exam 1 chapter 1-5 child development – Flashcards
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Human development is plastic, which means traits _____.
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can be molded, yet are durable
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The only research method that establishes a possible cause-and-effect relationship is _____.
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an experiment
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Other names for the nature versus nurture debate include _____.
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heredity versus environment
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Which is unethical research behavior?
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changing the data to support the hypothesis
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In the nature-nurture debate, most developmentalists believe that _____.
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nature and nurture combine to determine outcomes
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The difference between one developing person and the norm is _____.
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not always considered a deficit
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For which research method is the primary data source information gained from interviews and questionnaires?
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survey
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According to social scientists, race is _____.
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a social construction
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People who came of age during the Great Depression all come from the same _____.
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cohort
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Science is needed in the study of human development because _____.
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research provides data and facts that will enable people to live full lives
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Which of these research designs studies changes over time?
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cross-sequential
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Which of the following is a characteristic of scientific observation?
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It involves observing and recording behavior in a natural setting.
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Which step of the scientific method involves making a specific prediction?
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develop a hypothesis
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The biopsychosocial approach _____.
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considers the biological, psychological, and social influences in development
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What does it mean when a correlation exists between two variables?
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There is a relationship between two variables.
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Which theory emphasizes learning through modeling?
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social learning theory
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Information-processing theory seeks to explore _____.
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processes of human thought
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A psychologist who uses an eclectic approach during therapy _____.
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uses several theoretical perspectives
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Maslow believed that all people have the same basic needs and drives. He arranged those into what was called _____
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hierarchy of needs
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According to cognitive theory, our thoughts shape our _____.
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attitudes and actions
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Who argued that if psychology was to be a true science, psychologists should examine only what can be seen and measured?
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Watson
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Scientists design studies to investigate theories because _____
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theories are not facts
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A group of ideas, assumptions, and generalizations that interpret and illuminate observations that have been made about human growth is referred to as a _____ theory.
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developmental
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Carl Rogers believed that we should see each other with appreciation without conditions. He referred to this as giving each other _____ regard.
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unconditional positive
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According to sociocultural theory, human development is the result of an interaction between developing persons and their _____.
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surrounding society and culture
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According to your text, theories produce _____.
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hypotheses and generate discoveries
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The behaviorist most associated with operant conditioning is _____.
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B. F. Skinner
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Pavlov's experiment in which he conditioned dogs to salivate after hearing a bell demonstrated what he called _____.
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classical conditioning
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A major difference between Erikson and Freud is that _____.
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Freud emphasized psychosexual development, whereas Erikson emphasized psychosocial development
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According to evolutionary theory, every species shares the biologically based drives for _____.
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survival and reproduction
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Human genome research cannot pinpoint the exact number of genes because _____
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it is hard to figure out where one gene starts and another stops
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Shortly after the zygote is formed, it begins the processes of duplication and division. Each resulting new cell has _____.
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the same number of chromosomes as were in the zygote
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Genes influence every disorder, yet with each disorder _____ can make a difference in the expression and outcome.
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environmental and social influences
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Chromosomal abnormalities occur when the zygote's cells have _____.
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more or fewer than 46 chromosomes
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Alcoholism is _____.
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a result of the interaction of nature and nurture
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Each parent contributes a sex chromosome. Which statement about sex chromosomes is accurate?
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The mother's ovum contains an X and the father's sperm contains an X or Y.
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Awareness of genetic risks helps parents _____.
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decide whether to have kids
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A doula is a woman who _____.
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helps with the birth process
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The stage of prenatal development that lasts from the ninth week after conception until birth is _____.
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fetal
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The stage of prenatal development that lasts from week three through eight is the _____.
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embryonic
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The likelihood of many developmental complications can be greatly reduced through _____.
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the science of risk analysis
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Moderate use of which of these substances has been associated with fetal abnormalities?
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tobacco
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In what percentage of births in the United States are cesarean sections performed?
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34
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What is anoxia?
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lack of oxygen during birth
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The strong loving connection between a parent and newborn is called the _____.
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parent-infant bond
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When parents cooperate to raise their child, they have _____.
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formed a parental alliance
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The Apgar scale measures the _____.
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newborn's health following birth
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Which term refers to an involuntary response to a particular stimulus?
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reflex
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The term couvade refers to _____.
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the father's experience of pregnancy
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Agents and conditions that harm the prenatal brain and impair learning and behavior are called _____.
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behavioral teratogens
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The first two weeks of development after conception is called the _____.
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germinal period
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Low birthweight (LBW) is defined as a body weight less than _____ at birth.
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5 1/2 pounds
