question

Excretory system exchange with ______ involves CO2 and H2O

answer

Lungs

question

Excretory system exchange with ______ involves H2O, Salts, & Urea

answer

Skin

question

Excretory system exchange with ________ involves urea, H2O, salts, & excess sugar

answer

Kidneys

question

Excretory system exchange with ________ involves removal of amine groups from amino acids; these must be converted into substances such as urea, uric acid, or ammonia before they can be excreted from the body

answer

Liver

question

Aquatic animals often convert amine groups into this before excretion because the process requires a lot of water but not that much energy and the result is extremely toxic

answer

Ammonia

question

Insects, some birds, and other animals often convert amine groups into this before excretion because though the process requires a lot of energy (concentrated nitrogen), it conserves H2O

answer

Uric Acid Paste

question

Mammals often convert amine groups into this before excretion because though it requires a lot of energy, it conserves a lot of water and is much less toxic than ammonia

answer

Urea

question

Organs found in insects (most terrestrial arthropods) that are involved in the excretory system; remove nitrogenous wastes and function in osmoregulation;

answer

Malpigian tubules

question

Organs found in earthworms (most annelids) that are involved in the excretory system; collect fluid directly from the coelom

answer

Metanephridia

question

Organs found in flatworms that are involved in the excretory system; network of dead-end tubules that branch to flame bulbs (tufts of cilia projecting into the tubule that beat and draw water and solutes from the interstitial fluids through the flame bulb, real easing filtrate into network and urine into the external environment)

answer

Flame cells (proto-nephridia)

question

Organs found in mammals that are involved in the excretory system

answer

Kidneys

question

the location of maximum saturation of hemoglobin in the human body

answer

Lungs

question

small network of capillaries encased in the upper end of a nephron; where the filtration of blood takes place

answer

Glomerulus

question

cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and which filtration takes place.

answer

Bowman's capsule

question

In the vertebrate kidney, the portion of a nephron immediately downstream from Bowman's capsule that conveys and helps refine filtrate

answer

Proximal tubule

question

The loop of the nephron that dips downward into the renal medulla. The loop of Henle sets up a concentration gradient in the kidney such that from the cortex to the renal pelvis osmolarity increases. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water, but not to sodium whereas the ascending limb is permeable to sodium, but not to water (and in fact, actively transports sodium out of the filtrate).

answer

Loop of Henle

question

last part of the renal tubule; where secretion of ions, acids, drugs, and toxins takes place, Between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct; Selective reabsorption and secretion occur here, most notably to regulate reabsorption of water and sodium

answer

Distal tubule

question

The portion of the nephron where water reabsorption is regulated via antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Several nephrons empty into one and this is the final region through which urine must pass on its way to the ureter.

answer

Collecting duct

question

Steps of Filtration

answer

1) Filtration 2) Secretion & Reabsorption 3) Collection

question

Regulates Isomolarity (detected by the hypothalamus where this is produced); stops urinination to retain water; the collecting ducts increase their permeability (reabsorb more water) when this influences the role of aquaporins; this is triggered to release when an organism in dehydrated = the blood is hypertonic (detected by osmoregulatory receptors = prevents further osmolarty increase and stimulates thirst); works until homeostasis of osmolarity is resorted

answer

ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone)

question

If the volume of blood is low or there is low pressure in the veins/arteries, this stimulates JGA (juxtaglomerular) to produce a series of hormones (indicated by name) which in turn stimulate the adrenal gland to produce Aldosterone to increase absorption of salt in distal tubules and stimulate arteriole constriction

answer

RAAS (Renin --> Angiotensinogen --> Angiotensin II System)

question

RAAS stands for...

answer

Renin Angiotensinogen Angiotensin II System

question

Opposes the RAAS system by inhibiting the release of renin and aldosterone and NaCl reabsorption

answer

ANF/ANP (Atrial Naturetic Factor/Peptide)

question

3 Types of Muscles

answer

Cardiac/striated, Smooth, & Skeletal

question

Thin muscle fiber

answer

Actin

question

Thick muscle fiber

answer

Myosin

question

Striated, single nucleated, involuntary, self-excitatory (no nerve enervation) w/ gap junctions

answer

Cardiac muscle

question

Lacking striations, involuntary, single nucleus, found around gut and blood vessels

answer

Smooth muscle

question

Striated, voluntary, multi-nucleated

answer

Skeletal

question

Body system involved in support, protection, form, and movement as well as storage of minerals, the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

answer

Skeletal System

question

Internal skeleton made up of 2 main parts (axial and appendicular)

answer

Endoskeleton

question

External skeleton made of minerals (i.e. clams) or chitin (i.e. bugs)

answer

Exoskeleton

question

Water-vascular skeletal system found in earthworks and echinoderms

answer

Hydrostatic skeleton

question

Part of endoskeletons that includes the skull, vertebral column, and ribs

answer

Axial skeleton

question

Part of endoskeletons that includes the arms, legs, pectoral girdle (clavicle, etc.), and pelvic girdle (hip bones, etc.)

answer

Appendicular skeleton

question

Joint types

answer

freely moveable (ball & socket, hinge), slightly moveable, immovable (skull)

question

e.g. bone, blood, tendons, ligaments, cartilage

answer

Connective tissue

question

Connect muscle to bone

answer

Tendons

question

Connect bone to bone

answer

Ligaments

question

The formation of bones by osteocytes

answer

Ossification

question

destroy bone

answer

Osteoblasts

question

form bone

answer

osteoclasts

question

Membraneous covering of bone

answer

Periosteum

question

The pocketed part at the end of bones that is actually the strongest for all of its holes

answer

Spongey bone

question

The type of bone that surrounds the marrow canal in the center of the bone; this is where blood vessels and nerves reside in Haversian canals

answer

Compact bone

question

The center part of the bone where red and white blood cells are produced

answer

Marrow canal

question

Where blood vessels and nerves reside within compact bones

answer

Haversian canals

question

The most energy efficient type of locomotion

answer

Swimming

question

the function unit of the nervous system; the nerve cell that transfers information within the body (long distance electrical signals and short distance chemical signals)

answer

Neuron

question

The body system of nervous tissues--organized into the brain,spinal courd, and nerves--that send and receive messages and integreate the body's activities.

answer

Nervous system

question

Impulse receiving end of the neuron where the nucleus resides in the cyton or cell body

answer

Dendrites

question

Impulse transmitting end of neuron covered by the pre-synaptic membrane

answer

Axon terminal

question

a white fatty substance that forms a medullary sheath around the axis cylinder of some nerve fibers, helping transmission of impulses to increase drastically in efficiency; nerve impulses can not be transmitted where the sheath is is covered in this and thus the impulse is forced to jump in between the covered areas, only being transmitted in nodes of Ranvier along the axon; produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS

answer

Myelin

question

3 Types of Neurons

answer

Sensory, motor, interneuron

question

Type of neuron that transmits information toward the central nervous system from sense receptors of taste, touch, sight, sound, smell, proprioception

answer

Sensory Neuron

question

Type of neuron that transmits information towards voluntary or involuntary effectors effectors (muscles or glands)

answer

motor neuron

question

Type of neuron that transmits information between sensory and motor neurons

answer

Interneuron

question

1) Receptor or impulse 2) Sensory neuron 3) interneuron 4) motor neuron 5) effector gland or muscle (no initial brain involvement for self preservation/ survival)

answer

Reflex arc

question

Reflex arc

answer

1) Receptor or impulse 2) Sensory neuron 3) interneuron 4) motor neuron 5) effector gland or muscle (no initial brain involvement for self preservation/ survival)

question

Part of the nervous system that includes the brain (protected by skull and cerebra spinal fluid) and the spinal chord (protected by vertebral column and spinal fluid)

answer

Central Nervous system

question

The part of the nervous system that includes everything except the brain and the spinal chord broken up into sensory and motor broken up into somatic and autonomic broken up into parasympathetic, sympathetic, and enteric

answer

Peripheral Nervous system

question

The rest and ruminate breakdown of the autonomic part of the nervous system (antagonistic to the fight or flight part) that decreases heart rate, decreases blood pressure, restores glucose to glycogen form, and constricts the pupils

answer

Parasympathetic

question

The fight or flight breakdown of the autonomic part of the nervous system (antagonistic to the rest and ruminate part) that increases heart rate, increases blood pressure, converted glycogen to glucose, dilates pupils, and causes loss of sphincter control

answer

Sympathetic

question

The breakdown of the autonomic part of the nervous system that involves the gut (a lot of nerves in lining of gut)

answer

Enteric

question

The breakdown of the motor part of the nervous system that involves voluntary movement impulses

answer

Somatic

question

The breakdown of the motor part of the nervous system that involves involuntary movement impulses

answer

Autonomic

question

The initial breakdown of the peripheral nervous system that involves movement of the body

answer

Motor

question

The initial breakdown the the peripheral nervous system that involves perception of stimuli (5 senses)

answer

Sensory

question

Channels that open in response to a stimulus in the transmission of action potentials to reverse the usually negative inside to positive and the usually positive outside to negative at one section of the axon in something called depolarization; the next section of the axon is then depolarized as the original section is repolarized (restored to initial condition)

answer

Na+ gates

question

Channels that are excitatory

answer

Na+

question

Channels that are inhibitory

answer

K+

question

Neurotransmitter required for muscle contraction, memory formation, learning (excitatory in neurons, inhibitory in heart)

answer

Acetylcholine

question

Enzyme that degrades acetylcholine (if interfered with --> paralysis)

answer

Acetylcholinasterase

question

Hormones involved in biorhythms (the first one is involved in depression; low levels of it induce depression)

answer

Seratonin & Melatonin

question

The largest part of the brain involved in thinking, memory, language, logic, convoys control of functions

answer

Cerebrum

question

The second largest part of the brain involved in coordination of fine movement

answer

Cerebellum

question

The part of the brain involved in control of primitive life function s such as breathing and swallowing

answer

Medula Oblongata

question

A gland in the brain that secretes a lot of neurohormones (to the posterior pituitary) that regulates/detects composition of blood among other things

answer

hypothalamus

question

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

answer

thalamus

question

General term for the process by which animals control solute concentrations and balance water gains and loss; based largely on the controlled movement of solutes between internal fluids and external environment by osmosis

answer

osmoregulation

question

the process that rids the body of nitrogenous metabolites and other metabolic waste products

answer

excretion

question

the difference is osmotic pressure between two solutions separated by a membrane in milliOsmoles per liter

answer

osmolarity

question

Where the difference is osmotic pressure between two solutions separated by a membrane is 0 milliOsmoles per liter; there is no net movement

answer

isoosmotic

question

When two solutions differ in osmolarity, the greater one is referred to as this

answer

hyperosmotic

question

When two solutions differ in osmolarity, the lesser one is referred to as this

answer

hypoosmotic

question

When an organism is iso osmotic with its surroundings (i.e. most marine animals)

answer

osmoconformer

question

When an organism controls internal osmolarity independent of that of its environment; live in environments uninhabitable by osmoconformers; to survive in a hypotonic environment, these organism must discharge excess water and vise versa for hyperosmotic environments

answer

Osmoregulator

question

Most animals that cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity

answer

Stenohaline

question

Some animals that can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity

answer

Euryhaline

question

Cells found in many marine osmoregulators that actively transport chloride ions out and allow sodium ions to follow passively to rid the organism of salts taken in through large quantities of sea water

answer

Chloride cells

question

______ have an internal salt concentration much lower than that of seawater, thus salt tends to diffuse into their bodies from the water; they, however, aren't hypo osmotic to sea water because their tissue contains high concentrations of urea and trimethlamine oxide (TMAO), a molecule that protects from urea damage

answer

sharks

question

extreme dehydration that is fatal for most animals

answer

desiccation

question

Some animals may enter this dormant state when their habitats dry up (i.e. tardigrade/water bear), though they require adaptations that keep cells membranes intact; they do this by containing large amounts of sugars that protect cells by replacing water that is normally associated w/ proteins and membrane lipids

answer

anhydrobiosis

question

One or more layers of epithelial cells specialized for moving particular solutes in controlled amounts in specific directions; typically arranged into complex tubular networks w/ extensive surface area; often function in disposal of metabolic wastes

answer

transport epithelia

question

When proteins and nucleic acids are broken apart for energy or converted to carbs or fats, enzymes remove nitrogen in the form of this very toxic (because it interferes w/ oxidative phosphorylation) substance; animals that do this need a lot of water = most commonly aquatic species

answer

Ammonia

question

Most terrestrial animals and many marine species excrete nitrogenous waste as this product of metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with CO2; low toxicity and can be stored safely at high concentrations; high energy cost

answer

Urea

question

Insects, land snails, and many reptiles and birds excrete this as their primary nitrogenous waste because it doesn't readily dissolve in water (conserves it); most energetically expensive

answer

Uric acid

question

Force that drives the process of filtration when body fluid is brought into contact with the selectively permeable membrane of transport epithelium

answer

hydrostatic pressure

question

The process by which the excretory tubule collects a filtrate from the blood. Water and solutes are forced by blood pressure across the selectively permeable membranes of a cluster of capillaries and into the excretory tubule

answer

Filtration

question

The process by which the transport epithelium reclaims valuable substances from the filtrate and returns them to the body fluid

answer

Reabsorption

question

The process by which other substances such as toxins and excess ions are extracted from body fluids and added to the contents of the excretory tubule

answer

Secretion

question

THe process by which the altered filtrate (urine) leaves the system and the body

answer

Excretion

question

bean-shaped organs for transporting and storing urine

answer

kidneys

question

the ducts (x2) through which urine produced by the kidneys exits

answer

ureter

question

A sac into which ureters deposit urine produced but the kidneys

answer

Urinary bladdar

question

The tube through which urine is expelled from the body

answer

Urethra

question

The outer layer of the kidney just below the surface

answer

renal cotex

question

The inner layer of the kidney

answer

renal meduala

question

the innermost layer of the kidney that collects urine form excretory tubules and passes it on to the bladder

answer

renal pelvis

question

the functional units of the vertebrate kidney

answer

nephrons

question

nephrons in the kidney that reach only a short distance into the medualla

answer

cortical nephrons

question

nephrons in the kidney that extend deep into the medulla

answer

juxtameduallary nephrons

question

Countercurrent systems that expend energy to create concentration gradients; in the loop of Henle, this maintains a big salt concentration in the interior of the kidney, enabling the kidney to form concentrated urine

answer

countercurrent multiplier systems

question

A specialized tissue consisting of cells of and around the afferent arteriole that supplied blood to the glomerulus; involved in RAAS

answer

JGA (juxtaglomeruluar apparatus)

question

both ADH & RAAS increase water absorption (A) or excretion (E)?

answer

A

question

A group of neurons organized into complex organ

answer

brain

question

A junction between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another through which neurotransmitters pass

answer

synapse

question

Cells that support neurons by nourishing, insulating the axons, and regulating extracellular fluid surrounding them

answer

glia

question

Sodium potassium pumps maintain the concentration gradient across the plasma membranes of neurons for pumping ____ sodium ions out of the cell for every ____ K+ transported in

answer

3;2

question

the increase int eh magnitude of the membrane potential, making the inside more negative

answer

hyperpolarization

question

the reduction in the magnitude of the membrane potential involving the opening of gated sodium channels

answer

depolarization

question

the shift in the membrane portetial in response to hyper or de polarization, varying with the strength of the stimulus

answer

graded potential

question

A massive change in membrane voltage that results from depolarization

answer

action potential

question

The downtime when a second action potential cannot be initiated, ensuring that all signal n an axon travel in one direction from the cell body to the axon terminal

answer

refractory period

question

the type of electrical impulse movement brought about by myelin where the action potential appears to jump long the axon from node to node (very efficient)

answer

salatory conduction

question

Where several EPSPs occur in rapid succession and are added together on the same dendrite

answer

temporal summation

question

Where several EPSPs are produced nearly simultaneously by different synapses on the same postsynaptic neuron and added together

answer

spatial summation

question

Matter that make up the brain consisting mainly of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

answer

Gray matter

question

Matter that makes up the brain consisting of bundled axons that have myelin sheaths

answer

White matter

question

A diffuse network of neutrons in the core of the brainstem that controls arousal and sleep, acting as a sensory filter to determine which incoming information reaches the cerebrum

answer

Reticular formation

question

A molecular mechanism that directs periodic gene expression and cellular activity upon which circadian rhythms are based

answer

Biological clock

question

A group of neurons in the hypothalamus that regulate circadian rhythms and are involved in the biological clock

answer

SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus)

question

Brain structure with an important role in storage of emotional memory

answer

amygdala

question

a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.

answer

Limbic system

question

The establishment of differences between the hemispheres of the brain where the left hemisphere is more adept at math and logical operations and the right hemisphere is dominant in the recognition of faces and patters, spatial relations, and nonverbal thinking

answer

Lateralization

question

Scientist who discovered an area that is active during speech generation

answer

Broca

question

Scientist who discovered an area that is active during listening

answer

Wernicke

question

Famous accident that showed that the frontal lobe is responsible for "executive functions" such as personality and design making

answer

Gage's Injury

question

the capacity of the nervous system to be remodeled, especially in response to its own activity (i.e. competition between neurons and competition between synapses)

answer

neural plasticity

question

Memory stored in the cerebral cortex that can be accessed through impermanent linked through the hippocampus

answer

Short term memory

question

Memory stored in the cerebral cortex that can be accessed through connections within the cortex itself

answer

Long term memory

question

A lasting increase in the strength of synaptic transmission; a stable increase in the size of that postsynaptic potentials at the synapse that can last for day s or weeks (one of the fundamental processes by which memories are stored and learning takes place)

answer

LTP (long term potentiation)

question

the detection of a stimulus by sensor cells (mostly specialized neurons or epithelial cells)

answer

Sensory reception

question

a sensory cell or organ as well as the sub cellular structure that interacts directly w/ the stimuli outside the body or within the body to open or close ion channels

answer

sensory receptor

question

the conversion of physical or chemical stimulus to a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor

answer

sensory transduction

question

the strengthening of a sensory signal during transduction by means of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that increase signal strength through the formation of many product molecules by a single enzyme molecule

answer

amplification

question

the decrease in responsiveness of a sensory signal

answer

sensory adaptation

question

Receptors that sense physical deformation caused by forms of mechanical energy such as pressure, touch, stretch, motion, and sound; they generate tension that alters the permeability of the ion channels and thus the membrane potential, resulting in de or hyper polarization

answer

mechanoreceptors

question

General receptors that transmit information about the total solute concentration and/or respond to specific types of molecules

answer

chemoreceptors

question

detect various forms of electromagnetic energy (i.e. visible light, electricity, magnetism)

answer

electromagnetic receptors

question

detect heat and cold

answer

thermoreceptors

question

detect stimuli that reflect harmful conditions

answer

nociceptors (pain receptors)

question

organs that consist of a layer of ciliated receptor cells surrounded by a chamber that contains one or more statoliths (grains of sand, etc.) that settle to the low point in the the chamber and indicate gravity

answer

statocysts

question

In the ear, dissipates pressure waves that travel through the vestibular canal, pass around the apex of the cochlea, and through the tyrannic canal; resets the apparatus for the next vibrations

answer

round windoe

question

Behind the oval window, these chambers allow us to perceive position with respect to gravity or leaner movement through the use of a sheet of hair cells that project into a gelatinous material with many small calcium carbonate particles that press on the hairs and indicate gravity

answer

utricle and saccule

question

cells that contain light-absorbing pigment molecules to detect light

answer

photoreceptors

question

Where the two optic nerve (from two eyes) meet near the center of the base of the cerebral cortex; optic nerves are rooted here such that sensations from the left visual fields of both eyes go the right side of the brain and vise versa

answer

optic chiasm

question

photoreceptors involved in color vision with three types of pigments to detect red, blue, and green called photopsins formed from binding of renal to three distinct opsin proteins

answer

cones

question

Consists of a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls; when this produces an action potential, all the muscle fiber in its motor unit contract as a group

answer

motor unit

Chapters 44, 48-50: Osmoregulation, Excretion, Nervous System – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards