Lecture 9- Learning Theory – Flashcards
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What are the 6 main theories of learning?
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1. Behaviorism 2. Cognitivism 3. Social Learning Theory 4. Social Constructivism 5. Multiple Intelligences 6. Brain-Based Learning
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Behaviorism is confied to what?
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observable and measureable behavior
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which scientist is associated with Classical Conditioning?
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Pavlov
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which scientist is associated with Operant Conditioning?
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Skinner
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how does behaviorism define learning?
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the outward expression of new behaviors
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what is the sole focus of behaviorism?
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observable behaviors
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what is the basis of learning according to behaviorists?
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biological basis for learning
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according to behaviorism is learning context dependent?
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No- learning is context independent
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what are the critiques of behaviorism?
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1. doesn't account for processes taking place in the mind that cannot be observed 2. advocates for passive student learning in a teacher-centric environment 3. one size fits all 4. knowledge itself is given and absolute 5. programmed instruction and teacher spoofing
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what theory of learning grew in response to behaviorism?
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cognitivism
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how is knowledge stored according to the cognitivism model?
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cognitively as symbols
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how does cognitivism define learning?
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the process of connecting symbols in a meaningful and memorable way
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what do cogntitivism studies focus on?
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the mental processes that facilitate symbol connection
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what are 2 other models associated to cognitivism?
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1. discovery learning 2. meaningful verbal learning
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what is cognitive learning?
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higher-level learning involving thinking, knowing, understanding, and anticipating
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what is latent learning?
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ocurs without obvious reinforcement and is not demonstrated until reinforcement is provided
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what is rote learning?
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takes place mechanically, through repitition and memorization, or by learning a set of rules
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what is discovery learning?
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based on insight and understanding
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what are the critiques of cognitivism?
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1. knowledge itself i given and absolute 2. input--> output model is mechanistic and deterministic 3. little emphasis on affective characteristics, especially motivation 4. doesn't account for individuality and differences in staged development
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what is another term for social learning theory?
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vicarious conditioning
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what is the basis of the movement against violence in media and video games?
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SLT
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according to SLT, how does learning take place?
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through observation and sensorial experiences
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what are the steps to successful modeling?
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1. pay attention to modeling 2. remember what was done 3. reproduce modeled behavior 4. if a model is successful/rewarded, behavior is more likely to occur
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what are the critiques of social learning theory?
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1. doesn't account for individuality, context, experience 2. suggests students be passive receivers 3. emotions and motivation not important for learning
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what are the features of Social Contructivism?
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1. grew out of and in response to Cognitivism, framed around metacognition 2. knowledge is actively constructed
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according to social contructivism, what is learning?
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1. a search for meaning by the learner 2. contextualized 3. inherently social activity 4. dialogic and recursive 5. the responisibility of the learner
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what are the critiques of social constructivism?
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1. suggests that knowledge is neither given nor absolute, but is rather an individual construct 2. often seen as less rigorous than traditional approaches to instruction 3. does not fit well with traditional age grouping and scheduling
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out of what did the multiple intelligences theory grow?
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Constructivism, framed around metacognition
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what are the 8 intelligences all people are born with?
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1. Verbal-Linguistic 2. Visual-Spatial 3. Logical-Mathematical 4. Kinesthetic 5. Musical 6. Naturalist 7. Interpersonal 8. Intrapersonal
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what is the advantage of multiple intelligences?
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enables students to leverage their strengths and purposefully target and develop their weaknesses
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what are the critiques of MI?
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1. lack of quantifiable evidence 2. suggestive of departure from core curricula and standards
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brain based learning grew out of what?
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neuroscience and constructivism
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what are the 12 governing principles of Brain-Based learning?
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1. Brain is a parallel processor 2. Whole body learning 3. A search for meaning 4. Patterning 5. Emotions are critical 6. Processing of parts and wholes 7. Focused attention and peripheral perception 8. Conscious and unconscious processes 9. Several types of memory 10. Embedded learning sticks 11. Challenge and threat 12. Every brain is unique
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what are the critiques of BBL?
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1. researchers were neuroscientists not educators 2. lack of understanding of the brain 3. individual principles have been scientifically questioned
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what is the central idea of humanist learning?
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all students are intrinsically motivated to actualize or learn
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what is self actualization?
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humans achieve learning by acting with intentionality and values
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according to humanism, learning is dependent on what?
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meeting a hierarchy of needs
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what is Maslow's hierarchy of needs top to bottom?
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1. transcendence 2. self-actualization 3. aesthetic needs 4. cognitive needs 5. esteem needs 6. belongingness and love needs 7. safety needs 8. biological and physiological needs
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what is the reflex in Pavlovian classical conditioning?
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automatic non-learned response= conditional reflex
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what is unconditioned stimulus?
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biologically relevant stimulus, that without prior learning elicits an unconditioned response
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what is an example of a UCS?
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odor of food
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what is unconditioned response?
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behavior that is in response to an unconditioned stimulus
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what is a conditioned stimulus?
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neutral stimulus that with many CS-US pairings elicits a conditioned response
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what is an example of a CS?
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sound of a lunch bell
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what is conditioned response?
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behavior in response to conditioned stimulus
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what is higher order conditioning?
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a CS is used to reinforce further learning
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what happens in sensory preconditioning?
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1. Two stimuli are presented together so that an association is learned with no reinforcement 2. S1 is paired with unconditioned stimuli until it elicits a conditioned response 3. S2 is presented with the anticipation of a conditioned response
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what is an example of conditioned immunosuppression?
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cyclosporin + juice conditions immunosuppression so that juice + placebo also causes immunosuppression
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what is stimulus generalization?
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a tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar, but not identical, to a conditioned stimulus
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what is stimulus discrimination?
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the ability to respond to various stimuli
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what is conditioned emotional response?
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learned emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus
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what is acquisition?
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training period when a response is strengthened
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what is extinction?
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weakening of a conditioned response through removal of reinforcement
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what is phobia?
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fear that persists even when no realistic danger exists
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what is desensitization?
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exposing phobic people gradually to feared stimuli while they stay calm and relaxed
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what is learned helplessness?
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1. painful or negative stimulus is presented, but learner is not able to avoid or escape 2. learned association between inability to escape and negative stimulus 3. reduced number of escape attempts 4. becomes hopeless and apathetic
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what does learned helplessness have to do with antidepressants?
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antidepressant treatments increase ascape attempts in animal models
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what is habituation?
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repeated stimulation results in decreased response
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what is sensitization?
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repeated stimulation results in increased response
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what is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
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1. classical conditioning - involves placing a neutral signal before a reflex - focuses on automatic involuntary behaviors 2. operant conditioning - applying reinforcement or punishment after a behavior - focuses on strengthening or weakening voluntary behaviors
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what is operant conditioning?
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learning based on the consequences of responding
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what is the Law of Effect?
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the probability of a response is altered by the effect it has
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what is a primary reinforcer?
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non-learned and neutral; satisfies biological needs
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what is a secondary reinforcer?
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learned reinforcer like money, grades - token reinforcer is a tangible secondary reinforcer
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what is a social reinforcer?
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provided by other people
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what is positive reinforcement?
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when a response is followed by a reward or other positive event
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what is negative reinforcement?
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when a response is followed by the removal of an unpleasant event
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what is positive punishment?
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any event that follows a response and decreases the likelihood of it recurring weakens a behavior
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what is negative punishment?
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reinforcer or positive thing is removed as a punishment
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what is severe punishment?
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capable of suppressing a response for a long period
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what is mild punishment?
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usually slows response temporarily
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what is an aversive stimulus?
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stimulus that is painful or uncomfortable
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what is escape learning?
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learning to make a response to end an aversive stimulus
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what is avoidance learning?
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learning to make a response to avoid postpone or prevent discomfort
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what happens in aversive conditioning?
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1. unwanted behavior is painful or aversive stimulus 2. association between the aversive stimulus and unwanted behavior causes the unwanted behavior to stop
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what is shaping?
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molding responses gradually in a step by step fashion to a desired pattern
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when is operant reinforcement most effective?
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when given immediately after a correct response
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what is continuous reinforcement?
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a reinforcer follows every correct response
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what is a fixed ration schedule of reinforcement?
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1. set number of correct responses must be made to obtain a reinforcer 2. results in high steady response until reinforcer is delivered 3. best used when learning a new behavior 4. brief response pause after reinforcement
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what is a variable ratio schedule?
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1. varied number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer 2. high steady rate of responding
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what is a fixed interval schedule?
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1. first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed 2. causes high amounts of responding near the end of the interval, but much slower responding immediately after the delivery of the reinforcer
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what is a variable interval schedule?
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1. reinforcement is given for the first correct response made after a variable amount of time 2. produces a slow steady rate of response
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how likely is extinction to happen when responses are acquired with partial reinforcement?
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very resistant to extinction
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what are superstitious behaviors?
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behaviors that are repeated because they appear to produce reinforcement, even though its not necessary
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what are self managed behavior principles?
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1. choose a target behavior 2. record a baseline 3. establish goals 4. choose reinforcers 5. record your progress 6. reward successes 7. adjust your plan as you learn more about your behavior
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what is the Premack principle?
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any high frequency response can be used to reinforce a low frequency response
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what is self recording?
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self management based on keeping records of response frequencies
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what are the ways to break bad habits?
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1. alternate responses 2. extinction 3. response chains 4. cues and antecedents 5. behavioral contract
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what is Alternate Responses?
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try to get the same reinforcement with a new response
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what is Extinction in breaking bad habits?
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try to discover what is reinforcing the unwanted response and remove, avoid, or delay the reinforcement
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what are Response Chains in breaking bad habits?
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scramble the chain of events that leads to an undesired response
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what are Cues and Antecedents in breaking bad habits?
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try to avoid, narrow down, or remove stimuli that elicit the bad habit
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what is behavioral contracting in breaking bad habits?
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formal agreement stating behaviors to be changed and consequences that apply
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what is the Medical Model of psychological therapy?
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views abnormal behavior as reflecting a biological disorder - usually in the brain - person is viewed as patient and treated by doctors - therapies are physical like drugs or surgery
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what are psychotropic medications?
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drugs that act on the brain to alter mental function
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what are the classes included in psychotropic drugs?
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1. antianxiety drugs relieve muscle tension 2. antipsychotic drugs improve thought processes 3. antidepressant drugs can reverse depression
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psychotropic drugs can alter behavior via what?
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1. an interaction with neurotransmitters in brain 2. a placebo effect
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electroconvulsive therapy can alleviate what?
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profound depression
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what is psychosurgery?
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intentional damage of the brain to alter behavior- Lobotomy
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what is psychoanalysis?
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techniques that move issues from the unconscious to the conscious level for resolution
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what is Insight in psychoanalysis?
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the situation when a person comes to understand their unconscious conflicts
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what is catharsis?
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an emotional energy that is released when early conflicts are relived
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what is the goal of psychodynamic therapy?
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to achieve insight into unconscious conflicts
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what is Free Association?
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the patient is encouraged to say whatever comes to mind to reveal the unconscious processes of the patient
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what is Interpretation?
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therapist interprets the thoughts and feelings of the patient in order to reveal the hidden conflicts and motivations
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what are types of interpretation?
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dream analysis - manifest content - latent content
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what is analysis of transference?
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patients into therapy their past troubled relationships, these are transferred to the therapist
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what do cognitive behavioral therapies focus on?
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current behaviors of a person - present rather than past - short term therapy - behavior analysis- problem behavior and associated stimuli
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what happens in systematic desensitization?
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patient is encouraged to confront a feared stimulus while in a relaxed state
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for what is aversive conditioning useful?
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paraphilias or addicitons
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what are flooding and implosion?
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patient is exposed to actual (flooding) or imagined (implosion) overwhelming dose of the feared stimulus
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what is flooding and implosion used for?
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treatment of phobias
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what happens in token economy?
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desirable behavior is reinforced by a reward or positive reinforcement
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what is token economy used for?
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increase positive behavior in severely disorganized patients (psychotics), autistic patients, or mentally challenged
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what happens in biofeedback?
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biological feedback is used as an operant reinforcer
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for what is biofeedback useful?
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treatment of : HTN raynaud disease migraine and tension HA chronic pain fecal incontinence TMJ
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what is the focus of cognitive therapies?
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changing dysfunctional thought patterns
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what is the focus of rational emotive therapy?
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focuses on the hurtful thought patterns of the patient -Ellis: pathology results when people adopt illogic in response to life situations - therapist notes illogical and self defeating thoughts and teaches alternative thinking that promotes rational thought
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what are the maladaptive thought processes in depression targeted by cognitive therapy?
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1. selective perception- focus on negative events 2. overgeneralization- negative conclusions based on minimal data 3. magnification- magnifies significance of negative event 4. all or none thinking- everything is good or bad
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what is the target population of group therapy?
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common problem personality disorder people who have trouble interacting one on one with therapists
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what are the advantages of group therapy?
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economy- cheaper group support- others have the same problem feedback- learn from eachother behavioral rehearsal- role playing
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what is the central idea of family therapy?
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psychopathology in one family member reflects dysfunction in an entire family system- entire family is the patient
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what is the targeted population for couples therapy?
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couples with communication or psychosexual problems or differences in values
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what is the goal of supportive or interpersonal therapy?
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not aimed at finding insight into a problem, but rather to help people feel protected and supported during a crisis
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what is the target population for interpersonal supportive therapy?
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individuals with anxiety or stress related illness
