Drugs test 1 – Flashcards
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Which of the following is true
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status offenses are restricted to juveniles
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a diagnosis of conduct disorder:
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occurs primarily in children and adolescents
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the diagnosis with which antisocial personality disorder overlaps the most is:
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substance use disorder
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a fair number of combat veterans used heroin in vietnam, but the vast majority discontinues the habit once they returned home. the construct that best describes this is:
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setting
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which of the following statements best characterizes the drug-crime relationship
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there is no one drug crime relationship
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which of the following is not offered by the author as a third explanation for drug-crime relationship
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- cultural norms
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which of the following characteristics is not associated with reactive criminality
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goal directed
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looking at drugs and crime from a historical perspective:
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illustrates that politics plays a leading role in the drug-crime relationship
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reciprocal effects are investigated by which model
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bidirectional
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Benzodiazenpines
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create cross-tolerance to alcohol and barbiturates
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which of the following studies employed a "drug use in offender population" methodology?
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arrestee drug abuse monitoring program
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the developmental context of drug crime relationships means:
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variables other than drugs and crime can play an important role in drug crime
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research supports all but which of the following statements regarding the crime context
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weapons violation are one of the crimes most likely to overlap with drugs and alcohol abuse
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violent crime is most likely to occur when an individual is using which of the following substances ?
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alcohol
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of the following drugs, which one tends to fall near the top of the criminogenic continuum
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- alcohol
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what has been referred to as the noble experiment
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prohibition
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in regards to stratified sampling which of the following statement in incorrect
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studies using random sampling are definitive
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the latent structure of which of the following contracts is probably categorical ?
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alcohol abuse/ dependence
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sexual promiscuity is a dimension of which of the following constructs
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general deviance
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passage of the harrison act of 1914:
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was fueled in part by prejudice and racism
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meta-analysis are based on which measure
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effect size
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according to the text, flashbacks are associated with the use of which drug
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LSD
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Which model of crime classification is based on the belief that adults and juveniles who violate the law should be treated differently
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- crime v delinquency
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which of the following processes is not a way people learn criminal and non criminal forms of behavior accounting to social learning theory?
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cumulative disadvantage
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one of the limitations of general surveys of drug use is:
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they rely on self-report data
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which theory contends that psychological problems cause substance abuse
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the self medication hypothesis
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which two criteria for evaluating a theory are at cross purposes
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- comprehensiveness and parsimony
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the statistical technique used to identify whether a construct has categorical or dimensional latent structure is:
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meta analysis
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social mimicry is a process identified by which theory
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developmental taxonomy
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what is a crime that can be classified as either a misdemeanor or a felony
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Wobbler
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which of the following statement is false
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proactive criminality appears to be more closely associated with drug abuse than reactive criminality
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what term is used by walters to describe a routinized pattern of cognitive behavioral interactions
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lifestyle
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Which of the following is one of the more frequently encounters drug-crime connections
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- heroin and property crime
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in marlatt et al study on the effect of alcohol and expectancies on drinking behavior, results indicated what
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for alcoholics the amount of beverages consumed was greatest for those who were told they were getting alcohol but received tonic
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which of the following drugs causes the most death per year
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alcohol
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which of the following statement is true regarding findings of general surveys of drug use and delinquency in students and young adults
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gender appears to moderate the relationship between drug use and delinquency
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an offense involving the use of force or threatened use of force is:
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person crime
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the age-graded theory of crime
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identifies cumulative disadvantages as primary reason why individuals persist in criminal behavior
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of the following theories, which one offers the best example of an epiphenomenal explanation of the drug-crime nexus
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- low self control
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which of the following statement is true?
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heroin use produces rapid tolerance
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which of the following is not one of the three core contracts in the psychoanalytic version of the self-medication hypothesis
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- tension reduction
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a major strength of the psychopathy model is
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its emphasis on the proactive features of criminality
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which of the following statements accurately represents the finding of Nutt and colleagues regarding the harm drugs create for both the user and society
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heroin and crack cocaine created the most crime
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which of the following postulates of self control theory has received the most empirical support
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versatility
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findings from bean and wilkinson interview study of drug use in England demonstrated which of the following
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contact with the illicit drug supply system led to increase criminal invovlement
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which of the following is not an assumption of walters lifestyle theory
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the more deeply involved an individual becomes in the drug lifestyle, the less involved they are apt to be in criminal lifestyle
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which of the following is not a methodology that can be used to shed light on the drug-crime relationship
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- clinical trials
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which of the following statements applies to unidirectional explanations of drug crime relationship
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- they often become bidirectional when examined over a long enough period of time
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of the following categories of crime, which are most likely to be committed in order to get money for drugs
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- property offense
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which type of explantation for drug crime relationship can use cross-sectional research design?
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third variable explanation
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which of the following system is an example of reductionism
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view that ascribes the cause of drug use exclusively to the action of certain neurons
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experiencing a rush is associated with use of which substance
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heroin
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a theory that has reliable and valid measures of key constructs would be said to have high degree of what?
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Precision
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theories of substance abuse that conceptualize drug use as stable trait illustrate which knowledge inhibiting influence
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grand theories
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which of the following theories would be considered a propensity theory
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self control theory
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the arrestee drug abuse monitoring data collection program:
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all of the above -requires that all male arrestees in 10 u.s. cities be tested for 10 different drugs -identified a strong and consistent relationship between arrest and a positive drug test -found marijuana, cocaine,and herione to be all tree most commonly used drug
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withdrawal symptoms are not commonly associated with which category of drugs
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- hallucinogens
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which of the following statements regarding crime is true?
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definition of crime are moderated by contextual factor
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which of the following perspectives help researchers avoid misapplication of scientific methods ?
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pragmatic realism
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There is a 4.8 fold increase in the risk of heart attack in the first hour after using which substance?
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Marijuana
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which of the following statements regarding criminality is true?
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the propensity to commit crime is both stable and changeable
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Which of the following theories provides a unidirectional explanation of drug-crime relationships?
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disease model
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which of the following statement is incorrect
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drug response curves tend to be linear
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which of the following statements applies to findings regarding crime in substance abusing population?
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a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder is associated with higher rates of criminality
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which of the following theories is often used to justify the zero tolerance policies adopted in the U.S.
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gateway theory
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Using crime contract in studying drug-crime relationships is problematic for which of the following reasons
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the same individuals tend to be labeled "criminal" and "drug addicts"
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According to self control theory, crime is a function of which of the following three factors
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low self control, choice, opportunity
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the fact that drug opposite effect grows more radially than the drug like effect helps explain which phenomena
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-tolerance -withdrawal -cravings
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which of the following statements does not apply to longitudinal research designs?
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it is the design most often used by third-vaiable theorists
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andrews and colleagues finding that community volunteers who participated in group discussions with young offenders become more criminal in their attitudes provides support for which theory of crime?
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differential association theory
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the fact that the same individuals are often labeled as drug addicts and criminals lends support to which third variable explanation for drug-crime relationships
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societal labeling
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True or False: Gateway theory maintains that use of marijuana nearly always precedes use of more hardcore drugs like her ion and cocaine
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true
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True or False: research suggest that there is modest correspondence between specific drugs and specific crime
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true
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True or False:a great deal of subjectivity goes into defining a behavior as criminal
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true
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True or False:according to research conducted by walters and colleagues, proactive criminal thinking correlates with a history of instrumental crime
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true
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True or False: the LCP development pattern is more prevalent than the AL pattern of development
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false
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True or False: illegal drugs cause more overdose deaths than legal ones
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false
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True or False: thornberrys interactional theory is reciprocal effect model
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true
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True or False: the most intense effect of cocaine and amphetamine are achieved by snorting
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fasle
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True or False: certain drugs are more susceptible to psychological set than others
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true
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True or False: theories are judged by their usefulness to researchers, clinicians, and policy makers
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true
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True or False: the differences that exists between person and property crimes are sufficient to justify treating them as distinct entities
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false
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True or False:the national study for adolescent health found that the correlation between alcohol and crime rose across all four waves of the study
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fasle
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True or False: less than 10% of the adult and juvenile criminal populations account for over 1/2 of the crime
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true
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True or False: non chemical factors are as important as the pharmacologic action of the drug in producing the reinforcing drug effect
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true
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True or False: robbery is classified as property crime
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fasle
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True or False:according to MTF data, between 1991 and 2011 annual alcohol use was at least twice as common as yearly illicit drug use
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true
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True or False:it is nearly impossible to conduct meaningful cross-national research on violent crime
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true
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True or False: Mala in se refers to natural law
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true
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True or False: the term crime does a better job of capturing a pattern of antisocial behavior than does the term criminality
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false
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True or False: a casual conniption has been established between illicit drug use and violence
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false
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True or False: A moderator variable alters the relationship between an independent variable and dependent variable
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true
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True or False: studies of heroin and cocaine users indicate that they support their drug habits primarily with income from illegal sources
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true
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True or False:unidirectional explanations of drug-crime relationships often become bidirectional when examines over a long enough period of time
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true
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True or False:research supports the existence of drug specificity which holds that relationships form between specific categories of drugs and specific underlying emotional issues
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true
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True or False: the anti-drug act of 1986 led to an unprecedented increase in the federal prison population
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true
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Arrestee drug abuse monitoring
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- data monitoring federal programs in which arrestees 10 u.s. cities are tested for 10 different drugs within 24 hours of arrest
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Confidence interval
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range of values or scores that contain the true population value or score at a specific level of confidence
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Criminogenic
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capable of causing crime
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effect size
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measure of the relationship between 2 variables or the effect of one variable
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generalizability
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extent to which results are obtained in a particular sample apply to the population of interest
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grand theories
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- models that presume complex behavior can be explained with a small number of variables
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meta-analysis
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- statistical techniques that combines the results of multiple studies
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moderator variables
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measured variables that affect the direction or size of the relationship between two other variables
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Naive Empiricism
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beef that scientific study can answer all relevant questions
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National Victimization survey
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stratified multistage cluster sample of american household interviewed to asses the frequency ,characteristics, and consequences of victimization
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National Longitudinal study of adolescent health
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nationally representative sample of American youth collected in 4 waves
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pragmatic realsim
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- perspective that is mindful of the limitations of science
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reductionism
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tendency of a theory to break complex, global phenomena down into simpler and smaller parts
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addictive search
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searching for something to relieves one inner turmoil
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adventitious entrance
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random paring of drug use with relief from inner turmoil
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attributions
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a person's appraisal of the probable cause of an event
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cocaethylene
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substance created when alcohol and cocaine are taken simultaneously and that increase the changes of heart attack and sudden death in user
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cross-culture theory
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- theory of drug use and abuse that break cultural attitudes towards alcohol into abstinent, ritualistic, convivial, and utilitarian
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disease model
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theory of drug use and abuse that holds that people with drugs and alcohol problems suffer from either a medical or spiritual disease
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drug specificity
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belief that people use specific drug to neutralize specific psychological issues and concerns
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gateway theory
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theory in which alcohol and tobacco use are believed to lead t marijuana use and marijuana use is believed to lead to other hard drugs
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korsakoff syndrome
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long terms effect of chronic alcohol use in which affected individuals experience severe memory gaps, often filling in the gaps with erroneous info
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Latent Structure
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- underlying organization of contrast as to how it handles individual differences between cases, either by grouping them into categories or in dimensions
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reward dependence
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tendency to resist extinction of perviously rewarded behaviors
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set
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psychological mindset of the drug user at the time the drug is consumes
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setting
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environment conditions under with the drug is taken
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social learning theory
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theory based on the SOR principle that factors within the organisms mediate the learning of drug use behaviors
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Taxometrics
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a stat procedure used to determine whether a contract has an underlying categorical or dimensional latent structure
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Unified biosocial model
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theory that alcohol use problems can be fictively classified and understood using 3 personality dimensions ( novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and reward dependent )
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adolescent limited
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developmental trajectory marked by a relative brief period of delinquency between mid-adolsescent and late adolescent or early adulthood
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age-grade theory
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theory that emphasizes proximal developmental events as the principal cause of desistance from crime
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antisocial personality disorder
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- adult personality disorder characterized by choric violation of and disregard for the rights of other and connections of society
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biosocial model
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theory in which an interior between genetic and social influences is held to be the cause of crime
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comorbidity
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presence of two or more coexisting disorders
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crime
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act performed in violation of law forbidding t or not performed in violation of a law requiring it
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criminality
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the propensity to commit crime as manifested by age, criminal history, age of onset,antisocial cognition, antisocial peer association, and antisocial personality process
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developmental theories
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group of theories that presumes that criminality is a function of life experiences or developmental trjactories
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differential association
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process by which ones actions are influenced by those with whom one interacts
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differential reinforcement
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degree to which one receives rewards for a crime versus rewards for conventional behavior
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interactive theory
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group of theories that presumes that criminality is a function of interaction between time stable characteristics and developmental life experiences
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Mala in se
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- Natural law
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Mala prohibita
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act made illegal by legislation
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propensity theories
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set of theories that presume that criminality is a function of one or more time stable characteristics
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psychopathy model
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theory in which psychopathic person lit process are held to be the principal cause of crime
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stability postulate
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assumption that low self-control does not change after 8-10 years
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universality postulate
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- assumption that all crime is explained by low self control
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versatility postulate
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assumption that low self control is characterized by involvement in a variety of different offense
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Bidirectional
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casual relationship that goes in both directions, from drug use to crime and from crime to drug use
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