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A mental state in which the perception of reality is distorted

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Psychosis

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In which moods alternate between periods of wild elation and deep depression

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Bipolar disorder

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Which involves such traits as feeblemindedness, epilepsy, insanity, and defective social instinct

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Defective intelligence

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And continually engage in aggressive and antisocial behavior in early childhood

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Conduct disorder

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Disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in underling or us inning spoken or written language

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Learning disability

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Refers to a person ability to reason comprehend ideas, solve problems, think abstractly ,understand complex ideas, learn from experience and discover solution to complex problems

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Intelligence

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The reasonable stable patterns of behavior, including thoughts and emotions that distinguish one person from another

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Personality

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Is the branch of behavio theory most relevant to criminology.Albert Bandura argue that people are not violently born with the ability to act violently but that they learn to be life experiences

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Social learning

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Social learning theorist view violence as something learned through

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Behavior modeling

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Abundant androgen, which controls secondary sex characteristics, such as facial hair and voice timbre

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Testosterone

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Environmental, and social conditions work in concert to produce human behavior

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Biosocial theory

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Occurs when glucose in the blood falls below levels necessary for normal and effient brain function

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Hypoglycemia

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The study of brain activity

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Neurophysiology

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Is the most important measure of neurophysiological functioning in which records the electrical impulses given off by the brain commonly called brain waives

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Electroencephalograph

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It has been defined as an abruptly appearing, maladaptive behavior that interrupts an individual lifestyle and life flow

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Minimal brain dysfunction

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Femela sex hormones, which affect antisocial, aggressive behavior

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Prementrual syndrome

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Characterized by extreme impairment of a person ability to think clearly, respond emotionally, communicate effectively understand reality, and behave appropriately

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Schizophrenia

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Suffer complex behavior delusion involving wrongdoing or persecution . The think everyone is out to get them

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Paramoid schizophrenics

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Is the primitive part of an individual mental makeup present at birth. It represent unconscious biological drive for food, and other life-sustaining necessities.

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id

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It requires instant gratification without concer the right of others.

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Pleasure principle

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Develops early in life, when a child begins to learn that his or her wishes can not be instantly gratified.

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Ego

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It takes into account what is practical and conventional by societal standards.

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Reality principle

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Develops as result of incorporating within the personality the moral standards and values of parents, community, and significant others.

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Superego

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A view most closely associated with psychologist John bowldy, is also connected to the psychodynamic tradition.bowlby believe that the ability to form attachments-that is,emotionally bond to another person -has important lasting psychological implications that follow people across the life span

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Attachment theory

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Psychological behavior theory maintains that human actions are developed thought learning experiences.

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Behavioral theory

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Psychologists with a cognitive perspective focus on mental processes and how people perceive and mentally represent the world around them and solve problems

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Cognitive theory

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Some believe antisocial behavior characteristic and mental disorders may be inherited

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Genetics and crime

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According to sociolobiology acts that are out wardly designed to help others but that have at their core benefits to the self.

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Reciprocal altruism

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Male sex hormones,linked to criminality

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Androgens

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The idea that there must be a mental that prepares youths psychologically for antisocial acts.

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Latent delinquency

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As a period of serious personal questioning people undertake in an effort to determine their own values and sense of direction.

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Identity crisis

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Social strata are created by the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige.

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Stratified society

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Lower-class areas which is passed from one generation to the next.such as school, government agencies , and the police mark the culture of poverty

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Culture of poverty

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Mutual trust,a willingness to intervene in the supervision of children, and the maintenance of public order

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Collective efficacy

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In which the outside world is considered the enemy out to destroy the neighborhood

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Siege mentality

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Suffer high rate of population turnover and were incapable of inducing residents to remain and defend the neighborhood

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Transitional neighborhood

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As a group, they suggest that social and economic forces operating in deteriorated lower-class areas are the key determinant of criminal behavior patterns

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Social Structure theory

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Focus on the condictions within the urban environment that affect crime rates.

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Social disorganization

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Occurs when individuals both embrace conventional social goals and also have the means at their disposal to attain them.

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Conformity

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Occurs when the individual accepts goals of society but rejects or is incapable of attaining them through legitimate means.

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Innovation

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Are less concerned about. Accumulating wealth and instead gain pleasure from practicing traditional ceremonies regardless regardless of whether they have a real purpose or goal.

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Ritualism

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rejecting both the cultural goal of succcess and socially legitimate means of achieving it

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Retreatism

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Involves substituting an alternative set of goals and means for conventional ones.

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Rebellion

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Helps identify the micro-level or individual influences of strain by Robert Agnew's

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General strain theory

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The anger, frustration, and adverse emotions that emerge in the wake of negative and destructive social relationships.

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Negative affective states

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When the rules expressed In the criminal law clash with the demands of group conduct norms.

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Culture conflict

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Walter Miller identified the unique value system that defines lower-class culture.dominates life among the lower class

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Focal concerns

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Because social condition make them incapable of achieving success legitimately, lower-class youths experience a forms of culture conflict stated by Cohen .

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Status frustration

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Rules governing the day-to-day living condition within these subculture .

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Conduct norms

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Role is the most common response to middle-class rejection.In which young men remain in their birth neighborhood, acquire families and menial jobs, and adjust to the demands of their environment.

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Corner boy

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Embraces the cultural and social values of the middle class.this types of youth is embarking on almost hopeless path,because he illequipped academically, socially, and linguistically to achive the rewards of middle-class .

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College boy

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Adopts a set of norms and principles in direct opposition to middle-class values.

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Delinquent boy

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Which states that people in all strata of society share of society share the same success goal but that those in the lower class have limited means of achieving them.

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Differential opportunity

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Antisocial behavior will be reduced f parents provide the type of structure that integrates children into families,while giving them the ability to assert their own behavior.

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Parental efficacy

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An attempt to explain crime as a type of learned behavior.first proposed by Ronald A.Akers in collaboration with Robert L.Burgess in 1966 it is a version of social learning view that employs differential association concepts as well as elements of psychological learning theory.

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Differential reinforcement theory

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According to Eswin H.Sutherland,the principle that. Criminal acts are related to a person exposure to an excess amount of antisocial attitudes and values.

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Differential association theory

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The writing of David Matza and his associate Gresham Sykes .the view the process of becoming a criminal as a learning experience in which potential delinquents and criminals maste r technique that enable them to counterbalance or neutralize conventional values and drift back and forth between illegitimate and conventional behavior.

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Neutralization theory

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Are morally tinged influences that have become entrenched in the culture but are publicly condemned.

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Subterranean values

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Refts to the movement from one extreme of behavior to another, resulting in behavior that is sometime unconventional ,free, or deviant and at other times constrained and sober

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Drift

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Young offenders sometimes claim their unlawful acts were simply not their fault.Criminals act resulted from forces beyond their control or were accidents.

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Deny responsibility

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By denying the wrongfulness of act, criminal are able to neutralize illegal behavior.example, stealing is viewed as borrowing .

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Deny injury

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Criminals sometimes neutralize wrongdoing by maintaining that the victim of crime .bandalism may be directed against a dislike or neighbor.

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Deny the victim

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An offender views the world as a corrupt place with a dog-eat-dog code.because police and judges are on the take,teachers show favoritism, and parents take out their frustrations on their kids, it is ironic and unfair for this authorities to condemn his or her misconduct.

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Condemn condemners

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Novice criminals often argue that thet caught in the dilemma of being loyal to their own peers group while at the same time attempting to abide by the rules of the larger society .

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Appleal to higher loyalties

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Maintain that all people have the potential to violated the law and that modern society presents many opportunities for illlegal activity

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Social control theory

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Pioneering control theorist Walter Reckless argued that a strong self-image insulates a youth from the pressures and pulls of criminologenic influences in the environment .

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Containment theory

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A person maintains with society is divided into four main elements: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.

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Social bond

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Refers to a persons sensitivity to and interest in others .

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Attachment

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Involves the time, energy,and effort expended in conventional lines of action, such as getting an education and saving money for the future.if people build a strong build a strong commitment to conventional society they will be less likely to engage in act that will be jeopardize their hard-won position.

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Commitment

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Conventional activities leaves little time for illegal time for illegal behavior.

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Involvement

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People who live in the same social setting often share common moral beliefs,they may adhere to such values as sharing, density to the right of others,and admiration for the legal code.

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Belief

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Commonly called labeling theory, explain how criminal careers form based on destructive social interactions and encounters.

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Social reaction theory

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Involves norm violations or crimes that have very little influence on the actor and can be quickly forgotten.

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Primary deviance

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Occurs when a deviant even comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents who apply a negative label.

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Secondary deviance

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Criminologists who view crime as function of social conflict and economic rivalry have been known by a number of title, such as conflict ,Marxist or radical criminology.

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Critical criminologist

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Marx focused his attention on the economic conditions perpetuated by the capitalist system.

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Communist Manifesto

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Fathers assume the traditional role of breadwinner ,while mothers tend to have menial jobs or remain at home to supervise domestic matters.

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Paternalistic families

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Those in which the husband and wife share similar positions of power at home and in the work place -daughter gain a kind of freedom that reflects reduced parental control.

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Egalitarian families

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