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Child development

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stages of physical, social, mental, and linguistic growth that occur from birth through age 8. Learning this includes knowledge and understanding of characteristics and needs and multiple influences on children's development and learning

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developmentally appropriate practice (DAP)

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practice based on how children grow and develop and on individual and cultural differences

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Developmentally ; Culturally Responsive Practice

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(DCRP) - teaching based on the ability to respond appropriately to children's and families' developmental, cultural, and ethnic backgrounds and needs

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Individual cultural identity

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learning about the self

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Culturally appropriate practice

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An approach based on the premise that all peoples in the United States receive proportional attention in the curriculum

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STEM

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is an acronym for Science, Technology, Engineering and Math education. We focus on these areas together not only because the skills and knowledge in each discipline are essential for student success, but also because these fields are deeply intertwined in the real world and in how students learn most effectively.

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Inclusion

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Division for EC (DEC) of the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) and the NAEYC identified inclusion as the preferred service delivery option

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Professional disposition

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are defined as the values, commitments, and professional ethics that influence behaviors toward students, families, colleagues, and communities and affect student learning, motivation, and development as well as the educator's own professional growth.

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Content knowledge

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generally refers to the facts, concepts, theories, and principles that are taught and learned, rather than to related skills—such as reading, writing, or researching—that students also learn in academic courses.

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Pedagogical knowledge

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is deep knowledge about the processes and practices or methods of teaching and learning and how it encompasses (among other things) overall educational purposes, values and aims.

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pedagogical content knowledge

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is the category most likely to distinguish the understanding of the content specialist from that of the pedagogue" (Shulman, 1987, p. 4). Checklist of Observable Behaviors. ___ 1. Comprehension: To teach is to understand.

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Collaborative planning

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is a concept that aims to enhance supply chain integration by supporting and assisting joint practices.

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reflective practice

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can be an important tool in practice-based professional learning settings where individuals learning from their own professional experiences, rather than from formal teaching or knowledge transfer, may be the most important source of personal professional development and improvement.

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public policy

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All the plans that local, state, and national governmental and nongovernmental organizations have for implementing their goals

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Poverty

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the condition of having insufficient income to support a minimum standard of living

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achievement gaps

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difference in performance between low-income and minority students, students of different genders, and students with different levels of maternal education, compared to that of their peers

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Asthma

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chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, characterized by breathlessness, wheezing, coughing and chest tightness

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diabetes

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chronic condition that affects how the body metabolizes sugar

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Obesity

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condition in which excess body fat has stored to the amount that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.

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brain plasticity

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capable of being molded or adapted to conditions, repeated exposure to violence causes emotions, cognition and behavior to center on themes of aggression and violence

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Bullying

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Includes teasing, slapping, hitting, pushing, unwanted touching, taking personal belongings, name calling, and making sexual comments and insults about looks, behavior or culture. Cyber bullying - the threat, stalking, harassment, torment, and humiliation of one child by another through electronic means.

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cultural competence

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involves knowledge of other cultures and an ability to confidently interact with people of other cultures

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Cultural awareness

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the appreciation for the understanding of people's cultures, socioeconomic status and gender, includes understanding one's own culture

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assessment

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The ongoing, continuous process of collecting, gathering, and documenting information about children's development, learning, health, behavior, academic progress, need for special services and achievement in order to make informed decisions about how to best educate them. Casts a light on what children know and can do Invaluable tool to guide teaching and learning

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Formative assessment

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The ongoing process of gathering data on students over the school year. Provide information to inform you about what is needed to adjust your teaching and learning to your children's achievement

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informal assessment

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Assessment that obtains information that can be used to make judgments about children's learning behavior and characteristics or programs using means other than standardized tests.

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Authentic assessment

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Relies heavily on informal procedures

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observation

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The intentional systematic act of looking at the behavior of a child or children in a particular setting, program or situation

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Summative assessment

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assessments given periodically to determine at a particular point in time what students know and are able to do (STAAR, FCAT, OCCT, DIBELS, etc.

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screening

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type of summative assessment that gives a broad picture of what children know and are able to do, as well as their physical health and emotional status (initial decisions about placement, instructional level and grouping, referral) occurs at time of kindergarten entrance

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Screening instruments

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provide information for grouping and planning instructional strategies.

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High stakes testing

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assessment test (standardized) used to either admit children into programs or promote them from one grade to the next. EC professionals oppose high stakes testing for children through 3rd grade. Politicians and administrators push for accountability

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Environmentalism

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the theory that the environment, rather than heredity, exerts the primary influence on intellectual growth and cultural development blank tablet - tabula rasa - born as a blank tablet, learn everything

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Who is an EC professional? 4 qualities

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A person who: Successfully teaches all children birth to age eight Promotes high standards for themselves, colleagues and students Continually improving and expanding skills and knowledge Teach all children and develop supportive relationships with them

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6 standards of professionalism - list, what is included in each?

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Promoting Child Development and Learning Building Family and Community Relationships Observing, Documenting and Assessing to Support Children and Families Uses Developmentally Effective Approaches to Connect with Children and Families Uses Content Knowledge to Build Meaningful Curriculum Becoming a Professional

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What is DAP? Who developed it? Three-knowledge basis. What does it constitute

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practice based on how children grow and develop and on individual and cultural differences Developmentally Appropriate Practice NAEYC's position statement represents a commitment to promote excellence, framework for best practices Three knowledge bases Knowledge of social and cultural contexts in which children live Knowledge of child development Knowledge of the child, as an individual What constitutes DAP? Requires meeting children where they are and enabling them to reach goals Teaching practices should be appropriate to children's age and developmental status, attuned to children as unique individuals, responsive to social and cultural contexts Ensuring goals and experiences are suited to children's learning and development and challenging to promote progress and interest

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List professional pathways

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Training and certification requirements vary state to state, many have career ladders CDA program (National Credentialing Program) - competency based assessment system, offers opportunity to develop and demonstrate competence in work with children 5 and younger Associate degree programs - provides a foundation for knowledge in child development and working with children and families (child care instructor, director, owner, director of a family day home, manager of a corporate child care facility) Baccalaureate degree programs - provide extensive knowledge on ECE and ensure mastery in the 6 professional competencies (ECE certification Pre-K, K-3, 4-6 or K-6) Alternative certification programs - supplies the pedagogical knowledge and skills to teach, alternative certification (already has a bachelor's degree) Master's degree program - main gain initial certification or qualify as program directors or assistant directors

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What is included in public policy

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Includes laws; federal, state, and local government guidelines; position statements of professional organizations and court decisions

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# Who live in poverty

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46 million people live in poverty

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Types of achievement gaps and what they entail

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Impoverished students are roughly 2 years of learning behind the average better-off student Maternal education achievement gap Infants whose mothers have less than a high school diploma have lower scores on behavioral and cognitive measures Less likely to have a secure attachment Less likely to be in excellent or good health Prevention - encourage graduation, provide programs with equivalent knowledge and skills Gender Achievement Gaps Girls Favoritism of boys in content areas of STEM Lack of females in STEM courses and careers Black Males 9 months - differences in language and cognitive abilities 4th Grade - 12% in large city schools are proficient readers High Quality Teachers Know content Engage students Challenge students Low SES schools often have less-qualified, least effective teachers Differentiate

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What benefits are included in family centered practice

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Helping families function better means that everyone stands to benefit Professionals frequently need to address family problems and issues to help children effectively EC professionals can do many things concurrently with children and their families that benefit both Literacy Addressing the needs of children and their families as a whole can address a range of social concerns simultaneously

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Family structure units (4)

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Structure - include other arrangements than the traditional nuclear family Single parent families Stepfamilies Heterosexual, gay, or lesbian partners Extended families - grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc.

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What does bullying entail? What are the concerns?

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State legislatures have passed laws requiring anti-bullying programs. No longer considered normal or kids play Cyber bullying - the threat, stalking, harassment, torment, and humiliation of one child by another through electronic means. Often anonymous and occurs between cliques and a single victim Girls more often than boys

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Purposes of assessment for teachers

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Informs lesson and activity plans and establishes goals Creates new classroom arrangements Selects materials Monitors and improves the teaching-learning process Groups for instruction

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Purposes of assessment for EC Programs

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Informs policy decisions regarding what is and is not appropriate for children Determines how well and to what extent programs and services children receive are beneficial and appropriate Aligns curriculum and teaching with children's needs

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Purposes of assessment for the public

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Informs them of children's achievement Provides information relating to students' school-wide achievements Provides a basis for public policy

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Developmentally appropriate assessment

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Ongoing, intentional, used to make appropriate instructional decisions - appropriate for children's developmental levels

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Characteristics of authentic assessment

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Utilizes multiple ways to assess children's achievement and what they know and are able to do Takes into account each child's individual development and social, cultural, and language status and other needs Is curriculum-embedded: children are assessed on what they are actually learning and doing Is a cooperative process: involves children, teachers, parents and other professionals Is part of every day learning and activities and the classroom process Assesses the whole child rather than only a narrow set of skills Assesses children and their actual work with work samples, portfolios, performances, projects, journals, experiments, and teacher observations Is ongoing over the entire school year.

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Methods of authentic assessment o Label o Differences

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Observation Anecdotal Records Running Records Event Sampling Time Sampling Rating Scales Checklists Work Samples Portfolios Interviews Rubrics

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Course of Bloom's taxonomy CEAnApUR

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creating ^ evaluating ^ analyzing ^ applying ^ understanding ^ remembering

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Purposes of observation and steps

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Purposes: Determine the cognitive, linguistic, social, emotional, and physical development of children Identify children's interests and learning styles Plan Meet the needs of individual children Determine progress Provide information to parents Provide professional insight Steps for conducting observation 1. Plan for the observation: Ask who, what, where, when and how. Set goals. Select type of observational tool you will use 2. Conduct the observation : be objective, specific and thorough 3. Interpret the data : forming a conclusion based on observational assessment data with the intent of planning and improving teaching and learning 4. Implement a plan : Committing to a certain action based on interpretations of observational data

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Concerns with high stakes testing

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13 states adopted laws that require schools to identify, intervene, and retain students who fail a reading proficiency test by the end of 3rd grade Proponents say they are necessary to promote higher standards, end social promotion and help decrease school drop out Opponents claim grade failure does a disservice to children and promotes drop out Schools are teaching reading earlier, providing help for struggling readers, reinstating remedial programs and assigning poor readers to summer school

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Problems with testing young children

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1st 5 years of life - incredible growth and learning, but development is uneven and sporadic Status of development can change rapidly Assessment results , particularly standardized test scores, can easily misrepresent learning

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Why is the past important?

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many of today's ideas are built on those of the past 5 reasons rebirth of ideas building the dream - again implementing current practices empowering professionals inspiring professionals

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Luther

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1483 - 1546 protestant reformer supported universal ed believed fam was important, schools were supposed to teach children to read, individuals free to work out own salvation translated Bible to German Ninety-five theses - replaced church hierarchy with Bible authority

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Comenius

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1592 - 1670 Minister, teacher, wrote textbooks believed: humans born in image of God, education was to begin in early years and follow order of nature, sensory education, use principles to make ed easy the great didactic orbis pictus - first pic book

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Locke

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1632 - 1704 english philosopher believed in ENVIRONMENTALISM

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Rousseau

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1712 - 1778 best remembered for book Emile - pretend child - raises it from birth to adolescence naturalism - ed that follows natural development

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Pestalozzi

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1746 - 1827 inspired by rousseau started a school for integration of home life, vocational studies, and reading and writing teachers teach children not subjects "if a child cannot learn the way we teach, maybe we should teach the way they learn."

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Wollstonecraft

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1759 - 1797 early feminist women deserved ed paved way for women to become educators

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Owen

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1771 - 1858 utopian and environmentalist first infant school in london - 1818 opened a night school - to transform into rational being

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Froebel

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"garden of children" - developed system for ed gifts (can assume original form), occupations (can be permanently altered), songs, games gifts (stacking cups), occupations (foil - something that cannot go back into original form), songs, games - Froebel - also the set of 10 toys - founder for kindergarten

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Schurz

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influenced by froebel first kindergarten - conducted in german

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Peabody

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kindergarten's main promoter visited german kindergartens opened first english kindergarten published kinder guide with sister mary mann

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Bradley

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toy manufacturer believed toys should have appropriate appearance published froebel's paradise of childhood and manufactured his gifts and occupations

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Blow

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first public kindergarten

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Hill

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kindergarten as we know it today - 20th century

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Dewey

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wrote my pedagogical creed INTEREST SHOULD DIRECT YOUR PEDIGOGY AND TEACHING - John Dewey

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Montessori

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1st women on italy to earn med degree assistant instructor in psych clinic

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McMillan Sisters

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incorporated environmentalism and created open-air nursery school aka forest schools

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Importance of Sputnik

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first satellite - best defense is a good national educational offense

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ESEA

answer

elementary and secondary education act - equal access to education

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NCLB

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no child left behind act

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IDEA

answer

individuals with disabilities education act

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