question

Elise wants to stop shopping online. In order to help control her own behavior, she cancels her Internet service. Cancelling Internet service is an example of a. physical restraint. b. a controlled response. c. a controlling response d. both physical restraint and a controlling response.

answer

Both physical restraint and a controlling response.

question

The term impulsiveness refers to situations in which a _____ reward is chosen over a _____ reward. larger sooner; smaller sooner smaller sooner; larger later larger later; smaller sooner smaller later; larger later

answer

Small sooner; larger later

question

When Bernadette glanced into the video arcade, she saw a number of kids standing in line for a new game. Later, when the arcade had quieted down a bit, she went in and tried out the game herself. Her behavior is best described as an example of stimulus enhancement. vicarious imitation. true imitation. stimulus sensitization.

answer

Stimulus enhancement

question

The main conclusion(s) drawn from Bandura's Bobo doll studies include children who observe an aggressive model are more likely to be generally aggressive. children who observe an aggressive model tend to replicate the actual behaviors of the model. children were influenced by the operant consequences that the model experienced. all of these

answer

All of these

question

Gord has no trouble buckling down to study each night, while Gayle is constantly putting it off in order to do other fun tasks. This suggests that Gord has a _____ delay function for _____ than Gayle has. more deeply scalloped; studying less deeply scalloped; studying less deeply scalloped; fun tasks more linear; fun tasks

answer

Less deeply scalloped;studying

question

A major problem with quitting a drug habit is that the reinforcers for quitting are relatively delayed. reinforcers for quitting are relatively immediate. punishers for quitting are relatively delayed. reinforcers for quitting are relatively immediate and punishers for quitting are relatively delayed.

answer

Reinforcers for quitting are relatively delayed

question

Vicki started laughing at a story she was reading in a magazine. One by one, her friends around her started to giggle and chuckle as well, even though they weren't sure what Vicki was laughing about. One even said 'What's so funny?' even though she was already laughing. This is an example of stimulus enhancement contagious behavior imitation a social norm

answer

Contagious behavior

question

Which of the following behaviors is NOT 'contagious'? laughing when you don't know what someone else is laughing at yawning when someone else does looking where your teacher is looking unlocking a door that you saw someone else unlock previously

answer

Unlocking a door that you saw someone else unlock previously

question

In _____, information is gained from watching a model, which then allows the observer to modify his or her own behavior. operant conditioning sign-tracking imprinting observational learning

answer

Observational learning

question

Duplicating is to noticing as _____ is to _____. stimulus enhancement; vicarious enhancement true imitation; stimulus enhancement imitative enhancement; vicarious enhancement stimulus enhancement; true imitation

answer

True imitation ; stimulus enhancement

question

True imitation can be defined as duplicating a common behavior to achieve a goal. duplicating a novel behavior to achieve a goal. approximating a common behavior to achieve a goal. approximating a novel behavior to achieve a goal.

answer

Duplicating a novel behavior to achieve a goal

question

Dennis decides to cut down on smoking by delivering a punisher to himself in the form of performing 20 pushups for every cigarette smoked. The major problem with this tactic is that David will likely become even more addicted to smoking. can still smoke and not do the pushups. is likely to become addicted to pushups. will likely lose interest in exercise.

answer

Can still smoke and not do the pushups

question

Contagious behavior is common with behaviors such as fear responses. yawning. orienting. all of these

answer

All of these

question

Young children who used appropriate strategies to manage a delay of gratification task were more likely as teenagers to have good grades. cope well with frustrations. get along well with their peers. all of these

answer

All of these

question

Jill directs Jessica to a new website that contains some neat computer games. Jessica visits the website and eventually figures out how to play the various games available. Jessica's behavior is most similar to the process of vicarious imitation. stimulus enhancement. stimulus sensitization. true imitation.

answer

Stimulus enhancement

question

Which of the following is a sex difference that has been found in studies examining effects of media violence on real-world aggression females are not vulnerable to effects of media violence, but males are. males are more aggressive than females after exposure to violent media. females will imitate opposite-sex models, but not same sex models. males are more likely to inhibit violent behavior, if the model's violence was punished.

answer

Males are more aggressive than females after exposure to violent media.

question

The availability of other sources of reinforcement can increase impulsiveness. increase self-control. increase inhibition. result in dishabituation.

answer

Increase self-control

question

Faced with a choice between 2 pellets of food available in 20 seconds and 3 pellets of food available in 30 seconds, the rat will likely choose the _____ alternative. If 18 seconds are allowed to pass, such that the rat is faced with a choice between 2 pellets available in 2 seconds and 3 pellets available in 12 seconds, the rat will likely choose the _____ alternative. smaller; larger larger; smaller larger; larger smaller; smaller

answer

Larger ; smaller

question

We are more likely to attend to a model when the behavior being modeled is something we are capable of understanding and duplicating. something that is beyond our abilities. elicited rather than operant. adjunctive rather than elicited.

answer

Something we are capable of understanding and duplicating

question

Many apparent examples of true imitation in animals are actually examples of reference. rule-governed behavior. productivity. stimulus enhancement.

answer

Stimulus enhancement

question

Factors that influence whether we will perform a modeled behavior include consequences to the model's behavior. consequences to our behavior. our reinforcement history for performing such behaviors. all of these

answer

All of these

question

Young children are likely to have ______ delay functions for larger later rewards than older children. less deeply scalloped more deeply scalloped thinner thicker

answer

More deeply scalloped

question

In Bandura's Bobo doll studies, children observed adults being attacked by clowns. adults interacting with toys. children behaving violently toward one another. children fighting over toys.

answer

Adults interacting with toys

question

Suppose you post a reminder to yourself to phone your friend this evening. Posting the reminder is the _____ response, while making the call this evening is the _____ response. controlling; controlled extraneous; intrinsic intrinsic; extraneous controlled; controlling

answer

Controlling ; controlled

question

In a typical self-control situation, a commitment response is most likely to be made when the smaller sooner reward is imminent. the larger later reward is imminent. the smaller sooner reward is still some distance away. the smaller sooner reward has been obtained.

answer

The smaller sooner reward is still some distance away.

question

Behavioral contracting, in which a client negotiates a contract with a therapist to help control certain behaviors, is an example of a(n) ___________________. SSR LLR commitment response impulsive commitment

answer

Commitment response

question

According to the text, self-reinforcement is almost never effective in the real world. does seem to be effective for at least some people. is more effective for males than females. is more effective for females than males.

answer

Does seem to be effective for at least some people.

question

Jessica has just purchased a new computer game, and asks her friend, Jill, to show her how to use it. Jill shows her the precise keystrokes that are required to start the game up, which Jessica immediately duplicates. Jessica's behavior is best described as an example of vicarious imitation. stimulus enhancement. stimulus sensitization. true imitation.

answer

True imitation

question

I am most likely to stuff myself with cookies before dinner when I am in a ______ environment. low reinforcement high reinforcement variable reinforcement moderate reinforcement

answer

Low reinforcement

question

I feel good when I see someone smile. These good feelings are called vicarious emotional responses. are at least partly the result of classical conditioning. both are called vicarious emotional responses and are at least partly the result of classical conditioning. neither are called vicarious emotional responses nor are at least partly the result of classical conditioning.

answer

Both are called vicarious emotional responses and are at least partly the result of classical conditioning.

question

True imitation is defined as a form of observational learning that involves the close duplication of a novel behavior. moving to the location where the model is currently situated. replicating a behavior that the observer has previously performed. reinforcement of gradual approximations toward a novel behavior.

answer

The close duplication of a novel behavior

question

In general, the value of a delayed reward climbs more and more rapidly as the reward draws near. climbs at a constant rate as time passes and the reward draws near. first decreases and then increases as the reward draws near. first increases and then dips slightly as the reward draws near.

answer

Climbs more and more rapidly as the reward draws near.

question

Telling your parents to severely chastise you if you watch television rather than study this weekend is best described as an example of a self-reinforcement procedure. deprivation procedure. commitment response. satiation procedure.

answer

Commitment response

question

We are more likely to attend to models who are receiving a positive reinforcer. similar to us. famous and admired. all of these

answer

Similar to us

question

Children who can successfully handle a delay of gratification task tend to do so by concentrating on the preferred reward. by using willpower. by distracting themselves from the rewards. by concentrating on the nonpreferred reward.

answer

By distracting themselves from the rewards

question

Charlie the chimp watched as his fellow chimp, Lulu, opened a door and pulled a rope to obtain some food. A few minutes later, Charlie had duplicated the feat. This seems to be an example of stimulus enhancement. true imitation. either of these is possible neither of these

answer

Stimulus enhancement

question

Self-control can be enhanced through repeated exposure to rewards that are presented at gradually decreasing delays. suddenly decreasing delays. gradually increasing delays. suddenly increasing delays.

answer

Gradually increasing delays

question

Children who are most successful at a delay of gratification task may be seen singing a song. covering their eyes. looking at pictures on the wall. all of these

answer

All of these

question

The major difficulty in issues involving self-control is that the more valued alternative tends to be more delayed. less certain. more immediate. both more delayed and less certain.

answer

Both more delayed and less certain

question

Katya tends to follow her older sisters around and imitate their behaviors. She plays dress-up like they do, she eats when they do, and she listens to the same music that they listen to. Katya often gets a lot of attention for imitating these behaviors. Whenever her sisters do something new (like learning dance moves, or playing a new game) Katya has a tendency to attempt to imitate these novel behaviors as well. This could be considered an example of vicarious emotional responding. mimicry. behavioral contagion. generalized imitation.

answer

Generalized imitation

question

Observational learning of a fear response may represent a process of higher-order conditioning. selective sensitization. incubation. sensory preconditioning.

answer

Higher-order conditioning

question

Repeated exposure to rewards presented at gradually increasing delays has been shown to increase impulsiveness. decrease delay of gratification. increase self-control. both increase impulsiveness and decrease delay of gratification.

answer

Increase self-control

question

Traditional willpower explanations of self-control too often merely describe the behavior they are intended to explain. have generally been well-supported in experimental investigations. form the basis for most behavioral explanations of self-control. both b and c are correct

answer

Too often merely describe the behavior they are intended to explain.

question

The ultimate determinant of whether a modeled behavior will be performed by an observer is the consequences for the model's behavior. the consequences for the observer's behavior. whether the observer identifies with the model. whether the observer likes the model.

answer

The consequences for the observer's behavior.

question

To add extra incentive to exercise, Heather publicly announces to her friends that starting this Monday she is going to start running each morning. From Skinner's perspective, running is the _____ response, while the announcement is the _____ response. controlling; controlled controlled; controlling direct; indirect indirect; direct

answer

Controlled ; controlling

question

Vicarious emotional responses are _____ responses that result from seeing such responses exhibited by others. classically conditioned positively reinforced negatively reinforced both positively reinforced and negatively reinforced

answer

Classically conditioned

question

The major problem with self-reinforcement is that the contingency may be short-circuited. the reinforcers tend to undermine intrinsic motivation. it simply doesn't work as a tactic for self-control. all of these

answer

The contingency may be short-circuited

question

We can acquire new behaviors without direct exposure to the contingencies through instructions. observational learning. operant conditioning. both instructions and observational learning.

answer

Operant conditioning

question

Flavor preferences are influenced by genotype alone. vicarious emotional responses. stimulus enhancement. both vicarious emotional responses and stimulus enhancement.

answer

Both vicarious emotional responses and stimulus enhancement

question

Tactics that Skinner used to facilitate his writing included stimulus control. carefully monitoring the amount of time that he worked. plenty of relaxation. all of these

answer

All of these

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