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What type of learning is most influential in developing and maintaining culture?

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Observational Learning

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Eduardo, a psychologist, uses systematic desensitization to help his client, Catherine, address her extreme fear of heights. What technique is Eduardo likely to use? a. Each week they take an elevator to the 50th floor of his office building and go outside on the observation deck. They stand close to the edge while he reassures her that everything will be alright. b. He teaches her relaxation techniques then gradually, through guided imagery, asks her to imagine herself in a high place. If she starts to feel anxious, they temporarily return to the relaxation techniques. c. They repeatedly visit a scenic viewpoint at the top of a hill. They have a pleasant picnic there, gradually moving to picnic tables that are closer to the top of the hill. d. Each week they take an elevator ride to the 50th floor of his office building and go outside on the observation deck. They stand there in silence while she internally works through her fear.

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b. He teaches her relaxation techniques then gradually, through guided imagery, asks her to imagine herself in a high place. If she starts to feel anxious, they temporarily return to the relaxation techniques.

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Steve and his wife Bethany both work full-time. Since Steve usually arrives home first, he takes on the burden of cooking and cleaning, but he is becoming frustrated with the current division of chores. Which of the following learning approaches is likely to work best to increase Bethany's participation in the household duties? a. Steve should consistently comment upon Bethany's lack of help with cooking and dish washing until her behavior changes. b. Steve should refuse to cook and clean, forcing Bethany to realize how her actions affect their relationship. c. Steve should ignore negative behaviors and notice and reward positive behaviors, gradually increasing Bethany's participation in cooking and dish washing. d. Steve should make a list of how all of Bethany's behaviors have affected his life.

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c. Steve should ignore negative behaviors and notice and reward positive behaviors, gradually increasing Bethany's participation in cooking and dish washing.

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When he was nine years old, Mike tried shrimp for the first time; but felt ill shortly after. To this day, cannot bring himself to eat shrimp. This is an example of ___________.

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classical conditioning

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A reaction that is learned through classical conditioning is referred to as a(n) __________.

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Conditioned response

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Learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicit conditioned responding is called ________.

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stimulus generalization

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The method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence is referred to as __________.

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Negative reinforcement

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Three conditions must be met for punishment to have any observable effects on behavior:

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Significance, Immediacy, and consistency.

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The reinforcement of a desired behavior on some occasions but not on others is called ________.

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partial reinforcement

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A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs after a set number of behaviors is called a __________.

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Fixed Ratio Schedule

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A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response after a specified period of time will be reinforced is called a _______.

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Fixed interval schedule

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Which process below is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience?

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learning

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During extinction training, the reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest is called _______.

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Spontaneous Recovery

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A person gets a paycheck at the end of every week. This schedule of reinforcement is a(n)

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Fixed Interval

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A woman asks men in a dance club to dance with her. This schedule of reinforcement is a(n)

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Variable Ratio

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Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs is known as

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Continuous Reinforcement

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A soccer player rolls her eyes at a teammate who delivered a bad pass. This is an example of a(n)

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Punishment

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The Russian physiologist who distinguished between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli and responses, first using dogs as his subjects, was ___________.

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Ivan Pavlov

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Who first identified the form of learning called classical conditioning?

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Ivan Pavlov

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Classical conditioning occurs when a(n)

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neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

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A puff of air to the eye causes a reflexive blink. If you precede the puff of air with a buzzer, eventually the buzzer will cause a blink. In this example, the puff of air is the :

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unconditioned stimulus

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Lydia sees a behavioral therapist to eliminate her fear of heights. After several sessions, Lydia is successful. A year later, however, Lydia's fear of heights suddenly returns. Lydia has experienced:

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Spontaneous Recovery

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A conditioned response will weaken and eventually disappear if the CS is presented in the absence of the US. This is referred to as

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extinction.

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Through classical conditioning, Alyce has developed a fear of mice. She also shows a fear response to gerbils and hamsters. Alyce is demonstrating

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stimulus generalization.

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In Watson's research with Little Albert, what was the UR?

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A loud sound

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Higher order conditioning occurs when a(n) _________ is paired witha a(n)_____________.

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neutral stimulus: conditioned stimulus

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Which researcher is well known for studying conditioned taste aversion?

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John Garcia

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An animal has been classically conditioned to fear a red light that has been paired with an electric shock. It then becomes conditioned to fear a blue light that has been paired with the red light. This is an example of:

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higher-order conditioning

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Behaviors that result in satisfying effects are strengthened, and behaviors that result in discomfort are weakened. This is known as:

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Thorndike's law of effect

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Which of the following is true about B.F. Skinner? a. First focused his research on Thorndike's Law of Effect. b. Laid down the groundwork for an explanation of learning based on the association between responses and their consequences. c. Believed in studying thoughts and feelings in addition to readily observable behaviors. d. Supported a controversial view that all behavior is completely determined by environmental and genetic influences. e. Disagreed with Pavlov, saying that behavior is never reflexive

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Skinner supported a controversial view that all behavior is completely determined by enviornmental and genetic influences.

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Which of the following is the best definition of the term reinforcer? a. A response that operates on the environment to produce certain consequences. b. A stimulus or event that increases the probability that the response it follows will be repeated. c. Behavior acquired through coincidental association of a response and a reinforcement. d. A cue that signals that reinforcement is available if the subject makes a particular response. e. The introduction of an aversive stimulus after a response occurs.

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b. A stimulus or event that increases the probability that the response it follows will be repeated.

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Which of the following is true about negative reinforcers? a. They always weaken the behavior they follow. b. They make it more likely that a behavior will be repeated. c. They have the opposite effect on behavior from positive reinforcers. d. They introduce a stimulus after a response occurs. e. They introduce a stimulus before a response occurs.

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a. They always weaken the behavior they follow.

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question

Presentation of a rewarding stimulus serves as ________, whereas removal of an aversive stimulus serves as ________.

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Positive reinforcement, Negative reinforcement

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question

Georgette and Leon are two sophomore college students taking a course in learning. As part of their course requirements, Georgette and Leon will train a rat to press a bar. Because of the rat doesn't inititally even go near the bar, they will have to reinforce the rat for a series of responses that are closer and closer to the correct response. Which technique will Georgette and Leon be utilizing?

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Shaping

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Vlad receives $100 every ten telemarketing calls he makes. This is an example of which schedule of reinforcement?

answer

Fixed Ratio

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Learning and Conditioning Quiz Intro to Psych Mary Snow – Flashcards

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