question

The group of related mental processes involved in acquiring, storing, and retrieving information is called

answer

Memory

question

The process called ______ involves transforming information into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system

answer

Not Sure/ Google It

question

A process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience is called

answer

Learning

question

The two primary types of conditioning discussed in the text are ______ and ______.

answer

Operant; Classical

question

The process of retaining information in memory so it can be used at a later time is called

answer

Learning/Storage

question

Your mother has recently undergone testing by a memory specialist. The doctor tells her that her test results show that her encoding and storage functions are fine, but that ______, one of the three fundamental processes involved in memory, is not functioning well

answer

Retrieving

question

The stage model of memory involves ______ memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

answer

Sensory

question

The basis of learning in ______ is the association of two stimuli, the CS and the UCS

answer

Classical Conditioning

question

Which of the following is the MOST accurate characterization of sensory memory?

answer

Has a large capacity for information and a brief duration

question

Short-term memory is also referred to as:

answer

working memory

question

Ms. Jones is holding her six-month-old niece Mischa who is hungry and beginning to get fussy. When Mischa's mother walks through the door, Ms. Jones notices that Mischa begins to drool just at the sight of her mother. According to the principles of classical conditioning, Mischa's drool is a(n):

answer

Conditioned Response

question

In Pavlov's famous dog experiments, the dogs learned to salivate at the mere sound of a bell ringing. However, prior to conditioning, it was the food in the dog's mouth that caused the salivation, or the

answer

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

question

Visual sensory memory is to ______ as auditory sensory memory is to ______.

answer

Iconic memory; Echoic memory

question

The purpose of maintenance rehearsal is to maintain information beyond the usual 20-second duration of

answer

Short-Term Memory

question

The "magic number" in memory, famously known as seven plus or minus two (now considered more likely to be four plus or minus one), refers to the capacity available in ______ memory to store information

answer

Short-Term

question

The first time Mrs. Tucker ate sour candy her mouth puckered. Now, if she even sees a piece of sour candy, her mouth puckers. The sour candy in Mrs. Tucker's mouth that caused the original reaction would be called the ______, in classical conditioning

answer

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

question

The ever-familiar terms USA, FBI, and MTV are easy to remember because they involve a short-term memorization strategy known as ______, in which related items are grouped together into a single unit.

answer

Chunking

question

Which of the following is an accurate statement about long-term memory?

answer

Capacity

question

Dr. Frolov classically conditioned a dog to flex his hind leg at the sound of a bell by pairing the ringing of a bell with a mild electric shock to the dog's leg. In this example, the ringing bell is the

answer

Conditioned Stimulus

question

The three major categories of information stored in ______ memory are procedural, episodic, and semantic memory

answer

Long-Term

question

Ricardo always gets nervous and apprehensive whenever his professor says the word exam, but he seldom feels the same anxiety when the professor mentions the word quiz. Assuming that classical conditioning is involved in the two different reactions to the mention of tests, it appears that Ricardo is exhibiting

answer

Stimulus Discrimination

question

Remembering how to ride a bike is to ______ memory as remembering the names of various U.S. presidents is to ______ memory

answer

Procedural; Semantic

question

Your friend tells you that one of her favorite memories from childhood is when her family would have "ice cream night." Knowing that you are studying psychology, she asks you what type of memory this is. You tell her, correctly, that it is the type of long-term memory called:

answer

Episodic

question

Justine became ill after eating a chicken burger. Now she not only has an intense dislike of chicken burgers but she also feels nauseated at the sight of beef burgers, fish burgers, soybean burgers, or anything that even resembles a burger. It would appear that Justine has experienced the phenomenon Pavlov called

answer

Stimulus Generalization

question

______ memory includes general knowledge of facts, names, and concepts.

answer

Semantic

question

Your friend Peter has trained his dog to salivate every time Peter rings a bell, since the dog associates getting to eat when he hears the bell. Peter then decides to pair a light with the bell, then eventually removing the bell. Now his dog salivates when he only sees the light. Peter has just succeeded at a procedure known as

answer

Higher Order Conditioning

question

______ is memory with awareness while ______ is memory without awareness.

answer

Explicit Memory; Implicit Memory

question

Memory that can be consciously recollected is to ______ memory as memory that cannot be consciously recollected is to ______ memory.

answer

Explicit; Implicit

question

Zoran has a classically conditioned fear of rivers and lakes after he was attacked by an alligator while swimming in a river near his home. A behavioral psychologist is likely to suggest that his conditioned response (CR) can be weakened and may eventually disappear through a process called

answer

Extinction

question

One of the ways information is organized into related groups in long-term memory is called:

answer

Not Sure/ Google It

question

This stage of memory has a 20-second duration

answer

Short-term Memory

question

About five hours after she had successfully extinguished a dog's classically conditioned response of salivation at the sound of a bell, Dr. Sheckenov discovered that the dog once again salivated when it heard the bell. This example illustrates the phenomenon of

answer

Spontaneous Recovery

question

This stage of memory has an unlimited capacity for information.

answer

Long-Term

question

Erv developed a fear of attics after he was accidentally locked in his own attic by his wife. Erv's present fear of the attic is a(n): conditioned emotional response

answer

Conditioned Emotional Response

question

This stage of memory registers environmental information

answer

Sensory Memory

question

This stage of memory has a duration of up to 3 seconds

answer

Sensory Memory

question

Rose has been unable to drive a motorcycle since being involved in a serious motorcycle accident. Every time she sees a motorcycle, her heart races and she begins to sweat. A person with knowledge of classical conditioning would be correct in saying that the motorcycle is now a(n) ______, and the heart racing and body sweating is the ______.

answer

Conditioned Stimulus; Conditioned Response

question

What is the capacity for short-term memory

answer

7 = +/- 2

question

Which of the following perspectives posits that both mental processes and external events are involved in the learning of new behaviors?

answer

Cognitive Perspective

question

The American psychologist John Garcia is known for

answer

Experimentally demonstrating the learning of taste aversions in animals

question

This model describes how information in long-term memory is organized in a complex network of associations.

answer

Semantic Network Model

question

The process of accessing what is stored in long-term memory is called:

answer

Retrieval

question

The American psychologist who, by means of careful experimentation, demonstrated that taste aversions in animals were learned was:

answer

John Garcia

question

A clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of information stored in long-term memory is(are) known as:

answer

Retrieval Clues

question

When Debbie was a child she ate Captain Crunch cereal, after which she became very ill. She developed a dislike for and avoidance of this cereal. This is a classically conditioned response known as:

answer

Taste Aversions

question

Maryanne is listening to a song while waiting for a bus. She cannot remember the vocalist, but she is certain it is in her memory somewhere, just "out of reach." Maryanne is experiencing a retrieval failure known as

answer

Tip-of-the-Tongue

question

Some forms of chemotherapy make patients sick. Someone who has eaten vegetarian pizza just before the therapy (and is then sick) later feels ill when she sees or smells pizza. In this example of taste aversion learning, the conditioned response is the:

answer

Nausea felt at the sight or smell of pizza

question

As you get ready for your history exam, you are hoping that it is a multiple-choice test and not an essay test. The reason you perceive the essay test as being "more difficult" is probably because an essay relies on your ability to ______ without any retrieval cues, while the multiple-choice test measures ______.

answer

Use Recalll; Recognition

question

The concept that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and certain responses is referred to in learning theory as:

answer

Biological Preparedness

question

A multiple-choice test is to ______ as a fill-in-the-blank test is to ______.

answer

Recognition/Recall

question

The tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle is also known as the ______ effect.

answer

Serial Position

question

The development of a taste aversion likely has a(n) ______ component, such that if an animal in the wild eats a food that makes it sick, the animal is more likely to survive by avoiding that food in the future.

answer

Evolutionary

question

Because you are concerned that you will not do well on your math midterm, your professor suggests that you study for the exam in the same setting where you will take it. This is an example of the ______ effect.

answer

Context

question

Also known as the _______effect, this is the tendency to remember information more easily when retrieval occurs in the same setting where you originally learned the information.

answer

Context

question

Examples of the ______ principle include the context effect and mood congruence.

answer

Encoding Specificity

question

According to the ______ specificity principle, when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, which of the following is MOST likely to lead to successful retrieval?

answer

Encoding

question

It has been shown that people who are depressed tend to remember more depressive events in their life when prompted. This is an example of a type of encoding specificity known as:

answer

Mood Congruence

question

The idea that a person's current emotional state will influence the kind of memory that can be recalled is known as ______ congruence.

answer

Mood

question

The study of the acquisition of voluntary behaviors was originated by an American psychology student named

answer

Edward L. Thorndike

question

Thorndike's groundbreaking experiments with the cats in the puzzle box primarily revealed that:

answer

Response followed by a satisfying effect are strengthened and likely to be repeated

question

The recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event is also known as what type of memory?

answer

Flashbulb

question

The tendency to recall the first items in a list is called:

answer

Primary Effect

question

The learning principle that proposes that responses followed by a satisfying effect are strengthened and MORE likely to occur again is called the

answer

Law of Effect

question

Known as a staunch behaviorist, ______ believed that psychology should restrict itself to studying only that which could be objectively measured and verified

answer

B.F. Skinner

question

Every time three-year-old Franklin hits his younger brother, Franklin's mother picks Franklin up and says "No," giving him the attention that he likely wants to begin with. What Franklin's mother doesn't realize is that she is conforming to a fundamental behavioral principle called ______ by reinforcing her son's behavior when he hits his brother.

answer

Not Sure/ Google It

question

After studying very hard last semester, Sasha got very good grades in all her courses. This semester, Sasha is once again studying very hard. It appears that good grades are ______ for Sasha's studying behavior.

answer

Positive Reinforcement

question

For Becca, a bad grade is a devastating experience, so she studies very hard to avoid getting them. Her study behavior is maintained by

answer

Negative Reinforcement

question

When Juanita gets paid, she uses the money to buy food to feed her family. For Juanita, money is a ______ reinforcer and food is a ______ reinforcer.

answer

Conditioned; Primary

question

Negative reinforcement and punishment produce entirely different effects on behavior. Whereas negative reinforcement ______ the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated in the future, punishment ______ the future occurrence of the behavior.

answer

Always increases; Always decreases

question

Every time 13-year-old Joseph disobeys his mother, she withholds a portion of his allowance. His mother is utilizing the operant conditioning technique known as:

answer

Negative Reinforcement

question

The tendency to recall the final items in a list is called:

answer

Recency Effect

question

Another term for recall is:

answer

Free Recall

question

Little James receives attention from his teacher in the form of a scolding every time he misbehaves. As a result, he misbehaves quite frequently. In this instance, it would appear that the teacher's scolding is a:

answer

Positive Reinforcing Stimulus

question

The inability to recall information that was previously available is called

answer

Forgetting

question

The scientific study of forgetting was begun by the German psychologist ______ over a century ago

answer

Not Sure/ Google It

question

One of the MOST common reasons for forgetting is ______ failure

answer

Encoding

question

Also referred to as ______, this operant conditioning procedure involves teaching a new behavior by means of prompting and reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the goal behavior

answer

Shaping

question

Harry is learning to crawl and every time he gets on his knees his mother applauds and says, "Go, Harry!" Harry's mother is using a(n) ______ schedule of reinforcement

answer

Continuous

question

The brief but intense feeling of remembering a particular scene or an event that is actually being experienced for the first time, is known as

answer

Deja Vu

question

The phenomenon in which behaviors that are conditioned only sometimes, thus causing them to be more resistant to extinction, is known as

answer

The Partial Reinforcement

question

The hypothesis that there are normal metabolic processes occurring over time in the brain that permit a natural forgetting of memories is also known as ___________ theory

answer

Decay

question

Malia has taken two consecutive semesters of biology. The second semester was similar to the first in content, but it was more advanced and had more lab work. According to ______ theory, Malia is likely to forget what she learned the first semester because what she was presented with in the second semester was similar.

answer

Interference

question

Helmut works for his university as a telephone solicitor for a fund-raising drive. He is paid a set amount of money for every ten calls he makes, regardless of whether he is successful in raising funds. Helmut's telephoning is reinforced on a ______ schedule of reinforcement

answer

Fixed-Ratio (FR)

question

A new memory interfering with the ability to remember an old memory is to ______ interference, as an old memory interfering with the ability to remember a new memory is to ______ interference

answer

Not Sure/ Google It

question

Mrs. Soto has just moved to a new home and calls the postal service to have her mail forwarded to the new address. When she is asked for her new address, she instinctively gives her old address. This example of ______ interference means that Mrs. Soto's ability to remember her new address is being affected by her memory of the old address

answer

Proactive

question

Ever since Tyra got her new fax machine and hooked up her computer to the Internet, her phone is often busy. It is difficult for her parents to know when to call her, so they try at random times. It appears that their phoning Tyra is reinforced on a ______ schedule

answer

Variable Interval (VI)

question

This term is used to describe any active behavior that operates on the environment to generate consequences

answer

Operant Behavior

question

Tom has had a terrible day—he failed his driving test, bounced a check, and had a bad haircut. Before he goes to bed, Tom decides to read a race-car driving magazine in a deliberate and conscious attempt to forget about his day before he goes to sleep. Through this act of motivated forgetting called ______, Tom will hopefully make the memory of his bad day less accessible

answer

Suppression

question

Every time you start your car it makes an annoying ding sound, and the sound continues, even while you are driving, until you fasten your seatbelt. Once you buckle up, the annoying dinging stops. This is an example of

answer

Negative Reinforcement

question

Motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously is known as

answer

Repression

question

This is an operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed.

answer

Shaping

question

The behavioral researcher Edward C. Tolman proposed that learning can occur without reinforcement and without being manifested in actual performance improvement. This type of learning, known as ______, showed that rats formed "cognitive maps" of mazes even without being reinforced

answer

Latent Learning

question

Which of the following involves a brief but intense feeling of familiarity in a new situation?

answer

Deja Vu

question

The memory-distortion phenomenon in which a person's existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information is known as the ________ effect

answer

Misinformation

question

When, as a result of past experience, a person believes that personal outcomes are uncontrollable, ______ can occur

answer

Learned Helplessness

question

A memory distortion that occurs when the true origin of the memory is forgotten is also known as

answer

Source Confusion

question

One night you dream that your college roommate got married. When you run into her in a coffee shop about a year later and ask her how the wedding was, she tells you that she is not married. This form of memory distortion is also known as:

answer

Source Confusion

question

A wellness program has been instituted at your local community center and this week it is focusing on people struggling with depression. Given what you have learned in your studies of Seligman's work on ______, you recognize that depression is often connected to the idea that adverse events are inescapable and uncontrollable

answer

Learned Helplessness

question

The recollection of something that did not actually occur that is often distorted and fabricated is also known as a

answer

False Memory

question

Organized clusters of information about a particular topic are called

answer

Schemas

question

An animal's tendency to revert to instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response is called

answer

Instinctive Drift

question

Two times a week Joey's mother lets him watch a video on trucks. He has now developed the ability to easily name every type of truck. This ability is the result of

answer

Observational Learning

question

A person is MORE likely to experience a false memory of an event if the actions constituting the event are ______ the person's script or schema of that situation

answer

Consistent With

question

The memory phenomenon known as ______ involves a person's an increasing confidence that an event occurred if the event was vividly pictured

answer

Imagination Inflation

question

Severe memory loss is also known as

answer

Amnesia

question

Loss of memory, especially for episodic information, is called ______ amnesia.

answer

Retrograde

question

Loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories is called ______ amnesia.

answer

Anterograde

question

Mr. Kalsi's new portable air conditioner came with an instructional video showing the step-by-step procedure for installation and operation of the unit. After carefully watching the video, Mr. Kalsi was successful in setting up and operating the new machine. This example illustrates the type of learning called:

answer

Observational Learning

question

The inability to remember some or all of one's past is to ______ as the inability to form new memories is to ______.

answer

Retrograde Amnesia; Anterograde Amnesia

question

The gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories into stable, enduring long-term memory codes is also known as

answer

Memory Consolidation

question

Memories involved made without conscious awareness are to ______ memories as memories made with conscious awareness are to ______ memories.

answer

Implicit; Explicit

question

Five-year-old Jim and six-year-old John watched Superman cartoons all morning. In the early afternoon, they donned beach towels as capes, climbed on top of the garage roof, and got ready to fly. Their startled mother stopped them in time, but she was forcefully reminded of the powerful influence of ______ on behavior.

answer

Not Sure/ Google It

question

The experimental investigation of observational learning that emphasizes the role of cognitive factors can be largely credited to American psychologist

answer

Albert Bandura

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