reflex; hiccups;sneezes;thrashing

question

Shivering, crying, and tucking the legs close to the body are examples of reflexes that help to maintain ________________ ____________ _________.

answer

constant body temperature

question

A third set of reflexes manages ____________. One of these is the tendency of the newborn to suck anything that touches the lips; this is the ________________- reflex. Another is the tendency of newborns to turn their heads and start to suck when something brushes against their cheek; this is the ____________-reflex. Ohter important reflexes that facilitate this behavior are _______________ _____________________ , and ____________ _______________.

answer

feeding;sucking;rooting;swallowing;crying;spitting up

question

At birth, the presence of the _______________reduces complications. this many explain the ______________ ___________, which says that although immigrants to the United States are _______________ and have less adequate ___________________ care, they have ______________ (healthier/less healthy) newborns than native-born mothers of the same ethnic background.

answer

father; immigration paradox; poorer;prenatal;healthier

question

Many fathers experience symptoms of pregnancy, including _______________ ________________. These experiences are called ____________.

answer

weight gain, indigestion, pain during labor; couvade

question

A crucial factor in the birth experience is the formation of a strong _________________________ __________________- between the prospective parents.

answer

parental alliance

question

Some new mothers experience a profound feeling of sadness called ____________________ __________.

answer

postpartum depression

question

The term used to describe the close relationship that begins within the first hours after birth is the _________________ - ____________________- ________________-. Research on monkeys using the stategy of _______________________ - ________________ suggests that bonding need not occur immediately.

answer

parent-infant bond; cross-fostering

question

For vulnerable infants, parents are encouraged to help with early caregiving in the hospital. This __________-stess in both infant and parents. One example of early caregiving is ________ ________, in which mothers of low-birthweight infants spend extra time holding their infants betweent their breasts.

answer

reduces; kangaroo care

question

reflexes that maintain oxygen supply

answer

breathing, hiccupping, sneezing, thrashing

question

Maintaining constant body temperature

answer

crying, shivering, tucking in their legs, pushing blankets away

question

reflexes that facilitate feeding

answer

Sucking , rooting swallowing

question

Babinski

answer

infants' toes fan upward when their feet are stroked

question

stepping reflex

answer

Infants move their legs as if to walk when they are held upright and their feet touch a flat surface.

question

swimming

answer

infants stretch out their arms and legs when they are held on their stomachs.

question

Palmar grasping reflex.

answer

Infants grip things that touch their palms

question

Moro

answer

infants fling their arms outwawrd and then clutch them against their chests in response to a loud noise

question

60) Your sister and brother-in-law, who are about to adopt a 6 month old are worried that the child will never bond with them. What advice should you offer?

answer

c Tell them that bonding is a long-term process between parent and child that is determined by the nature of interaction throughout infancy, childhood, and beyond.

question

Prog Test 1: 1. The 3rd throuch the 8th week after conception is called the

answer

embryonic period ovum period:refers to the germinal period, is nto used in the text fetal period: 9th week until birth germinal period:covers the first two weeks

question

2. The primitive streak ddevelops into the

answer

brain and spinal column

question

3. To say that tertogen has a threshold effect means that it is

answer

virtually harmless until exposure reaches a certain level.

question

4. By the 8th week after conception, the embryo has almost all the basic organs EXCEPT the

answer

male and female sex organs. The sex organs do not begin to take shat until the fetal period at the 9th week

question

5. The most critical factor in attaining the age of viability is development of the

answer

brain

question

6. An important nutrient that many women do not get in adequate amounts from the typical diet is

answer

folic acid

question

7. An embryo begins to develop male sex organs if ____, and female sex organs if __________.

answer

genes on the Y chromosome send a signal; no signal is sent from an X chromosome.

question

8) A teratogen

answer

may be a virus, a drug, a chemical, or environmental pollutants. teratogenc can cross placenta at anytime terotogenic are agents in the environment, not heritable genes(although susceptibility to individual teratogens has a genetic component).

question

9) Among the characteristics of babies born with fetal alcohol syndrome are

answer

slowed physical growth and behavior problems.

question

10)The birth process begins

answer

when the uterus begins to contract at regular intervals to push the fetus out.

question

11)The Apgar scale is administered

answer

twice, one minute and five minutes after birth

question

12 Most newborns weigh about

answer

7 1/2 pounds

question

Matching: 1. embryonic period

answer

the prenatal period when all major body structures begin to form

question

2. fetal period

answer

the age when viability is attained.

question

3. placenta

answer

the life-giving organ that nourishes the emroy and fetus

question

4. preterm

answer

a bay born 3 or more weeks early

question

5. teratogens

answer

agents and condtions that can damage the developing organism.

question

6. anoxia

answer

lack of oxygen, which, if prolonged during the birth process, may lead to brain damage.

question

7. doula

answer

a woman who hlpes with the birth process

question

8.critical period

answer

term for the period during which a developing baby's body parts are most susceptible to damage.

question

9. primitive streak

answer

the precursor of the central nervous systemd

question

10. fetal alcohol syndrome

answer

characterized by abnormal facial characteristics, slowed growth, behavior problems and mental retardation.f

question

11. germinal period

answer

when implantation occurs

question

12. couvade

answer

symptoms of pregnancy experienced by fathers

question

13.) Pretest 1: Low-birthweight babies born near the due date but weighing substantially less than they should

answer

are called small for gestational age.

question

14)Approximately one out of every four low-birth weight births in the U.S. is caused by maternal use of

answer

tobacco

question

15) A newborn is classified as preterm if her or she is newborn.

answer

2 or more weeks early

question

16) A reflex is best defined as a (n)

answer

involuntary response to a given stimulus.

question

Progress Test 2: 1. The phenomenon in which fathers experience the symptoms of pregnancy is called

answer

couvade coula is a woman who assists in the delivery process anoxia - temporary loss of oxygen Karagaroo care - LBW speand 1 hour a day holding baby.

question

2. In order, the correct sequence of prenatal stges of development is

answer

germinal;embryo;fetus

question

3. Monika is preparing for the birth of her first child. If all proceeds normally, she can expect that her labor will last about

answer

12 hours The average length of labor for subsequent births is 7 hrs.

question

4. (Table 4.4) Tetracycleine and retinoic acid ..

answer

can be harmful to the human fetus

question

5. (Table 4.4) The teratogen that , if not prevented by immunization, could cause deafness, blindness, and brain damage in the fetus is . ..

answer

rubella (German measles)

question

6. Kangaroo care refers to

answer

a program of increased involvement by mothers of low-birthweight infants.

question

7. Among the characteristics rated on the Apgar scale are

answer

muscle tone and color

question

8. A newborn is classified as low birthweight if he or she weighs less than . .

answer

5 1/2 pounds

question

9. A critical problem for preterm babies is . ..

answer

breathing difficulties

question

10. Which of the following is NOT true regarding alcohol use and pregnancy?

answer

most doctors in the U.S. advise pregnamt women to use alcohol in moderation during pregnancy.c

question

11. Neurogenesis refers to the process by which

answer

the fetal brain develops new neurons

question

12. Which Apgar score indicates that a newborn is in normal health?

answer

7

question

13. Synaptogenesis refers to the process by which ...

answer

new connections between neurons develop.

question

14. When there is a stong parental alliance

answer

mother and father cooperate because of their mutual commitment to their children, the parents agree to support each other intheir shared parental roles, children are likely to thrive.

question

15. The critical period for preventing physical defects appears to be the ..

answer

fetal period

question

16) Some infant reflexes are critical for survival. Hiccups and sneezes help the infant maintain the ___________, and leg tucking maintains __________.

answer

oxygen supply; a constant body terperature

question

True/False Questions: 1. The fetus becomes aware of the mother's voice.

answer

T

question

2. Eight weeks after coneption, the embryo has formed almost all the basic organs.

answer

T

question

3. Less that 1 percent of births in the U.S. take place in the home.

answer

T

question

4. In general, behavioral teratogens have the ggreatest effect during the embryonic period.

answer

F Behavioral teratogens can affect the fetus at any time during the prenatal period.

question

5. The effects of cigarette smoking during pregnancy remain highly controversial.

answer

F There is no controversy about the damaging effects of smoking during pregnancy.

question

6. The Apgar scale is used to measure vital signs such as heart rate, breathing,a nd reflexes.

answer

T

question

7. Newborns usually breathe on their own, moments after birth.

answer

T

question

8. REsearch has shown that immediate mother-infant contact at birth isnecessary for the normal emotional development of the child.

answer

F Though highly desirable, mother-infant contact at birth is not necessary for the child's normal development orf for a good parent-child relationship. Man opportunities for bonding occur thoughout childhood.

question

9. Low birthweight is often correlated with maternal malnutrition.

answer

T

question

10..Cesarean sections are rarely performed in the United States toay because of the resulting danger to the fetus.

answer

F About 32 % of births inthe U.S are now cesarean.

question

11. Reflexive hiccups, sneezes, and thrashing are signs that the infant's reflexes are not functioning properly.

answer

F Hiccups, sneezes and thrashing are comon during the first few days, and thye are entirely normal reflexes.

question

Key Terms: 1. germinal period

answer

The 1st 2 wks of develpoment after conception, characterized by rapid cell division and the beginning of cell differentiation, ar called the germinal period. A germ cell is one from which a new organism can develop. The germinal period is the first stage in the development of the new organism.

question

germin2. embryonic period

answer

The embryonic period is approximately the 3rd through the 8th week of prenatal development,when the basic forms of all body structures develop.

question

3. fetal period

answer

Fron the 9th wk after conception until birth is the fetal period, when the organis grow in size and mature infunctioning.

question

4. implantation

answer

Implantation is the process by which the zygoe burrows into the placenta that lines the uterus, where it can be nourished and protected during growth.

question

5. embryo

answer

Embryo is the name given to the developing human organism from about the 3rd through the 8th week after conception.

question

6. fetus

answer

Fetus is the neame for the developing human organism from the start of the ninth week after conception until birth.

question

7. ultrasound

answer

An ultrasound is an image on an unborn fetus (or an internal organ) produced with hight-frequency sound waves; all called songram.

question

8. age of viability

answer

About 22wks after coneption, the fetus attains the age of viability, at which point it has at least some slight chance of survival outside the uterus if specialized medical care is available.

question

9. Apgar scale

answer

Newborns are rated at one and then at five minutes after birth according to the Apgar scale. this scale assigns a sore of 0,1 or 2 of each of 5 characteristics; heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes. A scoreof 7 or better indicates that all is well.

question

10. cesarean section (c0section)

answer

the fetus is removed from the mothe surgically (c section)

question

11. doula

answer

is a woman who works alongside medical staff to assist a womant through labor, delivery, breast-feeding, and newborn care.

question

12. teratogens

answer

are agents and conditions, such as viruses, drugs, chemicals, extreme stress, and malnutrition, that can impair prenatal development and lead to birth defects or even death.

question

13. behavioral teratogens

answer

are agents and conditions that can damage the prenatal brain, impairing the future child's intellectual and emotional functioning.

question

14. threshold effect

answer

is the harmful effect of a substance that occurs when exposure to it reaches a certain level.

question

15. fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

answer

Prenata alcohol exposure may cause fetal alsohol syndrome (FAS), a cluster of birth defects that includes abnormal facial characteristics, slow physical growth, behavior problems, and retarded mental development.

question

16. low birthweight (LBW)

answer

A birthweight of less than 5 1/2 pound (2.500 grams _ is called LBW. LBW infants are at risk for many immdiate and lont-term problems

question

17. very low birthweight (VLBW)

answer

A birthweight of less than 3 pounds, 5 ounces (1,500 grams) is called VLBW)

question

18 extremely low birthweight (ELBW)

answer

A birthweight of less than 2 pounds, 5 ounces (1000 grams ) is called ELBW.

question

19. preterm birrth

answer

When an infant is born 3 or more weeks before the due date, it is said to be a preterm birth

question

20. small for getational age (SGA)

answer

infants who weigh substantially less than they should, given how much time has passed since conception, or small-for -dates.

question

21. cerbral palsy

answer

is a muscular control disorder caused by damage to the brain's motor centers during or before birth.

question

22. anoxia

answer

is a temporary lack of oxygent during the birth process that , if prolonged, can casue brain damage or death to the baby.

question

23. Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scall (NBAS)

answer

NBAS is a test of newborn responsiveness tha tmeasure 46 behaviors, including 20 reflexes.

question

24. reflex

answer

is an unlearned, involuntary action or movement emitted in response to a specific stimulus.

question

25. Couvade

answer

refers to the phenomenon in which some fathers experience symptoms of pregnancy and birth.

question

26. parental alliance

answer

refers to the cooperation and mutual support between mother and father because of their mutual commitment to their children.

question

27. postpartum depression

answer

is a new mother's feeling of sadness and inadequacy in the days and weeks after giving birth.

question

28. parent-infant bond

answer

The term parent-infant bond describes the strong feeling of attachment between parent, and child in the early moments of their relationship together.

question

29. kangaroo care

answer

occurs when the mother of a lLBW infant spends at least one hour a day holding her infant between her breast.s

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