Question 1

A given reinforcement schedule tends to produce a distinctive pattern and rate of performance. These are called schedule _______.  a. patterns  b. profiles  c. effects   d. matrixes

Accepted Answer

c. effects

Question 2

John spent his summer picking cantaloupes for a farmer. The farmer paid John a certain amount for   every basket of cantaloupes picked. John worked on a _________.  a. fixed ratio schedule  b. variable ratio schedule  c. fixed interval schedule  d. variable interval schedule

Accepted Answer

a. fixed ratio schedule

Question 3

The schedule to use if you want to produce the most rapid learning of new behavior is _______.  a. CRF   b. FR 2  c. FI 3\"  d. VI 3\"

Accepted Answer

a. CRF

Question 4

The schedule that is not an intermittent schedule is _________.  a. FR 1   b. FR 5  c. VR 1  d. VI 1\"

Accepted Answer

a. FR 1

Question 5

A reduction in response rate following reinforcement is called a _________.  a. post-reinforcement pause   b. scallop  c. latency  d. rest stop

Accepted Answer

a. post-reinforcement pause

Question 6

CRF is synonymous with _________.  a. EXT  b. FR 1   c. CRT  d. FI 1

Accepted Answer

b. FR 1

Question 7

The rate at which a response occurs, once the subject begins performing it, is called the _________.  a. clock rate  b. walk rate  c. run rate   d. performance rate

Accepted Answer

c. run rate

Question 8

Post-reinforcement pauses are now often referred to as _________.  a. rest periods  b. pre-ratio pauses  c. anticipatory pauses  d. break points

Accepted Answer

b. pre-ratio pauses

Question 9

Bill spends his summer in the city panhandling. Every day he takes a position on a busy corner and   accosts passersby saying, \"Can you spare some change?\" Most people ignore him, but every now and   then someone gives him money. Bill\'s reinforcement schedule is best described as a _________.  a. fixed ratio schedule  b. variable ratio schedule   c. fixed interval schedule   d. variable interval schedule

Accepted Answer

b. variable ratio schedule

Question 10

Your text reports the case of a man who apparently made hundreds of harassing phone calls. The   man\'s behavior was most likley on a(n) _________.  a. FR schedule  b. VR schedule   c. FI schedule  d. VI schedule

Accepted Answer

b. VR schedule

Question 11

The schedule that is likely to produce a cumulative record with scallops is the _________.  a. FR schedule  b. VR schedule  c. FI schedule   d. VI schedule

Accepted Answer

c. FI schedule

Question 12

A pigeon is confronted with two disks, one green, the other red. The bird receives food on a VI 20\"   schedule when it pecks the green disk, and on a VI 10\" schedule when it pecks the red one. You   predict that the bird will peck _________.  a. one disk about as often as at the other  b. the green disk almost exclusively  c. the green disk about twice as often as the red disk  d. the red disk about twice as often as the green disk

Accepted Answer

d. the red disk about twice as often as the green disk

Question 13

Often the initial effect of an extinction procedure is an increase in the behavior called a(n) extinction ________.  a. rebound  b. resurgence  c. burst   d. flyer

Accepted Answer

c. burst

Question 14

Resurgence may help account for _______.  a. PMS  b. rationalization  c. regression   d. reaction formation

Accepted Answer

c. regression

Question 15

The reappearance of previously effective behavior during extinction is called ____________.  a. spontaneous recovery  b. recovery  c. resurgence   d. fulfillment

Accepted Answer

c. resurgence

Question 16

Williams found that the greater the number of reinforcements before extinction, the _______.  a. greater the number of responses during extinction   b. faster the rate of extinction  c. stronger the response during extinction  d. greater the frustration during extinction

Accepted Answer

a. greater the number of responses during extinction

Question 17

In a _____ schedule, reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for   some period of time.  a. fixed duration   b. continuous reinforcement  c. fixed time  d. DRH

Accepted Answer

a. fixed duration

Question 18

When reinforcement is contingent on continuous performance of an activity, a __________. reinforcement schedule is in force.  a. duration   b. interval  c. time  d. ratio

Accepted Answer

a. duration

Question 19

In schedules research, VD stands for ________.  a. video displayed  b. verbal dependent  c. variable dependency  d. variable duration

Accepted Answer

d. variable duration

Question 20

Of the following, the schedule that most closely resembles noncontingent reinforcement is _________.  a. FD  b. FT   c. FI  d. DRL

Accepted Answer

b. FT

Question 21

A schedule that does not require the performance of a particular behavior is the _________.  a. FT schedule   b. FD schedule  c. FI schedule  d. FR schedule

Accepted Answer

a. FT schedule

Question 22

Harry spent his summer in the city panhandling. Every day he would sit on the sidewalk, put a   cardboard sign in front of him that said, \"Please help,\" and place his hat on the sidewalk upside down.   Then he would wait. Every now and then someone would put money into his hat. Harry\'s   reinforcement schedule is best described as a _________.  a. fixed ratio schedule   b. variable ratio schedule  c. fixed interval schedule  d. variable time schedule

Accepted Answer

d. variable time schedule

Question 23

FT and VT are both kinds of ______ reinforcement.  a. noncontingent   b. intermittent   c. duration-based   d. continuous

Accepted Answer

a. noncontingent

Question 24

. ___________ schedules differ from other schedules in that the rules describing the contingencies change systematically.  a. Adaptive  b. Evolutionary  c. Progressive  d. Idiosyncratic

Accepted Answer

c. Progressive

Question 25

__________ refers to the point at which a behavior stops or its rate falls off sharply.  a. Block  b. Border time  c. Break point  d. Camel\'s back

Accepted Answer

c. Break point

Question 26

George trains a pigeon to peck a disk by reinforcing each disk peck. Once the response is learned,   George begins to cut back on the reinforcers. At first he reinforces every other response, then every   third response, every fifth response, every tenth response, and so on. George is using a procedure   called _________.  a. ratio tuning  b. reinforcement decimation  c. intermittent reinforcement  d. stretching the ratio

Accepted Answer

d. stretching the ratio

Question 27

Things are going pretty well for George (see item 26) until he jumps from reinforcing every tenth   response to reinforcing every 50th response. At this point, the pigeon responds erratically and nearly   stops responding entirely. George\'s pigeon is suffering from _________.  a. ratio strain   b. ratiocination  c. satiation  d. reinforcer deprivation

Accepted Answer

a. ratio strain

Question 28

Gradually reducing the frequency of reinforcement is called _________.  a. extinction  b. stretching the ratio  c. intermittent reinforcement  d. progressional reinforcement

Accepted Answer

b. stretching the ratio

Question 29

Shirley trains a rat to press a lever and then reinforces lever presses on an FR 10 schedule when a red   light is on, and an FI 10\" schedule when a green light is on. In this case, lever pressing is on a _________.  a. multiple schedule   b. chain schedule  c. concurrent schedule  d. redundant schedule

Accepted Answer

a. multiple schedule

Question 30

A schedule in which reinforcement is contingent on the behavior of more than one subject is a   _________.  a. multiple schedule  b. mixed schedule  c. tandem schedule  d. cooperative schedule

Accepted Answer

d. cooperative schedule

Question 31

A chain schedule is most like a _________ schedule.  a. multiple   b. mixed   c. cooperative  d. tandem

Accepted Answer

d. tandem

Question 32

Stanley wants to determine which of two reinforcement schedules is more attractive to rats. He trains a rat to press a lever for food, and then puts the rat into an experimental chamber containing two levers. Pressing one lever produces reinforcement on an FR 10 schedule; pressing the other lever produces reinforcement on an FI 10\" schedule. Lever pressing is on a _________.  a. multiple schedule  b. chain schedule  c. concurrent schedule   d. redundant schedule

Accepted Answer

c. concurrent schedule

Question 33

Studies of choice involve _________.  a. multiple schedules  b. chain schedules  c. concurrent schedules   d. redundant schedules

Accepted Answer

c. concurrent schedules

Question 34

The explanation of the PRE that puts greatest emphasis on internal cues is the ________ hypothesis.  a. discrimination   b. frustration   c. sequential   d. response unit

Accepted Answer

b. frustration

Question 35

One explanation for the PRE implies that the effect is really an illusion. This is the _________.  a. discrimination hypothesis  b. frustration hypothesis  c. sequential hypothesis  d. response unit hypothesis

Accepted Answer

d. response unit hypothesis

Question 36

_____________ led the way in the study of choice. a. Richard Herrnstein  b. Clark Hull c. B. F. Skinner d. E. L. Thorndike

Accepted Answer

a. Richard Herrnstein

Question 37

In one form of the matching law, BA stands for the behavior under consideration and B0 represents   _______.   a. reinforcement for BA  b. the baseline rate of BA  c. all behaviors other than BA   d. all behavior that is over expectation

Accepted Answer

c. all behaviors other than BA

Question 38

The study of reinforcement schedules suggests that the behavior we call stick-to-itiveness is largely the product of _________.  a. genetics  b. prenatal influences  c. choice  d. reinforcement history

Accepted Answer

d. reinforcement history

Question 39

A classic work on reinforcement schedules is by _________ .  a. Darwin  b. Herrnstein  c. Ferster and Skinner   d. Abercrombie and Fitch

Accepted Answer

c. Ferster and Skinner

Question 40

The use of punishers is so common that _______ concluded that \"The world runs on fear.\"  a. Jack Nicholson  b. Jack Robinson  c. Jack Michaels   d. Jack Sprat

Accepted Answer

c. Jack Michaels

Question 41

The first formal studies of punishment were probably done by _________ .  a. Thorndike   b. Watson  c. Rosalie Rayner  d. Pavlov

Accepted Answer

a. Thorndike

Question 42

Each time Charles, who has a lisp, says \"Mithithippi\" or the like, his wife, Evelyn, yells, \"Idiot!\"   However, there is no evidence that Evelyn\'s efforts to reduce the frequency of such   mispronunciations have been effective. We can therefore conclude that ______.  a. Charles\'s behavior is due to a neurological problem  b. Charles\'s behavior has not been punished   c. Evelyn\'s efforts to punish Charles\'s behavior have actually reinforced it  d. Charles is lisping deliberately to annoy Evelyn

Accepted Answer

b. Charles\'s behavior has not been punished

Question 43

If Charles Catania\'s thinking about reinforcement is applied to punishment, we can say that all of the  following are true of punishment except _______.  a. a behavior must have a consequence  b. the consequence of the behavior must be negative   c. a behavior must decrease in strength  d. the decrease in strength must be the result of the behavior\'s consequence

Accepted Answer

b. the consequence of the behavior must be negative

Question 44

Negative punishment is also sometimes called ______ training.  a. escape   b. penalty   c. withdrawal  d. subtraction

Accepted Answer

b. penalty

Question 45

Positive punishment is most often confused with _______.   a. negative punishment  b. negative reinforcement  c. aversion therapy  d. counterconditioning

Accepted Answer

b. negative reinforcement

Question 46

The word positive in positive punishment refers to the fact that _______.  a. something is added   b. something positive is removed  c. the results are positive  d. the procedure is used with good intentions

Accepted Answer

a. something is added

Question 47

In positive punishment, a stimulus that serves as a punisher is called a(n) _________.  a. asbestive  b. abrasive  c. adversive  d. aversive

Accepted Answer

d. aversive

Question 48

If a rat receives a shock each time it presses a lever, but not otherwise, we can say that _______. a. the rate of lever pressing will decrease, then increase  b. the shock will reduce the frequency of lever pressing c. shock is contingent on lever pressing  d. lever pressing and shock are contiguous

Accepted Answer

c. shock is contingent on lever pressing

Question 49

Harriet hears a noise in the kitchen and investigates. She finds the cookie jar in pieces on the floor and 5-year-old Willy standing nearby. Harriet knows what happened, but asks Willy anyway. Willy admits that he broke the jar while trying to get cookies. Harriet gives Willy a spanking. Willy is most likely to learn from this experience that _______.  a. it doesn\'t pay to tell the truth  b. cookies are scary  c. his mother doesn\'t like him  d. the kitchen is an unsafe place for little boys

Accepted Answer

a. it doesn\'t pay to tell the truth

Question 50

Delaying delivery of a punisher is most likely to ______.  a. reduce its effectiveness   b. increase its effectiveness  c. have no impact on its effectiveness  d. have variable and unpredictable effects on its effectiveness

Accepted Answer

a. reduce its effectiveness

Question 51

David Camp and colleagues found that, compared to a two-second delay in punishment, a 30-second delay resulted in _______.  a. slightly greater response suppression  b. slightly less response suppression   c. about half as much response suppression   d. about twice as much response suppression

Accepted Answer

c. about half as much response suppression

Question 52

David Camp and colleagues found that even a delay of only _____ reduced the effectiveness of a   punisher.   a. 2 seconds   b. 5 seconds   c. 10 seconds  d. 15 seconds

Accepted Answer

a. 2 seconds

Question 53

Generally speaking, the more intense a punisher, the _______. a. less it suppresses behavior b. more it suppresses behavior  c. more important it is to have the response on extinction d. less important the reinforcement history

Accepted Answer

b. more it suppresses behavior

Question 54

When disciplining their son, Jacob, Mr. and Ms Grinch begin with an extremely mild form of   punishment and gradually increase its strength if the offenses continue. This procedure is likely to   result in _______.  a. violent outbursts from Jacob  b. confusing Jacob  c. the use of excessively strong aversives   d. a rapid suppression of the unwanted behavior

Accepted Answer

c. the use of excessively strong aversives

Question 55

All of the following enhance the effectiveness of punishment except _______.  a. using strong punishers  b. withholding reinforcement of the punished behavior  c. punishing immediately  d. increasing the reinforcer deprivation level

Accepted Answer

d. increasing the reinforcer deprivation level

Question 56

Research has shown that abnormal behavior is often _______ . a. the result of unconscious urges b. an inappropriate way of obtaining appropriate reinforcers  c. due to the misuse of punishment d. an effort to punish others

Accepted Answer

b. an inappropriate way of obtaining appropriate reinforcers

Question 57

The two-process theory of punishment assumes that punishment involves ___________.  a. positive and negative reinforcement  b. Pavlovian and operant learning   c. positive and negative punishment  d. reward training and escape training

Accepted Answer

b. Pavlovian and operant learning

Question 58

The one-process theory of punishment goes back to ________.  a. Thorndike   b. Watson  c. Skinner   d. Pavlov

Accepted Answer

a. Thorndike

Question 59

Farmer Gable had a problem with motorcyclists riding across his meadow land, tearing up sod and   frightening his cattle. He installed barbed wire fencing in the area and no longer had a problem.   Gable\'s approach is best described as an example of _______.  a. response prevention  b. extinction  c. differential reinforcement  d. punishment

Accepted Answer

a. response prevention

Question 60

When a student repeatedly behaves in an inappropriate way, probably the teacher\'s first step should be to ______. a. have the child tested by the school psychologist b. develop a plan for applying punishment c. use differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior d. try to discover what is reinforcing the behavior

Accepted Answer

d. try to discover what is reinforcing the behavior

Question 61

One problem with extinction as a way of reducing the frequency of potentially harmful behavior is   that _________. a. the behavior on extinction sometimes increases at first  b. the results are not durable c. it is not covered by medical insurance d. ultimately, it makes the problem worse

Accepted Answer

a. the behavior on extinction sometimes increases at first

Question 62

Differential reinforcement is best used in combination with ______.  a. punishment  b. negative reinforcement  c. extinction   d. response prevention

Accepted Answer

c. extinction

Question 63

Of the following procedures, the one that reinforces behavior that cannot be performed at the same   time as the unwanted behavior is ______.   a. DRZ  b. DRI  c. DRL  d. DRA

Accepted Answer

b. DRI

Question 64

Of the following procedures, the one that focuses on reducing the rate at which a behavior occurs is ________.  a. DRZ  b. DRI  c. DRL  d. DRA

Accepted Answer

c. DRL

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