HDFS 201 Final Study - Flashcards

Q: The foundation of cognitive theory is

person\'s thoughts and expectations

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What is epigenetics?

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the study of how the environment affects which genes are expressed

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Experiments allow researchers to

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determine a cause-and-effect relationship

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Dr. Towne believes that heredity is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. West believes that environmental influences are primarily responsible for personality traits. They are on different sides of the __________ debate.

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nature versus nurture

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Which example best illustrates a critical period?

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a fetus developing fingers and toes between twenty-eight and fifty-four days in utero

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Jameel has a college degree, lives in a nice neighborhood, and earns more than $50,000 a year. This information defines his

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socioeconomic status

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The life-span perspective takes into account development from

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conception to death

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High school classmates are part of the same

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cohort

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According to Vygotsky, the skills, knowledge, and concepts that the learner is close to acquiring but cannot yet master without help is referred to as

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the zone of proximal development

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According to evolutionary theory, people

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are driven to survive and reproduce

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The teacher praised the students for their good work on the spelling test. The teacher hopes that the praise will encourage the students to study hard for the next spelling test. In this example, praise is operating as a

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reinforcement

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A perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data is

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the information-processing theory

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Jimmy watches his friend kick a soccer ball into the goal. Later that day, Jimmy finds a soccer ball and proceeds to kick it into the goal. Jimmy most likely engaged in the same behavior as his friend due to

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modeling

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The foundation of cognitive theory is

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person's thoughts and expectations

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The approach taken by most developmentalists, in which they apply aspects of each of the various theories of development rather than adhering exclusively to one theory, is referred to as the __________ perspective.

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eclectic

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The foundation of psychoanalytic theory is

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inner drives, motives, and unconscious needs

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An XX pattern in the twenty-third pair of chromosomes indicates the fetus will

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Be female

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Sperm and ova are both

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Gametes

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__________ refers to a trait that is affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental, that enhance, halt, shape, or alter the expression of genes, resulting in a phenotype that may differ markedly from the genotype.

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Multifactorial

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A small section of a chromosome that is the basic unit for the transmission of heredity is a

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gene

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Michelle and Greg are having a baby and are hoping for a boy. Who is responsible for determining the sex of the baby?

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Greg

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One of the genes for eye color from the mother matches exactly with a gene from the father at the moment of conception. This pair of genes is said to be

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homozygous

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Phenotype refers to

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the actual expression of genetic traits

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What are the five vital signs that are evaluated in the Apgar?

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heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes

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Babies considered small for their gestational age (SGA)

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weigh less than expected, given the length of pregnancy

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In the third stage of labor, the

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placenta is delivered

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The age of viability refers to the point when the preterm newborn

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can survive outside the womb

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In order, what are the three main periods of prenatal growth?

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germinal, embryonic, fetal

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n early prenatal/fetal development, the neural tube will become the

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brain and spinal cord

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When infants turn their heads and suck in response to a touch on the cheek, they are demonstrating the

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rooting reflex

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Some teratogens have a threshold effect, which means that they are

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harmless until exposure reaches a certain level

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A typical newborn will sleep about

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sixteen hours a day

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Studies comparing breast-feeding and bottle-feeding show that

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breast-fed babies have fewer allergies and stomachaches

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The sense that is least developed at birth is

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vision

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Brain functions that result from normal day-to-day experiences of an infant's life are called

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experience-expectant

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The average newborn doubles her birthweight in Correct!

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four months

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On average, which skill does an infant develop last?

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Standing alone without holding

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The brain develops extremely quickly in the first few years, but not all of this growth is permanent. Due to its rapidity in nature, this rapid brain growth is called.

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Transient exuberance

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Children reach half of their adult height by age

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two

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Becky is a b four-month-old infant whose mother uses a high pitched vioce, simple words or phases, and lots of repetitiion when she speaks. Becky delights in her mother's use of

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Child-directed speech

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During the sensorimotor stage, the main task is to?

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Us senses and motor skills to understand the world

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Darius is learning the names of two or three new objects or events everyday. This rapid increase in vocabulary is refered to as _______ explosion

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Naming

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Infant memory is characterized by ___ memory: ___ memory begins to appear between six and twelve months

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implicit: explicit

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The usual order of the development of spoken language is

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reflexes, cooing, babbling and spoken words.

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Infants' repttition of certain syllables at the age of about six or seven months is called

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Babbling

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Th e infant's first sensorimotor activities are

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reflexes

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Harry's mother left him for a few minutes. When she returned Harry climbed into her lap and then resumed playing. Harry is probably ___ attached child

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Securely

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THe inborn differences between people in emotions, self-regulations and activities are called

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Temperament

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Which of the following statements is correct

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An eleven-month-old baby may show anxiety when its mother goes into another room

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typically, stranger wariness is first noticeable at ___ months

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Nine

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When parents find a way to provide a smooth interaction between their child's temperament and his social, family, and school life, they have provided

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Goodness of fit

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A baby searched the face of her parents to see how to respond in unfamiliar situations. This is called

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Social referencing

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In Erikson's theory, the infant earliest task is described as that of

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Learning trust or mistrust

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Regina is easily disturbed, unhappy, and cried a lot. Regina's temperament can probably be described as

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Difficult

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The process through which axons become coated with a fatty substance that speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses is called

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myelination

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The specialization of the functioning of two halves of the brain is called

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Lateralixation

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Jesse's home life was extremely stressful and physically abusive until he was places in foster care at the age of six. Upon entering the first grade, it became apparent that Jesse suffered some learning and memory deficits. Which of the following would be best to explain these deficits?

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Jesse's hippocampus failed to develop correctly

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the increased activity of the amygdala is a reason that children during the play years (2-6) experience

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Frightening nightmares

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Gross motor skils, such as riding tricycle, are acquires

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through a combination of brain maturation and practice

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Jody, age five, insists on having all of the different foods on he plate separated. If they touch she insists on a clean plate Jody's parents are concerned about this behavior. What advice would you offer them?

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Don't worry Jody will grow out of this

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A child's appetite ___ between the ages of two and six

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Decreases

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Because of fast mapping, a prescholer

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Learns some words after a single exposure to the,

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Piaget believed that between the ages 2 and 6 it is difficult for children to think

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Logically

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Researchers now believe that Piagets __ cognition in infancy and early childhood

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Underestimated

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A child is shown two identical tall containers, both half-filled with water. The contents of one container are then poured into a short, wide container If the child states that both containers stillhave the same amount then the child understand the concept of

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conservation

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Preschoolers have a tendency to try to make u a reason why things that they see and hear occur. This tendency is known as

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theory-theory

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According to Vygotsky, the internal dialogue that we have with ourselves wither silently or out loud is reffered to as

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private speech

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When three-year-old eric is shown a candy box and asked what is inside, he is probably answer 'candy". When he is shown that there are actually pencils inside, Eric will probably

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say that he though there would be pencils inside

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researchers on spanking suggest that it is quick and efficient at age 2 or 3 and that

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It may have negative repercussions later

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Jared age 5 describes himself as a good soccer player with black hair who laughs a lot. His desciption demonstrates his developing

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self-concept

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Billy and Rodney are both building toys out of legos, but they are sitting apart, each with their own set of blocks. What type of play is this?

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Parallel play

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Jose is very warm and nurturing of his children. He loves hem very much and does not believe in punishment of any sort. Which type of parent is Jose?

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Permissive

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Four-year-old Amelia wants to play with her brother Garth's trucks, Garth is six, and tells her she cant play with them because shes girl. Garth refusal is based on his

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gender schema

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What example of reactive aggression?

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Joanne hits Lexie after Lexie bumps into her during a game of catch.

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Aggression used to obtain or retain a toy or other object is called

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instrumental aggression

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Karen is trying to determine how long her four-year-old daughter should sit in time-out for delibertately pouring her juice on the floor. If she used the suggested estimate, her daughter will be in time-out for

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four mintues

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You left your home thirty minutes ago and arrived safely at school. However, you cannot remember actually driving there. What aspect of brain development could explain this?

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Automatization

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What is the term for learning disability related to math

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Dyscalculia

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The ability to concentrate n some stimuli while ignoring others is referred to as

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selective attention

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When hyperactive children are given stimulants such as amphetamines, many of them respond by

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Calming down

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When you look at the rate of growth for children from ages 6 to 11, you see that

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Children grow more slowly than they did in early childhood

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According to Vygotsky, which of the following could be an instructor to a 6 yer old child?

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10 year old, grandparents, and art teachers (all of them)

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Barbara is in the third grade, she spends many hours rehearsing her math skills, reading books, and collecting bugs. Even though these activities may seem boring, they are all part of Barbara's developing healthy sense of

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Industry

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Identify the statement that demonstrates the principle of reversibility

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Addition can be used to undo subtraction

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With concrete operational thought, children can

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Think logically about tangible things

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The component of the information-processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs is in the

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Working memory

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Liv is an extremely shy and anxious eight year old. Other children seem to dislike her. She appears to be an

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Withdrawn-rejected child

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The child who weathers severe family problems, even abuse and yet emerges from those experience unscathed is said to be

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resillient

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because schoolchildren judge their own talents and limitations more realistically than reschoolers

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their self-esteem my suffer as thy compare them-selves to others

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Research shows that child is most likely to be a victim of bullying if the child is

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withdrawn-rejected

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Bullying differs from ordinary aggression because bulling attacks are

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repeated

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Young adults rarely experience serious illness because which three systems of body functioning tend to work in harmony?

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Organ reserve, homeostasis, allstasis

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Generally, emerging adulthood is characerized by__ health

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Good to excellent

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Layla has not been interested in her favorite activities for several weeks. She has trouble sleeping and concentrating. She has also felt very hopeless about the future. Layla may be experiencing

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major depression

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Risk-taking during emerging adulthood

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may benefit or harm society

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Which of the following statements is true about emerging adulthood?

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this development stage has not only existed, it is a time between full body growth and full adult roles, and universal trends, including longer education tracks and later first-time parenthood, have "created" this stage

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Cognitively, what is needed to counter stereotypes?

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Flexibility

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The worry that one's appearance or behavior will be misused to confirm another person;s oversimplified, prejudiced attitude is refered to as

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stereotype threat

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Michelle begins an essay for her composition class y saying that knowing he truth sets people free. In her next paragraph, she explains that knowning that truth often involves learning about limitations and constraints on freedom. In er third paragraph, Michelle integrates these two perspectives. Michelle's essay demonstrates

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dialectical thinking

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During emerging adulthood, religious services attendance becomes __ frequent and the development of religious convictions become __ frequent

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Less: more

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Talal is twenty three years old and work in an entry-level sales position at a local company If he is typical in the next few years, he will

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change jobs perhaps several times

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Within the context of a male- male friendship, men tend to

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expect practical advice

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Research ha found that cohabitation prior to marriage

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increase the likeihood of divorce

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Intimacy is the desire for

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Social connection

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Bart is twenty one years old and is not sure what kind of work he would like to do after college. Like many american's his age Bart has not yet developed a ___ identity

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Vocational

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In middle adulthood, a person is most apt to lose

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nearly an inch in height

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The first visible signs of senescence are usually observed in a person's

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skin

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In an aging brain

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Reactions time lengthens

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The term andropause, or "male menopause" is sometime used to refer to

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the age-related reduction in testosterone

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If he typical, a forty five year old man will probably state that he feels ___ his chronological age

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five to ten years younger

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Intelligence that reflects accumulated learning is referred to as

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Crystallized intelligence

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Major stressors and daily hassles

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can impair cognitive functioning

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To solve aprobelm in his or her speciallized area, the expert is more likely than the novice to

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rely on past experiences

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According to Sternberg, analytic intelligence involves

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Abstract planning, focused attention, and verbal and logicl skills

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Which statement about fluid intelligence is true?

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I it quick and flexible

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Samuel is moody, anxious, and self-punishing. Samuel is high in

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Neuroticism

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Mel is a retired stockbroker who enjoys tutoring children at the local YMCA after school. He s demonstrating the psychosocial stage of

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Generactivity versus stagnation

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Kim moved acrss the county to advance her career. Though she moved alone, she soon developed a group of coworkers and friends who become like family to her. They served as her

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Social convoy

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Since they called on to help both the older and younger generations of the family, middle age adults have been called the

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Sandwich generation

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Which personality trait tends to increase with age

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Agreeableness

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Ageism impacts the elderly by

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Undermining their feelings of competence and self-esteem

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Maximum life span is defined as the

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Upper limit to which members of a species can live

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Primary aging refers to age-related changes that

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Inevitable take place as time goes by

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Using elderspeak when engaging in conversation with an older adult

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is demeaning

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Vascular dementia is caused by

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insufficient supply of blood to the brain

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Which of the following i most affected by brain shrinkag

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Multitasking

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The most important nogenetic factor is preventing cognitive impairment in late adulthood is

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exercise

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Loss of working memory is particularly likely to affect the ability to

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repeat a series of numbers just heard

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Brad has added a room to his house in anticipation o his elderly parents moving in with him. As their oldest son, he feels obligated to proved care for them put of a sense of

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filial responsiility

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What is one of the reasons that elder abuse is sometimes difficult to identify?

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The definition of what constitutes abuse is not clearly defined

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Yvette looks back at her life with pride, even though some aspects of her personal history include errors on her part. Yvette is in the stage that Erikson called

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Integrity versus despair

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The m controversial version of social stratification theory is ___, in part because it can be used to justify ageism and social isolation

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Disengagement

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Grandparents who are active in their daily live of their grandchildren are said to be ____ grandparents

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Involved

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The goal of palliative care is to

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relieve patients from pain and suffering

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One hundred years ago, most people died _____, while today, they most often die in a hospital

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At home

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