Ch 4 T&D – Flashcards
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What conditions must be present for learning to occur?
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provide opportunity for feedback, meaningful training content, identify prerequisites, and allow trainees to learn through observation and expereince
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What is transfer of training?
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trainees effectively and continually applying what they have learned in training to their jobs
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what is generalization?
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trainees ability to apply what they learned to on-the job work problems
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What is maintenance?
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process of trainees continuing to use what they learned over time
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What are the learning outcomes?
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verbal information, intellectual skills, motor skills, attitudes, and cognitive strategies
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What is the learning outcome verbal information?
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state, tell, or describe previously stored information (head)
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What is the learning outcome intellectual skills?
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apply generalizable concepts and rules to solve problems and generate novel products (head)
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what is the learning outcome motor skills?
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perform a physical action with precision and training (hands)
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What is the learning outcome attitudes?
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choose a personal course of action (heart)
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What is the learning outcome cognitive strategies?
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manage one's own thinking and learning processes (head)
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What is the Reinforcement Theory?
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emphasizes that people are motivated to perform or avoid certain behaviors because of past outcomes/consequences that have resulted from those behaviors
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What are the processes in the reinforcement theory?
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positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction, and punishment
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What training method is primarily based on reinforcement theory?
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behavior modification (changing someone's behavior while RT is the process)
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What is social learning theory?
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emphasizes that people learn by observing other persons (models) whom they believe are credible and knowledgable
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What does social learning theory recognize in terms of behavior?
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behavior that is reinforced or rewarded tends to be repeated
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What is self efficacy?
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a person's feeling that they can learn from something
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How can a person's self efficacy be increased?
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verbal persuasion, logical verification, observation of others (modeling), and past accomplishments (building on small successes)
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What is the social learning theory process?
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attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivational processes
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What are the two goal theories?
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goal setting theory and goal orientation theory
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What is goal setting theory?
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assumes that behavior results from a person's conscious goals and intentions
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Goals influence a person's behavior by...
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directing energy and attention, sustaining effort overtime, and motivating the person to develop strategies
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When is goal setting theory used?
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training program design
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What is goal orientation?
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goals held by trainee in a learning situation
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what are the two components of goal orientation?
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learning and performance orientation
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What is learning orientation ?
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trying to increase ability or competence in a task (high- direct attention to the task and learn for the sake of learning)
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What is performance orientation?
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leaners who focus on task performance and how they compare to others (high- direct more attention to perform well and less effort to learning)
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What is Need theories?
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help explain the value that a person places on certain outcomes
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What are needs?
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a deficiency that a person is experiencing at any point in time
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What is the Expectancy Theory?
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it suggest that a person's behavior is based on three factors: expectancies, instrumentality, and valence
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What is expectancies?
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link between trying to perform a behavior and actually performing well
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What is instrumentality?
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belief that performing a given behavior is associated with a particular outcome
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What is valence?
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value that a person places on an outcome
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What is the adult learning theory?
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"andragogy" was developed out of a need for a specific theory to address how adults learn
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In the adult learning theory adults need...
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to know why they are learning something, to be self-directed, a problem centered approach to learning, and a learning experience that addresses their extrinsic and intrinsic motivators
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What is the information processing theory?
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Emphasizes the internal processes that occur when training content is learned and retwained
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What are the tools used in the information processing theory?
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verbal instructions, pictures, diagrams, meaningful learning content, and demonstration or verbal instructions helping to organization the learnings response
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What is the transfer of training theory?
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transfer or training is more difficult when tasks during during training are different from the work environment
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What are the 2 different skill categories in the transfer of training theory?
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closed skills (training objectives that are linked to specific learning skills that are identically produced by the trainee on their job) and open skills (linked to more general learning principles)
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What are the mental and physical process of the learning processes?
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expectancy, perception, working storage, and semantic encoding
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What are the learning strategies in the learning process?
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rehearsal, organizing, and elaboration
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what is rehearsal?
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focus on learning through repetition
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what is organizing?
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requires the learner to find similarities and themes in the training material
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what is elaboration?
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requires the trainee to relate the training material to other, more familiar knowledge
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What is the learning process?
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concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, active experimentation
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what are the facets of training plans?
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instruction, training context, and practice
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What is instruction?
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trainer's manipulation of the environment in order to help trainees learn
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What is training context?
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the physical, intellectual, and emotional environment in which training occurs
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What is practice?
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physical or mental rehearsal of a task, knowledge, or skill to achieve proficiency in performing the task or skill or demonstrating the knowledge
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What is over learning?
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trainees used to continue to practice even if they have been able to perform the objective several times
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What is error management training?
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giving trainees opportunities to make errors during training and to learn from them
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What is massed practice?
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individuals practice a task continuously, without resting
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What is spaced practice?
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individuals are given rest intervals within practice sessions
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What is overall task complexity?
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degree to which a task requires a number of distinct behaviors, the number of choices involved in performing the task, and the degree of uncertainty in performing the task
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What is mental requirements?
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degree to which the task requires the subject to use or demonstrate mental skills or cognitive skills or abilities to perform the task
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What is physical requirements?
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degree to which the task requires the person to use or demonstrate physical skills and abilities to perform and complete the task
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What is whole practice?
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all tasks or objectives should be practiced at the the same time
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What is part practice?
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an objective or task should be practiced individually as soon as each is introduced in the training program
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What is automatization?
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making performance of task, recall of knowledge, and demonstration of a skill so automatic that it requires little thought or attention
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What is feedback?
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information about how well people are meeting the training objectives
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What is self- management?
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a person's attempt to control certain aspects of decision making and behavior
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What is lapses?
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take place when the trainee uses previously learned, less effective capabilities instead of trying to apply the capability emphasized in the training program
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What is the climate of transfer?
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trainees perceptions about a wide variety of characteristics of the work environment that facilitate or inhibit the use of trained skills or behavior
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what are internal conditions?
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Processes within the learner that must be present for learning to occur and Processes include how information is registered, stored in memory, and recalled
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What are external conditions?
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Processes in the learning environment that facilitate learning and Include the physical learning environment
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Feedback from trainers and coaches deters training
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false
