question

1) The field of study in which researchers from many disciplines work to describe changes in children as they grow is called: A) socioemotional development. B) psychology. C) psychoanalysis. D) child development.

answer

D) child development.

question

2) What are the 3 primary facets of development? A) cognitive, socioemotional, and behavior genetics B) physical, cognitive, and socioemotional C) physical, cognitive, and cultural D) socioemotional, behavior genetics, and cultural

answer

B) physical, cognitive, and socioemotional

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3) Changes in how children think, remember, and communicate is called A) child development. B) cognitive development. C)physical development. D) socioemotional development

answer

B) cognitive development.

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4)Which of the following is NOT considered a primary component of physical development? A) communication and language B)muscle coordination C)sexual maturation D) height and weight gain

answer

A) communication and language

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5) Socioemotional development is best described as how A) children view themselves. B)society molds the emotions of children. C) one society views children from a different society. D) children interact with other people.

answer

D) children interact with other people.

question

6)Matthew was angry and punched Jacob because he wanted the toy truck that Jacob had. This is A)physical B) cognitive C) child D)socioemotional

answer

D)socioemotional

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7) Shortly after birth, Terrell could not even hold his head up, but, just a few months later, he can hold his head up and roll over from his back to his stomach. These advances in Terrell's muscle A)physical development. B)child development. C)cognitive development. D)socioemotional development.

answer

A)physical development.

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8) Poverty, malnutrition, and a lack of adequate medical care are examples of A)nature. B) socioemotional development. C)nurture. D)behavior genetics.

answer

C)nurture.

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9) Nature refers to A) interactive forces that impact development. B) biological forces that impact development. C) cognitive forces that impact development. D) environmental forces that impact development

answer

B) biological forces that impact development.

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10) Behavior genetics are best exemplified by A) a child's intelligence. B)a child's eye color. C)the creation of identical twins. D)cultural heritage of a child.

answer

A) a child's intelligence.

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11) Among the following, which is LEAST likely to be considered an aspect of "nurture"? A) genetic characteristics within a family B) cultural background and history C) access to adequate nutrition and medical care D) the influence of parents and other significant adults

answer

A) genetic characteristics within a family

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12) Which of the following theorists thought that experience and learning, or nurture, determined what children would become? A) Jean Piaget B) Sigmund Freud C) John Watson D) Urie Bronfenbrenner

answer

C) John Watson

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13) Behavior genetics postulates that A)nurture has a larger impact than nature on a child's development. B) nature has a larger impact than nurture on a child's development. C) both nature and nurture have an impact on a child's development. D) neither nature nor nurture have an impact on a child's development.

answer

C) both nature and nurture have an impact on a child's development.

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14) Studying how identical twins show similar patterns of susceptibility to genetic disorders, like Down syndrome, would give a researcher information about the role of A) nature. B) nurture. C) cognitive development. D) behavior genetics.

answer

A) nature.

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15) Donald was born with cystic fibrosis, which is a recessive genetic disorder that causes problems in the mucous-producing membranes. Which of the following theories best describes the expression of this type of disorder? A) nature B) child development C) nurture D)behavior genetics

answer

A) nature

question

16) O'Connor & Croft's (2001) research demonstrated that in establishing patterns of emotional attachment to their parents A) identical and nonidentical twins show similar patterns of attachment. B) twins and non-twin siblings show different patterns of attachment. C) identical and nonidentical twins show different patterns of attachment. D) twins and non-twin siblings show similar patterns of attachment.

answer

C) identical and nonidentical twins show different patterns of attachment.

question

17) Theories do all of the following EXCEPT A) encourage further exploration and discovery of new facts. B) ignore historical contributions and focus on contemporary research. C) allow future behavior to be predicted with some level of certainty. D) organize a plethora of varied facts in a coherent fashion.

answer

B) ignore historical contributions and focus on contemporary research.

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18) Theories are NOT able to A) stimulate new research and discoveries. B) explain the myriad of changes that occur as children develop. C) summarize the facts as currently known. D) allow prediction of future behavior and events.

answer

B) explain the myriad of changes that occur as children develop.

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19) When a researcher wants to test a theory, she or he needs to create A) hypotheses. B) behavior genetics. C) psychoanalytic theories. D) another theory.

answer

A) hypotheses.

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20) Which of the following statements is NOT true about theories? A) Theories summarize the facts as currently known. B) Theories stimulate new research. C) Theories are unchanging bodies of research. D) Theories allow us to predict future behavior.

answer

C) Theories are unchanging bodies of research.

question

21) Which of the following answers shows the correct order of the emergence of theories regarding child development? A) psychoanalytic theory, behavioral/social learning theory, neuropsychology, cognitive theory B) psychoanalytic theory, behavioral/social learning theory, cognitive theory, neuropsychology C) psychoanalytic theory, cognitive theory, behavioral/social learning theory, neuropsychology D) psychoanalytic theory, neuropsychology, cognitive theory, behavioral/social learning theory

answer

B) psychoanalytic theory, behavioral/social learning theory, cognitive theory, neuropsychology

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22) Psychoanalytic theories are theories that focus on A) biological explanations of development. B)the interactions among systems and variables. C) observable environmental conditions. D) the structure of personality.

answer

D) the structure of personality.

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23) According to ________, the mind contains three basic components: the id, the ego, and the superego. A) Watson B) Piaget C) Erikson D) Freud

answer

D) Freud

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24) Sarah knows that stealing her friend's homework is wrong. Sigmund Freud would say that this is due to the influence of Sarah's A) id. B) religious upbringing. C) superego. D) ego.

answer

C) superego.

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25) Which branch of the personality is described as containing the subconscious, primitive sexual and aggressive instincts? A) ego B) superego C) id D) none of the above

answer

C) id

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26) What is the correct order of the stages of psychosexual development? A) genital, latency, phallic, anal, oral B)oral, anal, genital, latency, phallic C)oral, anal, latency, phallic, genital D) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

answer

D) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

question

27) A fixation is A) an occurrence in which the child acquires the superego of the opposite-sex parent. B) a place where development is blocked and development becomes stuck at that level. C) an occurence in which the child acquires the superego of the same-sex parent. D) an area of development that brings delayed gratification.

answer

B) a place where development is blocked and development becomes stuck at that level.

question

28) Nine-year-old Timmy only wants to play with other boys because he thinks that girls are "gross." Which of the psychosexual stages is Timmy probably experiencing? A) genital B) anal C) phallic D) latency

answer

D) latency

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29) Assuming that fixation has not occurred, a teenager should be in which of Freud's five psychosexual stages? A) latency B) phallic C) oral D) genital

answer

D) genital

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30) When children copy the morals, ideas, and values of their same-sex parent, this is known as A) identification. B)conditioned response. C)unconditioned response. D) reification.

answer

A) identification.

question

31) Erik Erikson created the A) psychoanalytic theory. B) psychomotor theory. C) psychosocial theory. D) psychodynamic theory.

answer

C) psychosocial theory.

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32) Psychosocial theory is primarily concerned with A) behavior controlled by stimulus-response connections. B) the development of healthy ego identity. C) the five stages of psychosexual development. D) the roles of culture and social interaction in cognitive development.

answer

B) the development of healthy ego identity.

question

33) Which of the following theorists hypothesized that his theory involves "conflicts, inner and outer, which the vital personality weathers, re-emerging from each crisis with an increased sense of inner unity, with an increase of good judgment..." A) John Watson B) Erik Erikson C)Ivan Pavlov D) Sigmund Freud

answer

B) Erik Erikson

question

34) Erik Erikson believed that our identity develops as we A) increase our cognitive development. B) pass through a series of eight major crises. C) pass through a series of psychosexual stages. D) decrease our social interactions.

answer

B) pass through a series of eight major crises.

question

35) As an infant, Amy has positive interactions with nurturing parents. According to Erikson, Amy would have learned that A) her parents belong to a larger system that enables them to be supportive and nurturing toward her. B) the world is dependable and that people are basically trustworthy. C) her superego is stronger than her id. D) her parents are an unconditioned stimulus that is causing her to have an unconditioned response.

answer

B) the world is dependable and that people are basically trustworthy.

question

36) John Watson criticized psychoanalysis and argued that psychology needed to focus on A) observable conditions in the environment. B) internal thoughts and emotions. C) culture and social interaction in cognitive development. D) genetic traits that lead to personality development.

answer

A) observable conditions in the environment.

question

37) Which of the following stages of Erikson's theory do NOT occur during childhood or adolescence? A) generativity vs. stagnation B) identity vs. role confusion C)autonomy vs. shame and doubt D) initiative vs. guilt

answer

A) generativity vs. stagnation

question

38) Erikson theorized that the primary challenge facing adolescents was A) identity vs. role confusion. B) intimacy vs. isolation. C)generativity vs. stagnation. D) integrity vs. despair.

answer

A) identity vs. role confusion.

question

39) A ten-year-old boy, Benjamin, always compares his grades with his classmates' grades and his athletic ability with his other teammates' abilities. Benjamin is probably facing which psychosocial crisis A) initiative versus guilt B) autonomy versus shame and doubt C) integrity versus despair D) industry versus inferiority

answer

D) industry versus inferiority

question

40) In Pavlov's experiments, meat powder elicited salivation. Salivation in this case was the A) conditioned response. B) conditioned stimulus. C) unconditioned stimulus. D) unconditioned response.

answer

D) unconditioned response.

question

41)The principles of classical conditioning, it becomes obvious to you that the can opener has become an effective A) unconditioned response. B) conditioned response. C) unconditioned stimulus. D) conditioned stimulus.

answer

41)conditioned stimulus.

question

42) Which of the following theoretical perspectives is the most helpful in explaining the development of many fears in children? A) classical conditioning B) dynamic systems C) neuropsychology D) psychosocial theory

answer

42) classical conditioning

question

43) Any stimulus that when presented is designed to increase the likelihood of a behavior is called A) classical conditioning. B) punishment. C) reinforcement. D) social learning.

answer

43)reinforcement.

question

44) Any stimulus that when presented is designed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior is called? A) punishment. B) classical conditioning. C) social learning. D) reinforcement.

answer

44) punishment.

question

45) In a recent court case in the state of Florida, a boy killed his younger sister by performing wrestling moves on her that he learned how to do by watching a wrestling match on television. His behavior illustrates A) operant conditioning. B) punishment. C) social learning. D) classical conditioning.

answer

45) social learning.

question

46) Patricia, a 14-year-old girl, has not been doing her math homework. Consequently, she failed her math exam. Her parents have decided to place her on restriction, so she is not allowed to talk on the phone after school for two weeks.If placing Patricia on restriction serves to decrease the number of failing math grades that she receives, then the restriction was an effective form of A) punishment. B) classical conditioning. C) social learning. D) reinforcement.

answer

46) punishment

question

47) The social cognition approach would say that if a child saw someone receive reinforcement for a behavior then that child would be ________ to imitate that behavior in the future? A) more likely B) forced C) less likely D) unable

answer

A) more likely

question

48) Which of the following theories of child development states that children adjust their own understanding as they explore and learn about the world? A) social learning theory B) cognitive developmental theory C) psychosocial theory D) psychoanalytic theory

answer

B) cognitive developmental theory

question

49) Identify the correct ordering of Piaget's four stages of cognitive development: A) formal operational, concrete operational, sensorimotor, preoperational B) preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational C) concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor, preoperational D) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

answer

D) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

question

50) According to Piaget, children represent what they understand about the world in cognitive structures he called A) conditioned responses. B) mental schemes. C) socially learned theories. D) sensorimotor thought.

answer

B) mental schemes.

question

51) Assimilation A) occurs when an infant adjusts a mental scheme to allow for new information. B) is another name for a mental scheme. C) occurs when an infant incorporates new information into an existing mental scheme. D) all of the above

answer

C) occurs when an infant incorporates new information into an existing mental scheme.

question

52) A kindergartner needs to figure out how to place a square wooden block into a square-shaped hole on a pegboard. If he is not successful and tries to put the square block into the round hold, the child will need to ________ the new information. A) accommodate B) hypothesize C) theorize D) assimilate

answer

A) accommodate

question

53) The theory that focuses on how language and culture influence the growth of thought in children is the A) sociocultural theory. B) psychosocial theory. C) psychoanalytic theory. D) psychosexual theory.

answer

A) sociocultural theory.

question

54) Which of the following theorists developed the sociocultural theory of child development? A) Lev Vygotsky B) Jean Piaget C) Urie Bronfenbrenner D) Albert Bandura

answer

A) Lev Vygotsky

question

55) A theoretical approach focusing on how children perceive, store, and retrieve information is called A) ecological systems theory. B) the information-processing approach. C) neuropsychology. D) ethology.

answer

B) the information-processing approach.

question

56) As my four-year-old niece focuses on tying her shoes, I hear her singing to herself, "First, I cross the laces, then I make the bow." This is an example of A) inner speech. B) private speech. C) assimilative speech. D) social speech.

answer

B) private speech.

question

57) Which of the following questions would be of LEAST interest to information-processing researchers? A) Why does memory strategy usage increase with age? B) Can complex computer models simulate children's subtraction and addition skills? C) Do children solve problems more quickly working collaboratively or alone? D) How do children solve math problems involving fractions

answer

C) Do children solve problems more quickly working collaboratively or alone?

question

58) Which of the following theories uses technological advances to study brain activity during cognitive tasks? A) dynamic systems B) psychosocial theory C) classical conditioning D) neuropsychology

answer

D) neuropsychology

question

59) A researcher who uses CT and PET scans to better understand the structure and function of the brain of children would be in the field of A) ethology. B) neuropsychology. C) psychoanalysis. D) ecological systems theory

answer

B) neuropsychology.

question

60) A researcher wants to know what area of the brain uses the most blood during a reading task. Which of the following scans would best show where the most blood is moving? A) CT scan B) X-ray C) PET scan D) blood oscillation scan

answer

C) PET scan

question

61) A computer-enhanced, three-dimensional X-ray of the brain can be achieved by taking a A) blood oscillation scan. B) CT scan. C) fMRI. D) PET scan.

answer

B) CT scan.

question

62) Ethology has its roots in A) Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis. B) Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. C) John Watson's theory of operant conditioning. D) Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory.

answer

B) Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.

question

63) Konrad Lorenz is best known for his work on A) PET scans. B) the information-processing approach. C) imprinting. D) classical conditioning.

answer

C) imprinting.

question

64) Extending ethology to humans, researchers have investigated A) bonding between human infants and their mothers. B) blood flow through the brain as a person engages in tasks. C) the mental schemes that children use to understand the world. D) the way that children perceive, store, and retrieve information

answer

A) bonding between human infants and their mothers.

question

65) Sociobiology is a subarea within A) the information-processing approach. B) ethology. C) psychosocial theory. D) behavioral theories of child development.

answer

B) ethology

question

66) The study of the evolutionary development of social interactions among humans and among animals is called A) behavior genetics. B) neuropsychology. C) sociobiology. D) imprinting.

answer

C) sociobiology.

question

67) According to systems theories, development emerges from A) crises. B) learning. C) adaptation. D) complexity.

answer

D) complexity.

question

68) In Bronfenbrenner's theory, the mesosystem includes A) how layers of systems interact with one another over time B) the direct relationships children have with parents, teachers, and friends. C) the connections among elements in the larger social environment, like home and daycare. D) values, customs, and laws of the culture at large.

answer

C) the connections among elements in the larger social environment, like home and daycare.

question

69) Which theory of child development proposes that systems and interrelationships that surround a child affect all aspects of child's development? A) social learning theory B) ecological systems theory C) cognitive developmental theory D) sociocultural theory

answer

B) ecological systems theory

question

70) The values, customs, and laws of a culture is best represented by which level of the ecological systems theory? A) exosystem B) mesosystem C) macrosystem D) microsystem

answer

C) macrosystem

question

71) The chronosystem represents the effects of A) individuals on a family. B) values on individuals. C) systems over time. D) parents on children.

answer

C) systems over time.

question

72) Which of the following would NOT be an example of the dynamic systems theory? A) Jeb's dad often buys new toys, then hides them for Jeb to find. B) Patricia's mom creates games that encourage her to crawl and to climb. C) Pillar and her brother watch television about an hour per day. D) Babette began crawling at seven months of age and was walking by her first birthday.

answer

C) Pillar and her brother watch television about an hour per day

question

73) Stable patterns of preferred behavior or dominant psychological attitudes or emotions are called A) attractor states. B) assimilation. C) accommodation. D) chronosystem

answer

A) attractor states

question

74) Which of the following theories would best explain the complexity of child development? A) psychosocial theory B) dynamic systems theory C) behavioral theory D) psychoanalytic theory

answer

B) dynamic systems theory

question

75) The scientific method focuses on A) collecting data by making systematic observations. B) culture and social interaction in cognitive development. C) genetic traits that lead to personality development. D) internal thoughts and emotions.

answer

A) collecting data by making systematic observations.

question

76) A researcher, who is interested in how children make friendships, watches two little girls playing together on the playground at their school. He records each activity that the two girls do together as a pair. What type of research is being conducted? A) correlational method B) observational learning C) naturalistic observation D) structured observation

answer

C) naturalistic observation

question

77) Albert Bandura designed a research project where he brought children to a research laboratory and watched their novel aggressive acts toward an inflatable clown doll. What type of research did Bandura conduct? A) correlation B) naturalistic observation C) case study D) structured observation

answer

C) case study

question

78) A researcher want to determine a possible cause for a very rare medical disorder, so he flies around the world and interviews the four children that have the disorder. As he interviews each child and his or her family, the researcher is looking for common things that happened to each of these children that might give him clues as to what caused the disease. What type of research is he conducting? A) case study B) naturalistic observation C) structured observation D) correlation

answer

A) case study

question

79) Observer bias occurs when A) the researcher creates a suitable situation and observes behavior in it. B) a person creates a detailed description of his or her observations. C) a person's knowledge could influence the outcome of research. D) a method does not answer questions about real-life behavior.

answer

C) a person's knowledge could influence the outcome of research.

question

80) By using the ________ method, researchers investigate whether an observed behavior or a measured trait is related to another trait or characteristic. A) naturalistic observation B) case study C) correlational D) structured observation

answer

C) correlational

question

81) A strong negative correlation indicates that A) the two variables show no relationship to each other. B) as one variable decreases the other variable decreases. C) as one variable increases the other variable decreases. D) as one variable increases the other variable increases.

answer

C) as one variable increases the other variable decreases.

question

82) A researcher conducted a study of the relationship between the amount of television an individual watches and how fearful that individual is about becoming a victim of crime. She found that the more television an individual watched the more fearful that individual was about becoming a victim of crime. What type of correlation does this represent? A) negative B) causational C) positive D) structured

answer

C) positive

question

83) The strength of a correlation between two variables is referred to as A) its positive coefficient. B) its magnitude. C) its causation. D) its negative coefficient

answer

B) its magnitude.

question

84) Ladd, et. al. (1999)'s research assessed children's cognitive maturity and family background when they entered kindergarten by measuring variables such as helpful behaviors, harmful behaviors, relationships with peers and teachers, classroom participation, and achievement. What type of research does the Ladd, et. al study exemplify? A) a case study B) the experimental method C) structured observation D) path analyses

answer

D) path analyses

question

85) A researcher wants to determine the effects of sugar consumption on aggressive behavior in children. In his experiment, he has some subjects consume no sugar (water only), some subjects drink 14 oz. of soda, and some subjects drink 28 oz. of soda. He then waits 30 minutes and asks them questions about how aggressively they would behave in certain situations. In this experiment, the level of soda consumed would be the A) correlation. B) dependent variable. C) independent variable. D) path analyses

answer

C) independent variable.

question

86) The preferred research method for asking questions about cause-and-effect relationships is A) path analyses. B) a correlation. C) naturalistic observation. D) an experiment

answer

D) an experiment

question

87) Before a researcher can study the effects of a new drug on cancer patients, she first assigns individuals to the control group and the experimental group. Each study participant has an equal chance of being assigned to either group. This procedure is known as A) random assignment. B) cross-sectional method. C) correlation. D) longitudinal method.

answer

A) random assignment.

question

88) ________ is a type of research design that studies development by comparing groups of children of different ages against one another at the same point in time. A) Longitudinal method. B) Cross-sectional method. C) Correlation. D) Random assignment

answer

B) Cross-sectional method.

question

89) Cowan, et. al (1999) conducted an example of the ________ of research. They investigated developmental changes in short-term memory for single-digit numbers. Their participants were groups of first graders, fourth graders, and young adults. A) longitudinal method B) random assignment method C) cross-sectional method D) none of the above

answer

C) cross-sectional method

question

90) The longitudinal method compares the performance or observations across ages by taking repeated measurements from ________. A) the same people across time. B) different people across time. C) different people on the same day. D) the same people on the same day.

answer

A) the same people across time.

question

91) Which of the following factors presents a serious problem for longitudinal studies? A) random assignment B) cross-sectional groupings C) the experimental method D) differential dropout

answer

D) differential dropout

question

92) When participants drop out of a study it is known as A) unforeseen consequences. B) differential dropout. C) confidentiality. D) random assignment

answer

B) differential dropout.

question

93) If 10-year-old girls born in the 1950s act differently than 10-year-old girls born in the 1990s, it may be due to A) differential dropout. B) misuse of longitudinal research designs. C) cohort effects. D) random assignment to condition.

answer

C) cohort effects.

question

94) Another name for cross-lag or sequential designs would be A) hybrid designs. B) cohort effects. C) differential dropout. D) longitudinal research

answer

A) hybrid designs.

question

95) Hybrid designs combine the advantages of A) correlational and longitudinal research methods. B) correlational and experimental research methods. C) cross-sectional and longitudinal research methods. D) cross-sectional and correlational research methods.

answer

C) cross-sectional and longitudinal research methods.

question

96) The American Psychological Association and the Society for Research in Child Development have developed a list of rules that researchers who work with children must follow. Collectively, these rules are known as A) ethical guidelines. B) informed consent. C) nonharmful procedures. D) cohort effects.

answer

A) ethical guidelines

question

97) Mary wanted to research how stress impacted a student's ability to consolidate new memories. She had planned to have split participants into two groups. Both groups of students were to study a one-page speech. The control group would be allowed to study unimpeded, but for the experimental group, while they were attempting to memorize the words, she would repeatedly shock them on the hand. She hoped that she would then be able to compare how well students from the two groups memorized the speech. After further reflection, Mary decided that the data that she would collect would not have enough value scientifically to be worth subjecting these participants to high levels of shock. What ethical principle guided Mary's decision NOT to conduct her experiment? A) risks versus benefits B) nonharmful procedures C) unforeseen consequences D) confidentiality

answer

A) risks versus benefits

question

98) When an experiment results in any negative consequence for a child, which ethical principle states that the researcher must do whatever is necessary to correct the situation? A) unforeseen consequences B) nonharmful procedures C) implications of research D) risks versus benefits

answer

A) unforeseen consequences

question

99) The ethical principle that states that researchers must be aware of social, political, and human implications of their research and how it is presented is called ________. A) risks versus benefits B) implications of research C) unforeseen consequences D) nonharmful procedures

answer

B) implications of research

question

100) Researchers must get approval from the IRB to make sure that they are A) complying with ethical guidelines for their research. B) not practicing hiring discrimination on their research staff. C) obtaining positive correlations in their research. D) doing the correct type of research design for their study.

answer

A) complying with ethical guidelines for their research.

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