Theories of Social Process and Social Development – Flashcards
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According to social process theories, criminal behavior is
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learned in interaction with others
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Social __________ theories assume that everyone has the potential to violate the law.
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process
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Which of the following is not considered to be one of the most important groups contributing to the process of socialization, according to social process theories?
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acquaintances
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Which of the following theories is not a social process theory?
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strain theory
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According to social learning theory, criminal behavior is
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a product of the social environment
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Differential association theory was developed by
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Edwin Sutherland
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According to differential association theory, criminal behavior is
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learned
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Given the basic principles of differential association theory, which of the following situations is most likely to produce delinquency?
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A juvenile's parents, with whom he is very close, are drug abusers
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According to differential association theory, how does learning criminal behavior differ from learning other types of behavior?
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There is no difference between learning criminal and noncriminal behavior
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Differential association-reinforcement theory was developed by
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Robert Burgess and Ronald Akers
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Burgess and Akers developed
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differential association-reinforcement theory
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The idea that the behaviors of others are observed and modeled is the basis of which of Akers' primary learning mechanisms?
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imitation
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Daniel Glaser developed
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differential identification theory
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Social control theories focus on
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the process through which social integration develops
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According to containment theory, a positive self-image is an important __________ containment.
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inner
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Which of the following is not an example of a push towards crime?
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Perceived rewards from crime
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Reckless considers __________ containment to be far more effective in preventing crime.
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inner
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Self-derogation theory was developed by
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Howard Kaplan
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Social bond theory was popularized by
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Travis Hirschi
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Social bond theory postulates that
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crime occurs when a person's links to society are weakened or broken
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The __________ element of a social bond refers to the amount of energy and effort put into activities with other people.
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commitment
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The __________ element of a social bond refers to a shared value and moral system.
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belief
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Which of the following elements of a social bond is similar to Reckless's concept of meaningful roles?
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involvement
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The aspect of the social bond that sets social bond theory apart from subcultural approaches is
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belief
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The general theory of crime was proposed by
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Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi
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According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime, the key concept in explaining all forms of criminal behavior is
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self-control
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Control balance theory was proposed by
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Charles R. Tittle
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An individual with a control surplus would be most likely to engage in which of the following types of deviant behavior?
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exploitation
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The book Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance was written by
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Howard Becker
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The Women's Christian Temperance Union is an early example of
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moral enterprise
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According to Becker, deviance is
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created by society
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Transitory deviance can be stabilized in a person's behavioral repertoire through
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the labeling process
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Which of the following is not one of the ideas contributed to the criminological literature by labeling theory?
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Deviance is the consequence of a quality inherent in human activity
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According to labeling theory, the major element in determining the criminality of an individual is
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the reaction of society
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According to Becker's typology of delinquents, a person who commits a crime and is caught and punished for that crime is a(n) __________ deviant.
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pure
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The __________ deviant category in Becker's typology demonstrates the power of social definition by the lack of consequences attached to the offense.
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secret
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According to Becker's typology, a person who is punished for a crime he or she did not commit is a(n) __________ deviant.
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falsely accused
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Research by Bernburg and Krohn found that __________ people were more negatively impacted by official processing
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lower class
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Listing the names of drunk drivers on a billboard posted on I-95 is an example of __________ shaming.
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stigmatic
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To "condemn the crime, not the criminal" is the goal of _________ shaming
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reintegrative
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The dramaturgical perspective was developed by
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Erving Goffman
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__________ attempts to teach positive values to juveniles through one-on-one mentoring with favorable adult role models
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JUMP
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Which of the following programs is based on concepts basic to social process theories?
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OJJDP's Juvenile Mentoring Program
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__________ focuses on early childhood risk factors for gang involvement.
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The Montreal Preventive Treatment Program
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Which of the following is not a criticism of differential association theory?
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The theory does not explain the origin of crime and deviance
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Which of the following is not one of the four dimensions of a criminal career?
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intensity
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Life course criminology was given its name in a seminal book written by
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Robert Sampson and John Laub
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Which of the following is not a question that a life course researcher would ask?
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How do individuals make rational choices to commit crimes?
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Which of the following is not one of the three sets of dynamic concepts important to the life course perspective?
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duration
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Which of the following is not one of the three types of activation that are possible?
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desistance
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The dynamic process of __________ refers to the existence of a developmental sequence of activities that increase in seriousness over time.
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aggravation
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The __________ type of activation involves increased continuity over time
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stabilization
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__________ involves a reduction in the variety of offending
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Specialization
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Which of the following is not an example of desistance?
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diversion
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According to Glen Elder, the effect of the Great Depression on children born during that era is an example of the principle of
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historical time and place
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The __________ theory was developed by Laub and Sampson
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age-graded
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The data collected by the Gluecks was recently reanalyzed by
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Robert Sampson and John Laub
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The concept of turning points in a criminal career was first identified by
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G.B. Trasler
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The __________ a person's social capital, the __________ the chance of criminal activity.
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greater; less
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Which of the following factors would not enhance a person's social capital?
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losing a job
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According to Matthew Yeager's research, the strongest indicator of postprison success was
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having a full-time job
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Desistance that occurs without the formal intervention of the criminal justice system is known as __________ desistance.
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unaided
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The theory of delinquent development was outlined by
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David P. Farrington
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The __________ component of desistance involves a reduction in the seriousness of offending.
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deescalation
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According to Wolfgang's analysis of a birth cohort, approximately __________ percent of the cohort members accounted for _________ percent of all arrests
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6/52
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Lawrence E. Cohen and Richard Machelek pioneered the __________ theory.
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evolutionary ecology
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Terence Thornberry developed __________ theory
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interactional
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Which of the following disruptive and antisocial behaviors is likely to be the last to manifest itself in a juvenile?
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association with deviant peers
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Which of the following is not one of the preliminary results of the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency Program?
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Being on welfare is associated with a fairly low risk of delinquency
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According to the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency Program research, the first step on the authority conflict pathway to delinquency is marked by which type of behavior?
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Stubborn behavior
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According to the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency Program research, very young subjects (as young as three years of age) are most likely to be found on the _________ pathway to delinquency.
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authority conflict
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PHDCN is using a(n) __________ research design to study the development of criminal behavior.
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longitudinal
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Targeted Outreach is a program operated by
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the Boys and Girls Clubs of America.
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The primary goal of the __________ program is to provide a positive alternative to gangs for at-risk youth
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Targeted Outreach
