question

In the United States,

answer

many people show large weight gains between the ages of 25 and 40.

question

Which of the following statements about Americans is true?

answer

Over half of Americans are inactive, with no regular brief sessions of even light activity.

question

__________ is the single most important preventable cause of death in industrialized nations.

answer

Cigarette smoking

question

Developmental science is _________ because it has grown through the combined efforts of people from many fields of study.

answer

interdisciplinary

question

Within the _________ view of development, new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times.

answer

discontinuous

question

The lifespan perspective on human development assumes that development is

answer

multidimensional and multidirectional

question

According to ______________ theory, children learn primarily through modeling.

answer

social learning

question

According to ________________ theory, the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers.

answer

operant conditioning

question

Jamar understands that a certain amount of liquid or clay remains the same even after its appearance changes and can organize objects into hierarchies of classes and subclasses. According to Piaget, Jamar is in the __________ stage of cognitive development.

answer

concrete operational

question

Unlike Piaget's cognitive-development theory, the information-processing approach

answer

does not divide development into stages

question

Lev Vygotsky's theory focuses on

answer

how culture is transmitted to the next generation.

question

Unlike Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a _____________ process.

answer

socially mediated

question

Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, information processing, and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory all stress

answer

changes in thinking

question

A _________________ is a prediction about behavior drawn from a _______________.

answer

hypothesis;theory

question

Piaget's first stage, the sensorimotor stage, spans the first _______________ of life.

answer

two years

question

Piaget believed that infants and toddlers

answer

"think" with their eyes, ears, and hands.

question

According to Piaget, specific psychological structures called ____________ are organized ways of making sense of experience.

answer

schemes

question

During ________________, children use their current schemes to interpret the external world, whereas in ________________, children create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that their current ways of thinking do not capture the environment completely.

answer

assimilation, accommodation

question

The circular reaction initially centers on

answer

the infant's own body.

question

Information-processing researchers focus on

answer

many aspects of thinking, from attention, memory, and categorization skills to complex problem solving.

question

In the information processing system, information first enters

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the sensory register

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Vygotsky believed that complex mental activities have their origin in

answer

social interaction

question

According to Vygotsky, children master activities through

answer

joint activities with more mature members of the society.

question

In the form of teaching known as scaffolding, as a child's competence increases, the adult

answer

steps back, permitting the child to take more responsibility for the task.

question

Research on language acquisition indicates that

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childhood is a sensitive period for language acquisition.

question

According to Erikson, a healthy outcome during infancy depends on the

answer

quality of caregivers.

question

According to Erikson's theory, a mistrustful baby

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protects herself by withdrawing from people and things around her.

question

In Erikson's theory, the conflict of toddlerhood, _____________________, is resolved favorably when parents provide suitable guidance and reasonable choices.

answer

autonomy v. shame and doubt

question

Emotions

answer

energize development.

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Which of the following statements about basic emotions is true?

answer

Babies' earliest emotional life consists of attraction to pleasant stimulation and withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation.

question

Metacognition involves

answer

thinking about thinking.

question

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the preschool years is

answer

initiative v. guilt

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An important motivator of prosocial behavior is

answer

empathy

question

Preschooler's self concepts

answer

consist largely of observable traits.

question

Inactivity is __________________ excessive weight gain in children.

answer

both a cause and a consequence of

question

The _______________ child rearing style is the most successful approach.

answer

authoritative

question

During the elementary years, children learn about _________________ new words a day.

answer

20

question

Kim Lee is able to mentally represent her neighborhood and describe it to others. Kim Lee's representation is known as a

answer

cognitive map

question

Children with persistent learning difficulties in reading and math are often deficient in

answer

working memory capacity

question

__________________ parenting is usually correlated with unrealistically high self esteem.

answer

indulgent

question

The most common vision problem in early childhood is

answer

myopia

question

Children whose mothers enjoy their work outside the home and remain committed to parenting ___________________ than children of stay at home moms.

answer

get better grades in school

question

Research on child sexual abuse indicates that

answer

the abuser is typically a parent or someone the parent knows well.

question

Nearly _____ percent of adolescents in the United States and other Western countries report having had sexual intercourse.

answer

50

question

In the United States, 1 out of _____ sexually active teenagers contracts a sexually transmitted disease each year.

answer

5

question

During puberty, neurons become more responsive to excitatory neurotransmitters. As a result, adolescents

answer

react more strongly to stressful events and experience pleasurable stimuli more intensely.

question

Which of the following statements about sex differences in adolescents' reactions to pubertal changes is true?

answer

Overall, boys get much less social support than girls for the physical changes of puberty.

question

Which of the following is a secondary sexual characteristic?

answer

pubic hair

question

Jason, a late-maturing boy, is

answer

likely to be viewed by both peers and adults as anxious.

question

Jacob has begun to question his parents' political beliefs and has attended several rallies to find out about alternatives. He is characterized by identity

answer

moratorium

question

According to Erikson, the major personality achievement of adolescence is development of

answer

identity

question

At Kohlberg's __________ level, morality is externally controlled.

answer

preconventional

question

__________ is a powerful predictor of movement to Kohlberg's Stage 4 or higher.

answer

Years of schooling

question

Once adolescents join a clique or crowd,

answer

it can modify their beliefs and behavior.

question

According to Erikson, if the psychological conflict of adolescence is resolved negatively, a young person experiences

answer

role confusion

question

Thirteen-year-old Sarah describes herself as "shy" and "outgoing." She also says she is "a smart airhead." These disparities probably result from the expansion of Sarah's social world, which

answer

creates pressure to display different selves in different relationships.

question

Carly, age 24, has a 22 percent greater body weight than she should have, based on her age, sex, and physical build. Carly is

answer

an obese adult.

question

Which of the following statements about the psychological impact of attending college is true?

answer

The type of four-year institution attended makes little difference in psychological outcomes or even in ultimate career success and earnings.

question

Eight-year-old Marcie is involved in community theater. She fantasizes about starring in a Broadway musical. Marcie's desire to be an actress

answer

will probably bear little relation to the vocational decisions that she will eventually make.

question

The most important cause of the age-related drop in female fertility is

answer

a decline in the number and quality of ova.

question

In males, semen volume, sperm motility, and percentage of normal sperm decrease gradually after age

answer

35

question

Which of the following statements about mate selection is true?

answer

Little support exists for the idea that "opposites attract."

question

About _____ percent of U.S. 18- to 29-year-olds are unaffiliated with a particular faith.

answer

25

question

Gloria's marriage was riddled with jealousy, emotional highs and lows, and desperation about whether her husband returned her affection. Though she offered support to her husband, Gloria did so in ways that poorly fit his needs. She was also quick to express fear and anger. Based on this information, it is likely that Gloria has a(n) __________ attachment history.

answer

resistant

question

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of early adulthood is

answer

intimacy versus isolation

question

Following a social clock of some kind seems to foster

answer

confidence and social stability.

question

Which of the following individuals is the most likely to experience a psychological crisis during the age-30 transition?

answer

Eddie, who has no romantic relationships and a dissatisfying job

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