Genetics Chapter 1 and 2 – Flashcards
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genome
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the DNA in all of our chromosomes (CGAT) 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs 20-25,000 genes
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GFP
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green florescent protein, cloning, insulin, DNA fingerprinting, and other unique applications of genetics
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Genetics
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science that deals with heredity and variation. studty of genes=units of heredity.
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gene
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segment of DNA that creates a functional unit (polypeptide)
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traits
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characteristics of an organism as dictated by genes
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cellular macromolecules
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1) nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) 2) proteins 3)carbohydrates 4)lipids
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proteome
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all the proteins that a cell makes
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DNA
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deoxyrhibonucleic acid, stores information for synthesis of cellular proteins, composed of nucleotides Adonene, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. Combine into genetic code
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enzymes
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proteins that accelerate cellular reactions. 1)catabolic 2)anabolic
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amino acid
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three base sequence, 20 possible
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chromosome
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DNA in double stranded structure w/ around 1000 different genes in humans
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gene expression
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genes--->traits
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transcription
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DNA copied into mRNA
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translation
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RNA used to synthesize polypeptide
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morphological trait
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effects physical appearence
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Physioloical traitg
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effect an organisms ability to function
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Behavioral traits
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effect the way an organism responds to its environment
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levels of biological organization
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1) molecular level- production of proteins 2) cellular level- how proteins effect cell function 3) organism level- organisms traits 4) population level- occurence of trait within a population
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species
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a group of organisms that maintains a distinctive set of attributes in nature
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alleles
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variations of a specific gene
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genetic variation
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difference in traits among individuals of a population.
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morphs
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contrasting forms within a single species
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gene mutations
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small or large differences in gene sequences, leading to different alleles.
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types of genetic variation
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1) mutation 2) chromosomal change 3) difference in chromosome #
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environment
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the surroundings in which an organism exists influence gene expression.
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norm of reaction
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the effects of environmental variation on an individual's traits.
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phenelketonuria (PKU)
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Mutation of gene that produces phenylalinine hydroxilase that results in a nonfunctional protien. Phenylketones
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diploid
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two copies of each chromosome, called homologs.
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somatic cells
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non sexual, diploid
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gametes
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sperm and egg cells, are haploid.
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biological evolution
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genetic makeup of a population change from one generation to the next.
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natural selection
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survival of the fittest
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model organisms
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organisms studied through many different lenses that are used as a basis of comparison. Used to determine genetic mechanisms.
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transmission genetics
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patterns of heredity and genetic transmission explored through genetic crosses
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molecular genetics
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how genetic material works at a molecular level
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population genetics
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genetic approach
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study of mutant genes with abnormal function, commonly loss of function muttions and alleles.
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population genetics
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genetic variation and its role in evolution.
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types of scientific inquiry
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1) hypothesis testing/scientific method 2) discovery based research
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pangenisis
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hiransmitted to offspring from all parts of the bodyppocrates, seeds t
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blending inheritance
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pioneered by Kolreuter, suggestedblended traits passed on from generation to generation.
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hybridization experiment
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the crossing of two individuals with distinct characteristics
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pea fornication and bjs
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anthers---->pollen grais---->sperm stigma--->ovaries---->ovules---->eggs pollen tube grows into micropyle, 1 sperm units w/ egg, other w/ two polar nuclei, to form 3n endosperm nucleus and 2n zygote.
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pea parts
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sepal, style, ovule, ovary, anther, stigma, keel, petals
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types of fertilization
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self vs. cross, true strains of 7 distinct characteristics. Monohybrid vs dehybrid crosses
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empirical approach
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systematic, mathematical approach to deducing emperical rules
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P generation
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true breeding generation, crossed to make an F1 generation, than bread to make F2 generation.
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trait types
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dominant vs recssive alleles
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particulate theory of inheritance
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genes remain unchanged through process of inheritance;discrete units
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mendel's law of segregation
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the two copies of a gene segregate from each other during transmission from parent to adult
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genotype vs phenotype
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genetic vs physical aspect of inheritance
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punnet square
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pg 24
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mendel's law of independent assortment
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two different genes will randomly assort their alleles during the formation of haploid cell. 9:3:3:1 phenotypic rehation in F2 dihybrid.
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genetic recombination
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offspring recieves combination of alleles that differs from the perental generation. 1) independant assortment 2) crossing over
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# of gametes
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2^n where n = pairs of chromosomes 2^ the number of traits per parent ^2 = # of squares in punnet square.
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multiplication/forked line method
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law of segregation
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ringtwo copies of a gene segregate from one another during transmission fro parent to offsp3:1 ratio
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gene
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unit of heredity
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allele
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different versions of the same gene.
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dihybrid/two factor crosses
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nonparentals have traits not found in true breeding plants. 9:3:3:1
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genetic recombination
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offspring different to parents
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dihybrid test cross
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mated to doubly homozygous recessive individual.
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loss of function allele
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defective copy of a gene that effects the phenotype
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pedigree analysis
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family tree intended to find pattrn of human ineritance
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cystic fibrosis
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abnormalities of internal organs, mendelian recessive inheritance. CFTR protein regulates cell membrane equilibrium
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random sampling error
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deviation betwee expected and observed
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sum rule
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for mutually exclusive events (or)
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congenital analgesia
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no pain
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product rule
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independent events (and) can be used to find the probability of multiple independently assorting genes.
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binomial expansion equation
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represents all of the posibilities for a given set of unordered events.(see pg 33)
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hypothesis testing
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good ness of fit and null hypothesis=no difference between observed and expected values. see pg 33 for chi square test
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drosophila melanogaster
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fruit fly
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wild type allele
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dominant allele
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p values
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determine whether an event is statistically significant
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degrees of freedom
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n-1
