question

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experiences we learn by association

answer

Learning

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Our mind naturally connects events that occur...

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in sequence

question

learning to associate one stimulus with another

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stimulus-stimulus learning

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learning to associate a response with a consequence

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Response-Consequence learning

question

Creator of Classical Conditioning

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Ivan Pavlov

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5 Major parts of Classical Conditioning:

answer

UCS UCR NS CS CR

question

UCS in Pavlov's experiment:

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Food

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UCR in Pavlov's experiment:

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Salivating

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NS in Pavlov's experiment:

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Experimentor

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CS in Pavlov's experiment:

answer

Experimentor

question

CR in Pavlov's experiment:

answer

Salivating

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Little Albert's UCS:

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noise

question

Little Albert's UCR:

answer

fear

question

Little Albert's NS:

answer

rat

question

Little Albert's CS:

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rat

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Little Albert's CR:

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fear

question

stimulus Generalization

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similar reaction to similar stimuli (Little Albert was afraid of ALL white fluffy things)

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Stimulus discrimination

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reduction of a generalized reaction (Reversing stimulus generalization)

question

Positive Reinforcement: encourages or discourages behavior?

answer

Encourages

question

Punishment: encourages or discourages behavior?

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Discourages

question

Negative Reinforcement: encourages or discourages behavior?

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Encourages (the threat of something encourages a behavior)

question

going to class on time to avoid detention is a form of what?

answer

negative reinforcement

question

what is the eventual goal of punishment?

answer

negative reinforcement

question

4 Schedules of Reinforcement (abbreviated)

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FR FI VR VI

question

fixed (schedule of reinforcement)

answer

set, can't change

question

variable (schedule of reinforcement)

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can change

question

Ratio (schedule of reinforcement)

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number of behaviors (a behavior is required)

question

interval (schedule of reinforcement)

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amount of time (a behavior may not be required at all)

question

Lan's kid's book bag is an example of what schedule of reinforcement?

answer

Fixed Ratio

question

A monthly pay check is an example of what schedule of reinforcement?

answer

Fixed interval

question

A slot machine is an example of what schedule of reinforcement?

answer

Variable Ratio

question

Fishing is an example of what schedule of reinforcement?

answer

Variable Interval

question

Operant conditioning is concerned with

answer

voluntary behavior

question

classical conditioning is concerned with

answer

involuntary behavior

question

shaping

answer

reinforcing smaller steps of a behavior

question

chaining

answer

linking all the steps of shaping into one major behavior

question

Is training a dog to get booze operant or classical conditioning?

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operant conditioning (dog chooses to do it)

question

The type of learning associated with Skinner

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operant conditioning

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In order to obtain a reward, a monkey learns to press a lever when a 1000-Hz tone is on but not when a 1200-Hz tone is on. What kind of training is this?

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discrimination (getting rid of a generalized behavior)

question

Learning is most rapid with

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continuous reinforcement

question

What produces the greatest resistance to extinction of a learned behavior?

answer

intermittent reinforcement

question

Cognitive processes are important in classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or both?

answer

both

question

The highest and most consistent rate of response is produced by what type of schedule of reinforcement?

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variable ratio

question

A response that leads to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus is one being:

answer

punished

question

When a conditioned stimulus is presented without an accompanying unconditioned stimulus, what will soon take place?

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extinction

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In Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste-aversion learning, rats learned to associate ___ with ___.

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taste and sounds with electric shock

question

In Pavlov's study with dogs, salivation to meat was the

answer

unconditioned response

question

learning by imitating others' behaviors is called

answer

observational learning

question

Bandura is known for studying what type of learning

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observational learning

question

When people are paid for performing tasks they enjoy, their self-motivation may decrease. This is called

answer

the overjustification effect

question

Punishment is a controversial way of controlling behavior because

answer

behavior is not forgotten and may return punishing stimuli often create fear punishment often increases aggressiveness

question

Classical Conditioning experiments by Rescorla and Wagner demonstrate than an important factor in conditioning is

answer

age strength of the stimuli predictability of an association similarity of stimuli

question

is presenting a positive stimulus after a response an example of reinforcement?

answer

yes

question

is removing an unpleasant stimulus after a response an example of reinforcement?

answer

yes (negative reinforcement)

question

is being told that you have done a good job an example of reinforcement?

answer

yes

question

associative learning includes:

answer

classical conditioning operant conditioning observational learning

question

for the most rapid conditioning, a CS should be presented

answer

about a half second before the UCS

question

Mirror Neurons are found in what part of the brain

answer

frontal lobe (motor strip)

question

Mirror neurons are the neural basis for what?

answer

observational learning

question

presentation of a desired stimulus

answer

positive reinforcement

question

tendency for similar stimuli to evoke a CR

answer

generalization

question

removal of an aversive stimulus

answer

negative reinforcement

question

an innately reinforcing stimulus

answer

Primary Reinforcer (ex. satisfies a biological need)

question

an acquired reinforcer

answer

Conditioned reinforcer

question

responses are reinforced after an unpredictable amount of time

answer

variable-interval schedule

question

the motivation to perform a behavior for its own sake

answer

intrinsic motivation

question

reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a behavior

answer

shaping

question

the reappearance of a weakened CR

answer

spontaneous recovery (the extinguished behavior comes back)

question

Presentation of an aversion stimulus

answer

punishment

question

learning that becomes apparent only after reinforcement is provided

answer

latent learning

question

each and every response is reinforced

answer

continuous reinforcement

question

a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards

answer

Extrinsic Motivation

question

a type of Reinforcer that includes food, water, and shelter

answer

Primary Reinforcer

question

A reinforcer that allows one to attain primary reinforcers

answer

secondary Reinforcer (money)

question

putting on a coat is considered

answer

negative reinforcement

question

Cognitive Map

answer

A mental representation of where we are in space

question

during extinction, what is omitted?

answer

unconditioned Stimulus

question

extinction is designed to make what disappear?

answer

Conditioned response

question

In Watson and Rayner's experiment, the loud noise was what?

answer

Unconditioned stimulus

question

In Watson and Rayner's experiment, the white rat was what?

answer

conditioned stimulus

question

emotional problems, the body's immune response, how animals adapt to their environment, and helping drug addicts all apply to what?

answer

classical conditioning

question

shaping is a ___ technique for ___ a behavior

answer

operant, establishing

question

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

answer

respondent behavior

question

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

answer

operant behavior

question

In pavlov's studies of classical conditioning of dogs, spontaneous recovery occurred when?

answer

When the CS was reintroduced following extinction of the CR and a rest period

question

For operant conditioning to be most effective, when should the reinforcers be presented in relation to the desired response?

answer

immediately after

question

difference between negative reinforcers and punishment:

answer

negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response by the termination of an aversive stimulus

question

commission at a job is what type of reinforcement schedule:

answer

fixed-ratio (you have to do work for it)

question

On an intermittent reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is given in what fashion?

answer

only some of the time

question

You teach your dog to fetch the paper by giving him a cookie each time he does so. this is an example of what?

answer

operant conditioning (he's consciously doing it for the cookie)

question

learning by observing others:

answer

observational learning

question

In promoting observational learning, the most effective models are those that we perceive as what?

answer

similar to ourselves respected and admired successful

question

After exploring a complicated maze for several days, a rat subsequently ran the maze with very few errors when food was placed in the goal box for the first time. this illustrates:

answer

latent learning (consciously pursuing the food)

question

If a class has an exam every three weeks, and the students study the most just before them, and they study the least right after them, what type of schedule does this represent?

answer

fixed-interval

question

Operant conditioning is to who?

answer

Skinner

question

classical conditioning is to who?

answer

Pavlov

question

Online testing systems and interactive software are applications of the operant conditioning principles of:

answer

shaping and immediate reinforcement

question

Gambling is what type of schedule?

answer

variable-ratio (a behavior is required)

question

receiving an approving nod from the boss for a job well done is an example of what?

answer

conditioned reinforcer

question

Experiments on taste-aversion learning demonstrate that:

answer

for the conditioning of certain stimuli, the UCS need not immediately follow the CS

question

violence on television leads to

answer

aggressive behavior

question

The optimal interval between CS and UCS

answer

0.5 seconds

question

Negative reinforcements do what to the likelihood that a response will recur?

answer

increase

question

learning a new behavior occurs most rapidly with

answer

continuous reinforcement (at first)

question

unlike fixed schedules, variable schedules of reinforcement produce

answer

more consistent rates of responding

question

in concerns with the order of UCS as CS

answer

UCS must come before CS

question

Researchers have discovered brain neurons fire when a person performs a task or

answer

when a person observes the task

question

Pavlov's dog's salivation to the bell is the

answer

conditioned response

question

Repeated the CS without the UCS causes

answer

Conditioned Response to disappear (extinction)

question

The lottery is what schedule?

answer

variable ratio

question

Resistance to extinction is encouraged by

answer

intermittent reinforcement

question

giving a bird food closer and closer to your hand

answer

shaping

question

wearing clothes like your brother is an example of

answer

modeling (social learning)

question

Bandura says most human behavior occurs with

answer

observational learning

question

Who conducted the study that had adults beat up dolls in front of kids?

answer

Bandura

question

What did bandura's study demonstrate

answer

Children will imitate aggressive behavior through observation

question

based on things known about modeling on behavior, we cab decrease violence in society if

answer

we decrease violence on TV

question

Learning that occurs without reinforcement demonstrates

answer

latent learning

question

a desire to engage in activity for enjoyment shows

answer

intrinsic motivation

question

it being easier to make a dog bark for food than to make it stand on its hind legs for food is an example of

answer

biological predisposition

question

Thorndikes law of effect:

answer

Response followed by something unpleasant causes that response to be weakened

question

Kids that are taught to fear cars also fear trucks and motorcycles. This shows

answer

generalization

question

pushing a button on a vending machine relates to getting a candy bar. This is an example of:

answer

operant conditioning

question

fear at the sight of a needle is the

answer

conditioned response

question

Skinner is only concerned with

answer

observable behavior

question

for explaining childhood delinquency, Skinner most likely emphasized

answer

faulty childrearing practices

Lancaster AP Psychology: Learning – Flashcards

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