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Like the sensory systems, the sensorimotor system is

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parallel and functionally segregated

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Which of the following is a principle of sensorimotor organization?

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Motor output is guided by sensory input and learning changes the nature and locus of sensorimotor control

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Which kinds of movements are NOT influenced by sensory feedback?

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ballistic movements

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Without the sensory feedback carreid by the somatosensory nerves of the arms, human neurological patients such as G.O., have difficulty

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maintaining a constant appropriate level of manual muscle contraction and adjusting the output of the muscles of their arms to compensate for unexpected external disturbances

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With respect to sensorimotor learning, the advantage of transferring control lower circuits of the neural hierarchy is that it

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frees the higher levels of the nervous system to deal with more complex issues

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During sensorimotor learning,

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the locus of control is often shifted to lower levels of the sensorimotor hierarchy and the locus of control is often shifted from conscious to unconscious control mechanisms and individual responses are often integrated into continuous motor programs

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Which structure is thought to be involved in the integration if the sensory information that is the basis for initiating a movement?

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posterior parietal cortex

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Much of the output of the posterior parietal cortex goes to the

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dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex and the frontal eye fields and various areas of secondary motor cortex

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Apraxia is usually caused by lesions to the

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left parietal lobe

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Apraxia typically affects

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both sides of the body

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Large lesions to the right parietal lobe sometimes produces

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contralateral neglect

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A neurological patient who shaves only the right side of his face ad does not put his left arm into his sweater likely has a lesion in his right

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post parietal lobe

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Contralateral neglect is usually associated with large lesions of the

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right parietal lobe

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The dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex

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is important in the initiation of complex voluntary movements and sends projections to the primary and secondary motor cortices

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The decision to initiate a voluntary response seems, in part, to be made by the

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dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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The supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex are considered to be areas of

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secondary motor cortex

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The supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex are in the

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frontal lobe

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Some of the supplementary motor area is in the

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longitudinal fissure

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Small areas of secondary motor cortex were discovered in the

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cingulate gyrus

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In general the various areas of secondary motor cortex are thought to

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program specific patterns of movement

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Neurons that fire in response to making a particular response, observing somebody else making the response, or just thinking about the response are called

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mirror neurons

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The somatotopic map of the primary motor cortex is called the

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motor hommunculus

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In 1937, the primary motor cortex was mapped by electrically stimulating the cortex of conscious human patients who were undergoing neurosurgery. This was accomplished by

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Penfield and Boldrey

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Which part of the body has been found to be doubly represented in each primary motor area of monkeys?

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contralateral hand

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The only parts of each motor homunculus to receive somatosensory feedback directly from skin are the

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hand areas

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The primary motor cortex receives cutaneous feedback from only one part of the body: the hands. This feedback likely plays an important role in

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stereognosis

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Long bursts of stimulation applied to the primary motor cortex elicit

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complex natural-looking response sequences

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In the primary motor cortex, the neurons that participate in the movement of a particular finger are

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widely distributed over the somatotopic hand area

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study of the firing of primary motor cortex neurons while monkeys moved freely about indicated that their firing was often related to the

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end point (i.e., target) of the movement

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In a remarkable demonstration, Belle, the owl monkey, controlled the movements of a robotic arm

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with the activity of neurons in her primary motor cortex

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A deficit in the ability to recognize objects by touch is called

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astereognosia

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The effects of damage to the primary motor cortex include

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astereognosia, difficulty in moving one part of the body independently of others.

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According to current theory, the sensorimotor system

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is largely ballistic an is largely, if not entirely ipsilateral

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The fact that the same basic movement can be carried out in different ways is involving different muscles is called

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motor equivalence

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One fMRI study indicated that the central sensorimotor programs for signing one's name are stored in

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secondary motor cortex

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An important point made by Fentress's study of grooming movements in forelimbless mice was that

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the complex species-common grooming movements of mice are not learned and feedback is an important component of the central sensorimotor program for mouse grooming

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A highly skilled typist can type 120 words per minute only because

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the neural circuits responsible for activating each key press become active before the preceding key press has been completed AND different neural circuits at the lower levels of the sensorimotor hierarchy can be simultaneously active without interfering with one another AND the key presses have been chunked

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Response chunking and changing the level of control are thought to be important processes in

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sensorimotor learning

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Theories of sensorimotor learning emphasize two kinds of learning-related changes in sensorimotor programs:

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chunking and transferring much of the control of the response to lower levels of nervous sytem

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Which of the following is a major finding of the Jenkins and colleagues PET study of motor learning? (1)

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A) Posterior parietal cortex was more activated during the performance of both newly learned sequences than during the performance of well-practiced sequences. B) Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was activated during the performance of newly learned but not well-practiced sequences. C) The cerebellum was activated during both newly learned and well-practiced sequences but more during newly learned sequences. D) Contralateral primary motor and somatosensory cortices were equally activated during the performance of newly learned and well-practiced sequences.

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Which of the following is a major finding of the Jenkins and colleagues PET study of motor learning? (2)

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Contralateral primay motor and somatosensory cortexes were activated during both well-practiced and newly learned sequences.

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