Chapter 11: Observational Learning And Rule-Governed Behavior – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Many animal species, when shown a sequence of actions designed to extract food from a locked box, ______ duplicate the sequence exactly. This suggests that few species exhibit true _____.
answer
do not; imitation
question
Improving your golf game by watching a video of an excellent golf player is a form of _______ learning.
answer
observational
question
At the start of each day, Victoria carefully plans out her studying for the day, writing down what she will study as well as when and where she will study. Although she is not always successful in fulfilling these plans, she usually accomplishes most of what she sets out to do. Her success is likely due to the fact that she is making use of personal _____ rules that establish a(n) _____boundary between acceptable and unacceptable patterns of behavior.
answer
process; bright
question
If Claire observes her friend David laughing while enjoying a game of table tennis, she is (more/less) likely to try the game herself. If Claire observes David frowning while he struggles over a math problem, she is (more/less) likely to tackle the problem herself.
answer
more; less
question
A rule that includes information about how we should respond is called a(n) ______.
answer
instruction
question
"I should sit straight if I wish to prevent back problems." This is an example of a(n) _____ rule (or self _______)
answer
personal; instruction
question
If a dog sees another dog eating at a particular location, it is more likely to visit that location later. This is an example of _____ _____ .
answer
stimulus enhancement
question
The stimuli involved in the classical conditioning aspect of observational learning are often _______ in nature.
answer
emotional
question
Tina tells herself each day that she will study, but she rarely succeeds in doing so. This illustrates a lack of ____ ____correspondence, which also means that, in general, she may have difficulty using ______ rules to control her behavior.
answer
say-do; personal
question
Smiling, yawning, laughing, and orienting when others do so are all examples of what?
answer
contagious behaviors
question
A big advantage of rules is that one (has to/does not have to) directly experience a set of contingencies to behave appropriately with respect to those contingencies.
answer
does not have to
question
14. Bandura demonstrated that children who observed violent models were (more/less) likely to behave violently themselves. Further, the behavior of the observers was so (similar/dissimilar) to that of the ______ _____ models, it could be considered as examples of _______.
answer
more; similar; true imitation; media
question
Observational learning can be involved in both _______ and ______ conditioning.
answer
classical; operant
question
Longitudinal studies have demonstrated that exposure to violent media is _________ associated with violent behavior and criminality in observers.
answer
significantly
question
Joel is very noncompliant. Chances are that he has received reinforcement for (following/not following) instructions and/or punishment for (following/not following) instructions.
answer
not following; following
question
Directing a person's or animal's attention to an object or place is called ______ _______; duplicating the actions of a model to obtain a goal is called ______ _____.
answer
stimulus enhancement; true imitation
question
When Salima's mom became ill with a neurological disorder, Salima was, for several years, assigned the task of giving her a daily massage to loosen up her muscles. By contrast, Byron has taken several massage workshops. Interestingly, Byron is less skillful at massage than Salima, which may reflect the fact that ________ behavior is sometimes less efficient than behavior that has been shaped through direct exposure to the natural _____.
answer
rule-governed; contingencies
question
Exposure to violent media may increase observers' violent behavior; it may also make some observers more likely to become ______ of violence, especially __________.
answer
victims; females
question
Contagion of orienting responses is closely related to the process of ____ ____ .
answer
stimulus enhancement
question
8. After training her daughter to imitate the manner in which she eats food with a knife and fork, Ashley noticed her daughter spontaneously imitating the manner in which Ashley uses a spoon to eat soup. This is an example of a process known as what?
answer
generalized imitation
question
A(n) _____ can be defined as a verbal description of a contingency, while _______ ______behavior is the behavior that is generated by such verbal descriptions.
answer
rule; rule-governed
question
Bandura determined that children were affected both by______ violence and _____ violence. Thus, Bandura was the first to demonstrate the potential influence of the ____ ____ on violent behavior.
answer
live; filmed; mass media
question
Children receive reinforcement for following instructions, both by their caretakers and by the fact that instructions can help them accomplish a task. As a result, most children acquire a _________tendency to follow instructions.
answer
generalized
question
If a juvenile rat watches its mother eat a novel food, like chocolate chips, the young rat is (more/less/neither more nor less) likely to try the chocolate chips.
answer
more
question
Kent read somewhere that women are very attracted to a man who acts strong and dominant. Despite his efforts to appear strong and dominant, he is eventually dumped by every woman he meets. He nevertheless assumes that there must be something wrong with these women and persists in cultivating his heroic image. Kent's problem may reflect the fact that _____ ______ behavior is sometimes surprisingly insensitive to the actual contingencies of reinforcement.
answer
rule-governed
question
If a model receives reinforcement for performing a behavior, an observer is (more/less) likely to perform the same behavior; if a model receives punishment for performing a behavior, an observer is (more/ less) likely to perform the same behavior.
answer
more; less
