question

Chapter 7

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Memory

question

The fact that people usually correctly remember where they were when they learned of the September 11th attacks but are less exact about what they were doing or who told them, leads researchers to believe that --, while not completely reliable, contain "substantial kernels of accuracy." - flashbulb memories - initial recollection - source monitoring - recovered memories

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flashbulb memories

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Which of the following can account for the fact that some people believe they have engaged in a particular action when, in fact, they watched someone else perform that action? - source monitoring failure - eidetic imagery error - memory retrieval error - ego enhancing fantasy

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source monitoring failure

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Scientists devise -- in order to ensure that the memories elicited in their false-memory-implantation experiments are actually false. - statistical estimates - existence proofs - cryptomnesia proofs - plausibility estimates

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existence proofs

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Elizabeth Loftus found that -- encourages patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place. - distributed study - cryptomnesia - plausibility theories - suggestive memory technique

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suggestive memory technique

question

Due to a psychological condition called --, when someone witnesses a crime in which a gun was involved, their description of the criminal's face can be less accurate than if they had felt less threatened.

answer

weapon focus

question

Chapter 8

answer

Thinking, Reasoning, and Language

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Because we process so much information every day, our brains have become -- in order to economize our mental effort. - stingy thinkers - lazy - simplistic - cognitive misers

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cognitive misers

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Mental activities such as learning, remembering, perceiving, communicating, believing, and deciding can all be included under the overarching term - thinking - heuristics - consciousness - cogitation

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thinking

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The term "mondergreen" refers to certain song lyrics that are commonly misheard as completely different strings of words, often combinations that make no sense. Mondergreens are an example of -- processing. - perceptual - sideways - bottom-up - top-down

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top-down

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When we seek out evidence that supports an opinion or belief that we already hold, we are using - hindsight bias - top-down processing - system 1 - confirmation bias

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confirmation bias

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When we make a guess as to how likely something is to happen based on how quickly the answer comes to mind we are using - the representativeness heuristic - system 2 - the availability heuristic - cognitive bias

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the availability heuristic

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What new field tries to incorporate scientific evidence into the decision-making process for businesses? - neuroeconomics - corporate delibertaion - framing science - decision management

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decision management

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How a question is worded can make a big difference in how we answer it, as advertisers and marketers have known for quite a while. This is called - convincing - phrasing - framing - manipulating

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framing

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Which term means a step-by-step process of learned procedures we can use to solve particular problems? - algorithms - mental sets - functional fixedness - salience of surface similarities

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algorithms

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In the study where people were asked to figure out how to mount a candle on the wall when they were given only a candle, a book of matches, and a box of tacks, what concept was being tested? - functional fixedness - availability heuristic - computer model - mental set

answer

functional fixedness

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Neuroimaging studies of the brain show that the sensory areas become active when we think about objects, actions, and events. This is consistent with the -- view of thinking. - emotional - computer model - disambiguation - embodied

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embodied

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Chapter 9

answer

Intelligence and IQ Testing

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Which of the following terms refers to the capacity to learn new ways to solve problems, a capacity that tends to decline with age? - general intelligence - crystalized intelligence - specifici abilities - fluid intelligence

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fluid intelligence

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Gardener believed that his theory of multiple intelligences was supported by the existence of people who had remarkable abilities in one or two areas but significantly less in others, called -- - noble savages - feral children - autistic savants - idiot savants

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autistic savants

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Spearman did not believe that g or "general intelligence" explained everything. He posited the existence of another factor that he called "s" for --, which would govern how well we perform in a particular domain. - sensitivity to context - special intelligence - specific intelligence - skills acquisition

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specific intelligence

question

What part of the brain did investigators note were "highly g-loaded" for reasoning tasks? - prefrontal cortex - right parietal lobe - left parietal lobe - hypothalamus

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prefrontal cortex

question

One study using structural MRI on highly intelligent 7-year-olds (with IQs in the top 10 percent) shows that they have a -- than other children do, although it changes rapidly up to age 12. - larger brain mass - thinner cerebral cortex - larger frontal lobes - thicker anterior cortex

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thinner cerebral cortex

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It is not useful to estimate IQ based on self-reports because people with -- may well overestimate their own abilities. - poor hindsight bias - autistic savantism - poor metacognitive skills - just average intelligence

answer

poor metacognitive skills

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Which IQ test, first published in 1916, was originally developed for children but since extended to adults, and involves testing vocabulary and memory for pictures, naming familiar objects, repeating sentences, and following commands? - Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Raben's Progressive Matrices - Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Stanford-Binet

answer

Stanford-Binet

question

During the eugenics movement in the 1920s, laws were passed in 33 U.S. states requiring the -- of people with low IQs. - incarceration - institutionalization - mercy killing - sterilization

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sterilization

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The concept of Restriction of Range likely accounts for the fact that SATs and GREs are most effective t predicting the success of students in - their first year - their senior year - mathand science majors - graduate programs

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their first yaer

question

A group of 1,500 junior high school students with IQs of 135 or higher were known as -- after the researcher who studied them over several decades. - goldens - spiders - soldier ants - termites

answer

termites

question

Studies of twins raised apart showed that intelligence correlations between these siblings was -- those raised together. - slightly higher than - somewhat less than - significantly different from - similar to

answer

similar to

question

Although many types of studies show that IQ is heritable (runs in families), there is one situation in which this does not appear to be the case. This is for people, especially children, who - are fraternal rather than identical twins - do not get along with their family members - live at or below the poverty line - are more highly educated than their siblings

answer

live at or below the poverty line

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People who believe intelligence is -- tend to take more academic risks. - fixed - pervasive - persistent - flexible

answer

flexible

question

The average IQ of the population has been rising by about 3 points per decade. This phenomenon, named for the researcher who discovered it, is called the -- - Binet manifold - Skinner increase - Flynn effect - Termite effect

answer

Flynn effect

question

In a test of --, researchers told teachers that 20 percent of children who had taken an IQ test were "bloomers" who would soon reach their full intellectual potential, even though in reality those children were no different from the other children. Later in the year, those children tested 4 points higher than the rest of the group. - test-taking practice - the effect of lying on education - expectancy effects - bloomer identification

answer

expectancy effects

question

Chapter 6

answer

Learning

question

Ivan Pavlov discovered -- while conducting research on digestion in dogs. - unconditioned stimulus - habituation - classical conditioning - sensitization

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classical conditioning

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The process whereby someone responds less strongly over time to a given stimulus and which human fetuses display as early as 32 weeks is called -- - habituation - aplysia - higher-order conditioning - sensitization

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habituation

question

During the acquisition phase of classical conditioning, when the pairing of the CS and the UCS are closer in time, learning occurs -- - more slowly - more reliably - less reliably - more quickly

answer

more quickly

question

Pavlov discovered a phenomenon of classical conditioning called --, which means that a similar stimulus can elicit the same response as the conditioned stimulus. - stimulus discrimination - stimulus generalization - acquisition - renewal effect

answer

stimulus generalization

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Who was the subject of the ethnically questionable study of classical conditioning in which an infant was conditioned to fear white, furry objects? - Baby Hughie - Little Richard - Little Albert - Baby Jane

answer

Little Albert

question

In operant conditioning, the response of the organism to the stimulus is -- - adaptive - elicited automatically - emitted voluntarily - contingent on behavior

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emitted voluntarily

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Thorndike's puzzle box demonstrated that cats learn by - insight - observation - instinctive drift - trial and error

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trial and error

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B.F. Skinner was able to produce what he called -- in pigeons by delivering reinforcement in the form of food regardless of what the birds did. - triskaidekphobia - performance anxiety - superstitious behavior - random acts

answer

superstitious behavior

question

Which term describes a stimulus that signals the presence of reinforcement? - discriminative stimulus - stimulus discrimination - stimulus generalization - extinction

answer

discriminative stimulus

question

The persistence of anxiety disorders can be explained by the -- theory, because phobias created by classical conditioning are negatively reinforced by avoidance behavior. - higher-order - latent learning - two-process - preparedness and phobias

answer

two-process

question

How someone responds to something depends on his or her interpretation of what it means. This is the underlying difference that distinguishes - higher-order conditioning - S-R psychology - behaviorism - S-O-R psychology

answer

S-O-R psychology

question

While watching some friends skateboarding, you wince in empathy when one of them falls and scrapes his leg very badly. This is the result of the firing of your mirror neurons, which are found in what part of the brain? - occipital lobe - cerebellum - parietal lobe - prefrontal cortex

answer

prefrontal cortex

question

Tolman and Honzik used a maze to discover -- in rats, demonstrating that reinforcement isn't necessary for learning. - insight learning - accelerated learning - latent learning - discovery learning

answer

latent learning

question

According to B.F. Skinner, different people react differently to the same stimulus, such as receiving criticism, because of their - learning styles - behavior modification - learning histories - insight into their own preparedness

answer

learning histories

question

When we suddenly see the solution to a problem and get that "aha reaction," we have learned something through - cause-and-effect - observation - insight - trial-and-error

answer

insight

question

Chapter 11

answer

Emotion and Motivation

question

Which theory posits that people have just a few emotions that combine in many complex ways? - Discrete emotions theory - Conservative evolution theory - Cognitive theories of emotion - Minimal limbic response theory

answer

Discrete emotions theory

question

Support for the -- theory has been mixed because other research shows that although arousal can make an emotion stronger, some emotions happen without it. - two-factor - James-Lange - somatic marker - Cannon-Bard

answer

two-factor

question

Carol meets Andy and Brad outside of her psychology classroom. Both young men smile at her, but when Brad smiles, he uses only his mouth, while Andy also has crinkles in the corner of his eyes. Carol feels that only Andy is actually happy to see her because Andy has given her a real smile while Brad has used a -- smile. - Duchenne - Pan Am - hateful - photo album

answer

Pan am

question

Although certain emotions exist throughout all cultures, there are cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions called --. - display rules - exhibitionism - demonstrativeness customs - overt expressiveness norms

answer

display rules

question

Which theory propounds the idea that blood vessels in a particular area of the body send temperature information to the brain, which alters our experience of emotions? - Mere exposure effect - Ice water hand test - Facial feedback hypothesis - Polygon habituation theory

answer

Facial feedback hypothesis

question

Nonverbal leakage is defines as - crying over spilled milk - unconscious spillover of emotions in nonverbal behavior - intentional communication without the use of words - silent crying

answer

unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior

question

Gestures of stroking, biting, pressing, or otherwise touching a part of one's own body while under stress are called - illustrators - manipulators - emblems - releasers

answer

manipulators

question

The gestures we use when talking to highlight or accentuate what we are saying are called - emblems - illustrators - emoticons - manipulators

answer

illustrators

question

Polygraph or "lie detector" tests are based on the idea of the --, that there are reliable physiological or behavioral indicators of lying. - cyrano effect - pinocchio response - herodotus response - guilty knowledge reaction

answer

pinocchio response

question

The -- is based on the premise that criminals harbor concealed information about a crime that an innocent person would not know. - voice stress analysis - guilty knowledge test - arousal detector - polygraph

answer

guilty knowledge test

question

In the last 50 years, men and women have become more similar in what they look for in a mate, which is consistent with the -- theory. - social role - attractiveness - reciprocity - evolutionary

answer

social role

question

The principle of -- says that having things in common with other people predicts attraction. - proximity - similarity - vicinity - resemblance

answer

similarity

question

Which term means the rule of give and take; for instance, when someone reveals personal information to us, we generally feel obliged to reveal some of our own personal information? - reciprocity - mutuality - interchange - tradeoff

answer

reciprocity

question

Robert Sternberg reversed his triangular theory of love to develop a triangular theory of hate, consisting of negation of intimacy, passion, and commitment. According to Sternberg, hate is fueled by --. - evolution - personal experience - propaganda - intuition

answer

propaganda

question

It may be possible for people to "unlearn" hate if they can be taught to overcome the -- that makes them notice only those negative aspects of the hated individuals or groups that reinforce their hatred. - confirmation bias - hindsight bias - proximity heuristic - availability heuristic

answer

confirmation bias

question

Chapter 8 (2)

answer

Thinking, Reasoning, and Language

question

Variations within a language that are used by people from certain geographic areas, social groups, or ethnic backgrounds are called --. - dialectics - dialects - dialyses - dialogs

answer

dialects

question

The definition of "morpheme" is - the category of sounds the human vocal apparatus produces - the smallest meaningful unit of speech - the vibration of vocal chords - a vowel or consonant

answer

the smallest meaningful unit of speech

question

Although we don't fully understand why it is easier for younger children to learn new languages than for older children and adults, learning a language does appear to have what psychologists call a --, an interval when people are receptive to learning and can acquire new knowledge more easily. - anterior phase - critical mass - exposure point - sensitive period

answer

sensitive period

question

Bilingual people have greater awareness of how language is structured and used than do people who speak only one language. This awareness is called -- insight. - multi linguistic - metalinguistic - hierarchical linguistic - linguistically dominant

answer

metalinguistic

question

Which animal uses a "waggle dance" to tell others of its kind where to find food? - canaries - honeybees - bonobos - grey parrots

answer

honeybees

question

Chapter 10

answer

Human Development

question

At which of Piaget's four stages of cognitive development does a child develop the ability to perform hypothetical and abstract reasoning? - formal operations - concrete operations - pre operational - sensorimotor

answer

formal operations

question

Vygotsky identified the -- when children are receptive to learning something new but not have yet succeeded at it. - conservation tasks - zone of proximal learning - egocentric reasoning stage - peroperational stage

answer

zone of proximal learning

question

When children learn to mentally group objects by kind, such as recognizing that dogs of all shapes and sizes are still dogs, they have learned --. - to create modular accounts - to categorize - object permanence - scaffolding

answer

to categorize

question

On simple tasks regarding impulse control, teens -- compared to adults. - participate in fewer research studies - respond impressively - have a much easier time and better results - have more difficulty and use more brain processing power

answer

have more difficulty and use more brain processing power

question

Harry Harlow conducted research with monkeys in the 1950s and discovered that baby monkeys preferred an inanimate "surrogate mother" covered in terry cloth to a wire-mesh "mother" that provided milk. Harlow called this phenomenon -- - textile preference - strange situation - texture consolation - contact comfort

answer

contact comfort

question

At around the age of 8 or 9 months, children begin to react to new people with fear. This stage is called --. - novelty anxiety - temperamentalism - stranger danger - stranger anxiety

answer

stranger anxiety

question

In which of Erikson's eight stages of human development do people generally achieve a stable and satisfying sense of role and direction? - middle childhood - adolescence - young adulthood - adulthood

answer

adolescence

question

Some mothers are believed to experience --, a period of depression that comes on after their children leave home, although most research suggests there are cohort effects on the incidence of this condition. - memento mori - midlife crisis - empty-nest syndrome - moral dilemma

answer

empty-nest syndrome

question

Chronological age is not necessarily the best way of measuring the impact the changes of aging will have eon a person's life. Which of the following refers to whether people behave in a way that is age-appropriate? - social age - biological age - functional age - psychological age

answer

social age

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