IB Abnormal Psych Learning outcomes – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
1A. To what extent to biological, cognitive, and sociocultural factors influence abnormal behavior
answer
Biology -Kendler (1991) -Strober (2000) -Delgado and Moreno Cognitive -Alloy (1999) Sociocultural -Sanders and Bazalgette (1993) -Marsella (1979)
question
Kendler (1991)
answer
Twin studies on Bulimia Nervosa -Higher rates of correlation between identical twins than fraternal --Therefore, genetics can influence the development of diseases ---However, environment possibly plays a role?
question
Strober (2000)
answer
-Found that first degree relatives of women with bulimia nervosa are 10 times more likely to develop it --However, it is possibly due to exposure and influence to bulimic women as being the social norm
question
Delagdo and Moreno
answer
Correlation between Norepinephrine and Serotonin levels and depression -Lower levels -Isn't causation, depression could cause the levels as well
question
Alloy (1999)
answer
Cognitive patterns affect thinking -Thinking (explanatory) style seen as either positive/negative (global, stable, internal explanatory styles) -Those with negative explanatory styles had a more developed depression --Found via longitudinal studies (6 yrs.)
question
Sanders and Bazalgette (1993)
answer
"Perfect Body Image" -Children played with and then created life size figures of Barbie, Sindy + Little Mermaid -Creations resulted in dolls with tiny hips, waists, and overly long legs (nearly impossible body shapes) -Therefore, displayed that children were already influence by the media at a young age --Possible correlation w/bulimia?
question
Marsella (1979)
answer
-Study; displayed that symptoms of loneliness, isolation, and sadness are all symptoms from Western/ Individualistic Cultures
question
1B. Evaluate psychological research (ie theories/studies) relevant to the study of abnormal behavior
answer
a. Interviews (structured v. unstructured) b. Brain scans (i.e. PET/CAT) --Good/bad (can find things out but methods can be harmful if done too many times) c. Observations (good v bad) -Potential bias in results -Does one take the test when they're in the mood or does the test itself make the person want to confirm disorder
question
2A. Examine the concepts of normality and abnormality
answer
a. Hard to define what is normal/abnormal -Social norms + culture b. Bell curve to define abnormal? -"Normal" on a bell curve isn't always good c. Rosenhan and Seligman (1984) d. Jahoda (1958) e. Medical Model f. Diathesis-Stress Model g. Engel (1977)
question
Rosenhan + Seligman
answer
7 criteria utilized to define abnormality 1) Suffering (individual) 2) Maladaptiveness (indv.) 3) Irrationality (indv.) 4) Unpredictability (indv.) 5) Vividness and Unconventionality (social) 6) Observer Discomfort (social norms) 7) Violation of moral or ideal standards (social norms) -Criteria attempts to maintain balance between individual distress and society -Danger of social judgments in diagnosis --habits/diagnosis of ethical minorities have been incorrect before
question
Jahoda (1958)
answer
Mental Health Criterion -Define abnormal through defining normal 1) Efficient self perception 2) Realistic self-esteem + acceptance 3) Voluntary Control of behavior 4) True Perception of the World 5) Sustaining relationships and giving affection 6) Self-Direction and Productivity - What exactly does the criteria mean (ambiguous) -The unemployed lack most of these criteria --potentially why so many mentally ill individuals are unemployed?
question
Medical Model
answer
-All abnormality has a physiological origin (aka biological model) -Problematic + Potentially biased --i.e. Soviet Union psychiatrists diagnosed rebels as schizophrenic -Implies that one isn't responsible for their sickness
question
Diathesis-Stress Model
answer
Someone is predisposed through biology for a disorder, which is then triggered by environmental stress
question
Engel (1977)
answer
Biopsychosocial model (most common) -incorporates biological, psychological and social factors in diagnosis and formation of disorders
question
2B. Discuss Validity and reliability of diagnosis
answer
a) Diagnosing disorders -Observation of behavior -Brain scanning techniques (ie CAT/MRI) --Prominent in schizophrenia + Alzheimer's disease -Psychological Testing (MMPI-2) + IQ testing -Patient's subjective description or problem --Can be unreliable (patient may not actually know they're mentally ill) -Interviews (structured v unstructured) -Mental Health exam carried out based on evaluation of patient response b. Kleinmutz (1967) c. Rosenhan (1973) d. Beck (1962) e. Cooper (1972)
question
Kleinmutz (1967)
answer
-Limitations of interviews/ patient psychologist relationship --Exchange of info may be blocked if: 1) Lack of respect between patient/clinician 2) Patient feels anxious/preoccupied in environment 3)Clinician fails to support client via experience, theoretical orientation, or style of interview
question
Rosenhan (1973)
answer
Effects of Labeling and Diagnosis -Confederates of experiment went to mental institution and claimed they were hearing voices (schizophrenia) - After some were diagnosed, they said they felt fine -Were not allowed out immediately, were in mental hospital until released later (average 19 days) -Upon finding out about experiment, mental institution challenged Rosenhan to send more "fake" patients. -41 patients deemed fake by at least 1 staff member -Rosenhan sent no one to hospital at all -Displays the potential inaccuracy of diagnosis
question
Beck (1962)
answer
-found only a 54% agreement between 2 psychiatrists on diagnosis of 153 patients -Displays the ambiguity of diagnosis
question
Cooper (1972)
answer
-Sociocultural --Found NY psychiatrists were twice as likely to diagnose schizophrenia than those in London -London more likely to diagnose depression
question
2C. Discuss cultural and ethical considerations in diagnosis (i.e. cultural variation + stigmatization)
answer
a. Effects of attitudes/prejudice on diagnosis -again, minorities may be diagnosed incorrectly due to different social norms b. Kleinmann (1984) c. Important for clinicians to be multicultural and multilingual in order to understand different explanations of mental disorders d. Jenkins-Hall + Sacco (1991)
question
Kleinmann (1984)
answer
-Diagnosis in Chinese Depression Patients (sociocultural) a) Chinese patients express physical symptoms (somatic) b) Depression = Lower back pain c) Different from Western cultures (expression via sadness/guilt)
question
Jenkins-Hall + Sacco (1991)
answer
Display of Potential racial +ethnic discriminations in diagnosis African-American clients were more negatively rated in competence & more likely to be diagnosed by white clinicians
question
3A. Describe symptoms/prevalence of one disorder from two of the following groups
answer
a) Anxiety Disorders -Phobic, Panic, Stress, Generalized Anxiety, OCD b) Affective (Mood) Disorders -Depression, Bipolar, and Mania
question
Phobic Disorder
answer
-Exaggerated, persistent, irrational fears of particular object, event, or setting -Specific Phobia: fear of objects, places, conditions -Social Phobia: extreme fear of being embarrassed, criticized, or negatively evaluated which leads to avoidance of groups & situations -Agoraphobia: intense fear of open spaces or of being in public when escape might be difficult ---Many have a history of panic disorder
question
Panic Disorder
answer
-Characterized by brief, abrupt, and unprovoked recurrent episodes of intense and uncontrollable anxiety -People may fear losing control of themselves or dying -Panic attacks
question
OCD
answer
-Characterized by unwanted, persistent thoughts & irresistible impulses to perform a ritual to relieve anxiety that is caused by thoughts -Obsession: unwanted, persistent thought -Compulsion: irresistible impulse/behavior
question
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
answer
-Characterized by persistent, constant, & often debilitating levels of anxiety -No specific trigger
question
Depression
answer
-Low mood that lasts nearly every day for a couple years or more -Lack of energy, unhappiness, lack of interest in usually enjoyable activities -Depressed people explain things (explanatory style): ---Stable terms: mood will last ---Global: affects everything I do ---Internal: all result of my own behavior -Mood Congruent Memory -Affects 5-9% of population each year --Females 2x more likely --Suicidal thoughts more common --People with mental disorders 3x more likely to commit suicide -Males more likely to carry through while females are more likely to threaten to do so
question
Bipolar
answer
-Alternating between depression & mania --Much more rare than depression
question
Mania
answer
-"mad excitement" extreme agitation, restlessness, rapid speech, trouble concentrating -Flight of ideas: thoughts & speech move so rapidly, no uniting concept -May have delusions of having great power
question
3B. Analyze Etiologies (causes) of one disorder from two of the following groups (via bio, cog, or social factors)
answer
Phobic + Affective Disorders
question
Phobic Disorders
answer
1) Biological a) Action of neurotransmitters + hormones which simulate flight/fight -potential lack/excess of serotonin -Some brain structures function differently b)Seligman (1971) c) Cook (1989) d) Genetic susceptibility 2) Cognitive a) Beck + Emery Model b) Bandura Self-Efficacy theory 3) Sociocultural a) Davey (1998) b) Arrindell (2003) c) Chapman
question
Seligman (1971)
answer
-Some fears are based off evolutionary necessity (i.e. fear of the dark)
question
Cook (1989)
answer
conditioned Rhesus monkeys by making them watching other monkeys reacting fearfully to snakes, crocodiles, flowers, & bunnies. -Monkeys reacted only to the crocodiles + snakes --Meaning the fear is genetically passed on? -at least a predisposition
question
Beck and Emery Model
answer
based off cognitive schemas -increased perception of something as a threat --Therefore, stimulation of fear response
question
Bandura Self Efficacy Theory (1977)
answer
-Extent to which people believe in their own ability --Phobic people can believe that they can overcome + alleviate their phobia
question
Davey (1998)
answer
Fear + disgust of certain animals lower in India than Japan
question
Arrindell (2003)
answer
-Masculinity may increase phobias --More masculine= higher rate of agoraphobia --More feminine= Lower rates
question
Chapman
answer
-African Americans were more phobic of natural things -Caucasians feared more situational things
question
Affective Disorders (Depression)
answer
1) Biological Nurnvenger + Gershon, Duenwald (2003), Janowsky, Lacasse + Leo 2) Cognitive Ellis, Beck, Alloy (1999) Sociocultural Brown + Harris, Diathesis-Stress model, Murphy (1967), Kleinmann (1984), Marsella (1979)
question
Nurnverger + Gershon
answer
-identical twins display consistently higher rates of depression than fraternal twins
question
Duenwald (2003)
answer
shorter variant of 5HTT Gene = higher risk of depression -5HTT Gene = serotonin creation
question
Janowsky
answer
Patients given synthetic neurotransmitter physostigmine (reduces acetylcholine metabolism) -Had extreme depressive reactions, therefore suggests depression is caused by neurotransmitter imbalance -Ethics: Harmful to participant, an extreme violation of ethics
question
Lacasse + Leo
answer
-Neurotransmitter imbalance/deficiency is actually NOT a cause for depression --Serotonin imbalance cannot be measured
question
Ellis
answer
-Cognitive style theory --Depression comes fro disturbances in rational thinking -also comes from irrational thinking
question
Beck
answer
Cognitive distortions + biases on how info is processed -Schema (self-concept) distorts how info is processed --Depressed patients have negative cognitive thought (why self serving bias doesn't apply to depression patients)
question
Brown + Harris
answer
MANY women experiencing depression usually had severe life event
question
Murphy (1967)
answer
Looked cross culturally in 30+ countries --- Came up w/common symptoms of depression
question
3C. Discuss cultural and gender variations in prevalence of disorders
answer
-Females more likely to be afflicted by depression + phobic disorders -Brown + Harris -Arrindell (2003) -Kleinmann (1984) -Davey (1998) -Chapman -Sanders and Bazalgette (1993) -Marsella (1979)
