question

Which of the following hallucinogenic substance is considered most toxic?

answer

PCP

question

Which of the following statement is not true regarding the war on drugs

answer

- the policy had been successful in reducing drug activity

question

using cocaine and alcohol together leads to what

answer

formation of cocaethylene

question

Which of the following options correctly identifies the variables that are represented in the theory of learning

answer

stimulus, internal processes, response

question

Which of the following is true

answer

status offenses are restricted to juveniles

question

a diagnosis of conduct disorder:

answer

occurs primarily in children and adolescents

question

the diagnosis with which antisocial personality disorder overlaps the most is:

answer

substance use disorder

question

a fair number of combat veterans used heroin in vietnam, but the vast majority discontinues the habit once they returned home. the construct that best describes this is:

answer

setting

question

which of the following statements best characterizes the drug-crime relationship

answer

there is no one drug crime relationship

question

which of the following is not offered by the author as a third explanation for drug-crime relationship

answer

- cultural norms

question

which of the following characteristics is not associated with reactive criminality

answer

goal directed

question

looking at drugs and crime from a historical perspective:

answer

illustrates that politics plays a leading role in the drug-crime relationship

question

reciprocal effects are investigated by which model

answer

bidirectional

question

Benzodiazenpines

answer

create cross-tolerance to alcohol and barbiturates

question

which of the following studies employed a "drug use in offender population" methodology?

answer

arrestee drug abuse monitoring program

question

the developmental context of drug crime relationships means:

answer

variables other than drugs and crime can play an important role in drug crime

question

research supports all but which of the following statements regarding the crime context

answer

weapons violation are one of the crimes most likely to overlap with drugs and alcohol abuse

question

violent crime is most likely to occur when an individual is using which of the following substances ?

answer

alcohol

question

of the following drugs, which one tends to fall near the top of the criminogenic continuum

answer

- alcohol

question

what has been referred to as the noble experiment

answer

prohibition

question

in regards to stratified sampling which of the following statement in incorrect

answer

studies using random sampling are definitive

question

the latent structure of which of the following contracts is probably categorical ?

answer

alcohol abuse/ dependence

question

sexual promiscuity is a dimension of which of the following constructs

answer

general deviance

question

passage of the harrison act of 1914:

answer

was fueled in part by prejudice and racism

question

meta-analysis are based on which measure

answer

effect size

question

according to the text, flashbacks are associated with the use of which drug

answer

LSD

question

Which model of crime classification is based on the belief that adults and juveniles who violate the law should be treated differently

answer

- crime v delinquency

question

which of the following processes is not a way people learn criminal and non criminal forms of behavior accounting to social learning theory?

answer

cumulative disadvantage

question

one of the limitations of general surveys of drug use is:

answer

they rely on self-report data

question

which theory contends that psychological problems cause substance abuse

answer

the self medication hypothesis

question

which two criteria for evaluating a theory are at cross purposes

answer

- comprehensiveness and parsimony

question

the statistical technique used to identify whether a construct has categorical or dimensional latent structure is:

answer

meta analysis

question

social mimicry is a process identified by which theory

answer

developmental taxonomy

question

what is a crime that can be classified as either a misdemeanor or a felony

answer

Wobbler

question

which of the following statement is false

answer

proactive criminality appears to be more closely associated with drug abuse than reactive criminality

question

what term is used by walters to describe a routinized pattern of cognitive behavioral interactions

answer

lifestyle

question

Which of the following is one of the more frequently encounters drug-crime connections

answer

- heroin and property crime

question

in marlatt et al study on the effect of alcohol and expectancies on drinking behavior, results indicated what

answer

for alcoholics the amount of beverages consumed was greatest for those who were told they were getting alcohol but received tonic

question

which of the following drugs causes the most death per year

answer

alcohol

question

which of the following statement is true regarding findings of general surveys of drug use and delinquency in students and young adults

answer

gender appears to moderate the relationship between drug use and delinquency

question

an offense involving the use of force or threatened use of force is:

answer

person crime

question

the age-graded theory of crime

answer

identifies cumulative disadvantages as primary reason why individuals persist in criminal behavior

question

of the following theories, which one offers the best example of an epiphenomenal explanation of the drug-crime nexus

answer

- low self control

question

which of the following statement is true?

answer

heroin use produces rapid tolerance

question

which of the following is not one of the three core contracts in the psychoanalytic version of the self-medication hypothesis

answer

- tension reduction

question

a major strength of the psychopathy model is

answer

its emphasis on the proactive features of criminality

question

which of the following statements accurately represents the finding of Nutt and colleagues regarding the harm drugs create for both the user and society

answer

heroin and crack cocaine created the most crime

question

which of the following postulates of self control theory has received the most empirical support

answer

versatility

question

findings from bean and wilkinson interview study of drug use in England demonstrated which of the following

answer

contact with the illicit drug supply system led to increase criminal invovlement

question

which of the following is not an assumption of walters lifestyle theory

answer

the more deeply involved an individual becomes in the drug lifestyle, the less involved they are apt to be in criminal lifestyle

question

which of the following is not a methodology that can be used to shed light on the drug-crime relationship

answer

- clinical trials

question

which of the following statements applies to unidirectional explanations of drug crime relationship

answer

- they often become bidirectional when examined over a long enough period of time

question

of the following categories of crime, which are most likely to be committed in order to get money for drugs

answer

- property offense

question

which type of explantation for drug crime relationship can use cross-sectional research design?

answer

third variable explanation

question

which of the following system is an example of reductionism

answer

view that ascribes the cause of drug use exclusively to the action of certain neurons

question

experiencing a rush is associated with use of which substance

answer

heroin

question

a theory that has reliable and valid measures of key constructs would be said to have high degree of what?

answer

Precision

question

theories of substance abuse that conceptualize drug use as stable trait illustrate which knowledge inhibiting influence

answer

grand theories

question

which of the following theories would be considered a propensity theory

answer

self control theory

question

the arrestee drug abuse monitoring data collection program:

answer

all of the above -requires that all male arrestees in 10 u.s. cities be tested for 10 different drugs -identified a strong and consistent relationship between arrest and a positive drug test -found marijuana, cocaine,and herione to be all tree most commonly used drug

question

withdrawal symptoms are not commonly associated with which category of drugs

answer

- hallucinogens

question

which of the following statements regarding crime is true?

answer

definition of crime are moderated by contextual factor

question

which of the following perspectives help researchers avoid misapplication of scientific methods ?

answer

pragmatic realism

question

There is a 4.8 fold increase in the risk of heart attack in the first hour after using which substance?

answer

Marijuana

question

which of the following statements regarding criminality is true?

answer

the propensity to commit crime is both stable and changeable

question

Which of the following theories provides a unidirectional explanation of drug-crime relationships?

answer

disease model

question

which of the following statement is incorrect

answer

drug response curves tend to be linear

question

which of the following statements applies to findings regarding crime in substance abusing population?

answer

a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder is associated with higher rates of criminality

question

which of the following theories is often used to justify the zero tolerance policies adopted in the U.S.

answer

gateway theory

question

Using crime contract in studying drug-crime relationships is problematic for which of the following reasons

answer

the same individuals tend to be labeled "criminal" and "drug addicts"

question

According to self control theory, crime is a function of which of the following three factors

answer

low self control, choice, opportunity

question

the fact that drug opposite effect grows more radially than the drug like effect helps explain which phenomena

answer

-tolerance -withdrawal -cravings

question

which of the following statements does not apply to longitudinal research designs?

answer

it is the design most often used by third-vaiable theorists

question

andrews and colleagues finding that community volunteers who participated in group discussions with young offenders become more criminal in their attitudes provides support for which theory of crime?

answer

differential association theory

question

the fact that the same individuals are often labeled as drug addicts and criminals lends support to which third variable explanation for drug-crime relationships

answer

societal labeling

question

True or False: Gateway theory maintains that use of marijuana nearly always precedes use of more hardcore drugs like her ion and cocaine

answer

true

question

True or False: research suggest that there is modest correspondence between specific drugs and specific crime

answer

true

question

True or False:a great deal of subjectivity goes into defining a behavior as criminal

answer

true

question

True or False:according to research conducted by walters and colleagues, proactive criminal thinking correlates with a history of instrumental crime

answer

true

question

True or False: the LCP development pattern is more prevalent than the AL pattern of development

answer

false

question

True or False: illegal drugs cause more overdose deaths than legal ones

answer

false

question

True or False: thornberrys interactional theory is reciprocal effect model

answer

true

question

True or False: the most intense effect of cocaine and amphetamine are achieved by snorting

answer

fasle

question

True or False: certain drugs are more susceptible to psychological set than others

answer

true

question

True or False: theories are judged by their usefulness to researchers, clinicians, and policy makers

answer

true

question

True or False: the differences that exists between person and property crimes are sufficient to justify treating them as distinct entities

answer

false

question

True or False:the national study for adolescent health found that the correlation between alcohol and crime rose across all four waves of the study

answer

fasle

question

True or False: less than 10% of the adult and juvenile criminal populations account for over 1/2 of the crime

answer

true

question

True or False: non chemical factors are as important as the pharmacologic action of the drug in producing the reinforcing drug effect

answer

true

question

True or False: robbery is classified as property crime

answer

fasle

question

True or False:according to MTF data, between 1991 and 2011 annual alcohol use was at least twice as common as yearly illicit drug use

answer

true

question

True or False:it is nearly impossible to conduct meaningful cross-national research on violent crime

answer

true

question

True or False: Mala in se refers to natural law

answer

true

question

True or False: the term crime does a better job of capturing a pattern of antisocial behavior than does the term criminality

answer

false

question

True or False: a casual conniption has been established between illicit drug use and violence

answer

false

question

True or False: A moderator variable alters the relationship between an independent variable and dependent variable

answer

true

question

True or False: studies of heroin and cocaine users indicate that they support their drug habits primarily with income from illegal sources

answer

true

question

True or False:unidirectional explanations of drug-crime relationships often become bidirectional when examines over a long enough period of time

answer

true

question

True or False:research supports the existence of drug specificity which holds that relationships form between specific categories of drugs and specific underlying emotional issues

answer

true

question

True or False: the anti-drug act of 1986 led to an unprecedented increase in the federal prison population

answer

true

question

Arrestee drug abuse monitoring

answer

- data monitoring federal programs in which arrestees 10 u.s. cities are tested for 10 different drugs within 24 hours of arrest

question

Confidence interval

answer

range of values or scores that contain the true population value or score at a specific level of confidence

question

Criminogenic

answer

capable of causing crime

question

effect size

answer

measure of the relationship between 2 variables or the effect of one variable

question

generalizability

answer

extent to which results are obtained in a particular sample apply to the population of interest

question

grand theories

answer

- models that presume complex behavior can be explained with a small number of variables

question

meta-analysis

answer

- statistical techniques that combines the results of multiple studies

question

moderator variables

answer

measured variables that affect the direction or size of the relationship between two other variables

question

Naive Empiricism

answer

beef that scientific study can answer all relevant questions

question

National Victimization survey

answer

stratified multistage cluster sample of american household interviewed to asses the frequency ,characteristics, and consequences of victimization

question

National Longitudinal study of adolescent health

answer

nationally representative sample of American youth collected in 4 waves

question

pragmatic realsim

answer

- perspective that is mindful of the limitations of science

question

reductionism

answer

tendency of a theory to break complex, global phenomena down into simpler and smaller parts

question

addictive search

answer

searching for something to relieves one inner turmoil

question

adventitious entrance

answer

random paring of drug use with relief from inner turmoil

question

attributions

answer

a person's appraisal of the probable cause of an event

question

cocaethylene

answer

substance created when alcohol and cocaine are taken simultaneously and that increase the changes of heart attack and sudden death in user

question

cross-culture theory

answer

- theory of drug use and abuse that break cultural attitudes towards alcohol into abstinent, ritualistic, convivial, and utilitarian

question

disease model

answer

theory of drug use and abuse that holds that people with drugs and alcohol problems suffer from either a medical or spiritual disease

question

drug specificity

answer

belief that people use specific drug to neutralize specific psychological issues and concerns

question

gateway theory

answer

theory in which alcohol and tobacco use are believed to lead t marijuana use and marijuana use is believed to lead to other hard drugs

question

korsakoff syndrome

answer

long terms effect of chronic alcohol use in which affected individuals experience severe memory gaps, often filling in the gaps with erroneous info

question

Latent Structure

answer

- underlying organization of contrast as to how it handles individual differences between cases, either by grouping them into categories or in dimensions

question

reward dependence

answer

tendency to resist extinction of perviously rewarded behaviors

question

set

answer

psychological mindset of the drug user at the time the drug is consumes

question

setting

answer

environment conditions under with the drug is taken

question

social learning theory

answer

theory based on the SOR principle that factors within the organisms mediate the learning of drug use behaviors

question

Taxometrics

answer

a stat procedure used to determine whether a contract has an underlying categorical or dimensional latent structure

question

Unified biosocial model

answer

theory that alcohol use problems can be fictively classified and understood using 3 personality dimensions ( novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and reward dependent )

question

adolescent limited

answer

developmental trajectory marked by a relative brief period of delinquency between mid-adolsescent and late adolescent or early adulthood

question

age-grade theory

answer

theory that emphasizes proximal developmental events as the principal cause of desistance from crime

question

antisocial personality disorder

answer

- adult personality disorder characterized by choric violation of and disregard for the rights of other and connections of society

question

biosocial model

answer

theory in which an interior between genetic and social influences is held to be the cause of crime

question

comorbidity

answer

presence of two or more coexisting disorders

question

crime

answer

act performed in violation of law forbidding t or not performed in violation of a law requiring it

question

criminality

answer

the propensity to commit crime as manifested by age, criminal history, age of onset,antisocial cognition, antisocial peer association, and antisocial personality process

question

developmental theories

answer

group of theories that presumes that criminality is a function of life experiences or developmental trjactories

question

differential association

answer

process by which ones actions are influenced by those with whom one interacts

question

differential reinforcement

answer

degree to which one receives rewards for a crime versus rewards for conventional behavior

question

interactive theory

answer

group of theories that presumes that criminality is a function of interaction between time stable characteristics and developmental life experiences

question

Mala in se

answer

- Natural law

question

Mala prohibita

answer

act made illegal by legislation

question

propensity theories

answer

set of theories that presume that criminality is a function of one or more time stable characteristics

question

psychopathy model

answer

theory in which psychopathic person lit process are held to be the principal cause of crime

question

stability postulate

answer

assumption that low self-control does not change after 8-10 years

question

universality postulate

answer

- assumption that all crime is explained by low self control

question

versatility postulate

answer

assumption that low self control is characterized by involvement in a variety of different offense

question

Bidirectional

answer

casual relationship that goes in both directions, from drug use to crime and from crime to drug use

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