Bio 2 Lab Midterm – Flashcards
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Dissecting microscope is also referred to as....
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binocular microscope. because it has two oculars (also known as eyepieces)
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magnification of the ocular lens
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10x
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know the parts of the dissecting microscope.
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refer to picture on page 14 of lab manual.
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dissecting microscopes are not parfocal. True or false?
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true. (parfocal means that the lenses do not stay in focus when magnification is charged).
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A compound microscope uses two different lens systems to form an image. True or false?
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True.
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Different magnifications are possible by selecting different objectives for use by the rotating nosepiece. True or false?
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True
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What are the magnifications of the objective lenses from shortest to longest?
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Shortest: 4x; 10x; 40x; Longest: 100x
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True or false? the 100x objective requires the use of immersion oil to fill the air space between the specimen and the objective (known as the working distance) in order to gather enough image-forming light to produce a clearer view of the specimen.
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True.
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know the parts of the compound microscope.
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refer to image on page 15 of lab manual.
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What is the total magnification of each objective lens?
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Because the magnification of the ocular lens is 10x, you must multiply this by each objective lens magnification in order to get the total magnification. i.e.: (4x)(10x)=40x total magnification
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What happens to the field of view while adjusting the iris diaphragm?
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if you open the iris diaphragm further, the field of view gets larger. If you close the iris diaphragm, the field of view becomes smaller.
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You will complete 'The Great Clade Race' exercise in class. The exercise asks that you imagine runners navigating through what type of habitat?
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woods
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True or False? When constructing a phylogenetic tree, it is most logical to use the highest number of branches to explain the similarities/differences among organisms.
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false
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In the "Disprovable Trees" exercise, you will be inferring relationships among organisms using what information?
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Skeletal similarities/dissimilarities
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Which of the following is most likely an example of convergent evolution?
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That both birds and dragonflies possess wings.
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When viewing the Rhodospirillum and cyanobacteria it is necessary to use the ______ _______ technique and avoid trapping air by properly placing the _________.
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wet mount; coverslip
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Given that penicillin is an antibiotic that inhibits enzymes from catalyzing the synthesis of peptidoglycan, which prokaryotes should be most vulnerable to inhibition by penicillin?
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Gram-positive bacteria
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When using an inoculating loop to take a sample of bacteria from a petri dish, you should ________.
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touch or very lightly scrape the bacterial sample
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True/False: You should begin viewing a specimen with the 10X objective lens.
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False
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When cleaning the oil immersion lens, you should use only the following two items:
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Lens cleaning solution and lens paper
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bacillus bacteria is
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rod shaped
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coccus bacteria is
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circular
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vibrio bacteria is
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macaroni shaped
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spirillum bacteria is
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spiral and rigid
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spirochete bacteria is
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spiral and flexible
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What are the three domains of life?
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Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
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There are two types of prokaryotes making up two of the three domains of life which are???
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Archaea and bacteria
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The domain Eukarya contains what?
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protists, fungi, plants and animals (which are all composed of eukaryotic cells)
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True or false? Bacteria are much more common and ubiquitous than archaea.
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True.
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True or false? Most archaea are extremophiles.
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True.
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The cell walls of bacteria are composed of....
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peptidoglycan
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Gram negative bacteria (stained pink/red) has....
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thin peptidoglycan layer with an outer membrane
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Gram positive bacteria (stained purple) has...
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thick peptidoglycan layer with no outer membrane
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the nature of the cell wall can be determined using a type of differential staining technique known as a...
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gram stain.
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what are some descriptive characteristics of bacterial colonies in the "form" section?
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circular, irregular, filamentous, rhizoid (see page 23)
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what are some descriptive characteristics of bacterial colonies in the "elevation" section?
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raised, convex, flat, umbonate, crateriform (see page 23)
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what are some descriptive characteristics of bacterial colonies in the "margin" section?
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entire, undulate, filiform, curled, lobate (see page 23)
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True or false? You will need the 40x objective lens for all prokaryotes
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True.
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In order to prevent the sample from becoming too washed out with excess light, you...
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adjust the iris diaphragm
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cyanobacteria are a major group of bacteria that grow in a variety of environments such as
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freshwater, marine, and terrestrial habitats
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cyanobacteria are photosynthetic (autotrophs) and contain the pigments...
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chlorophyll a (green), phycocyanin (blue), and phycoerythrin (red)
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True or false? Roughly only half of cyanobacteria are blue-green in color.
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True
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cyanobacteria are frequently surrounded by a.....
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jellylike mucilaginous sheath
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heterotrophic organisms are...
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organisms that feed on other organisms
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The cyanobacterial species Anabaena sp. forms what?
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chains
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the cyanobacterial species Merismopedia sp. are...
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spherical bacteria that form grid like sheets
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the cyanobacterial species Oscillatoria sp. are...
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filamentous
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why are the vegetative cells of cyanobacteria green?
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due to the chlorophyll a
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why are cyanobacteria classified as prokaryotes instead of as eukaryotes like other photosynthetic organisms, such as plants and animals?
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cyanobacteria are classified as prokaryotes instead of eukaryotes due to their lack of membrane bound organelles
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the gram stain is a...
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differential stain which relies on differences in cell wall composition which result in differences in resistance to decolorization in order to distinguish among different types of cells
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True or false? protists are not a monophyletic group.
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true.
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excavata supergroup has a distinguishing characteristic...
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feeding groove
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Euglena sp. (part of excavata supergroup) can absorb organic nutrients directly from the medium, meaning they are ______________, OR can ingest particles of food via _____________.
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saprophytic; phagocytosis
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the flexibility of euglena is due to its....
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pellicle
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the eyespot of euglena is known as a.....
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stigma
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what is the function of the stigma?
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it is the landing zone and entrance, plays a pivotal role in reproduction by trapping pollen to increase their efficiency .
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Which of the following characteristics apply to ALL species in Kingdom Protista?
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Eukaryotic
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Which group in Kingdom Protista is responsible for the annual Florida red tide?
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Dinoflagellates
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The largest species in Kingdom Protista belongs to what supergroup?
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Supergroup Stramenopila
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Because they are mostly clear, you may need to lower the __________ when trying to view the amoebae under the microscope.
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light intensity
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When viewing the Euglena in lab, you should be able to positively identify the _________ and __________.
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chloroplasts and stigma
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Most dinoflagellates possess heavy plates made of what substance?
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Cellulose
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Which organism from Kingdom Protista is most closely related to animals?
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Choanoflagellates
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Green algae are more closely related to plants than they are to kelp. True or false?
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true
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Which organism is unicellular and possesses a feeding groove?
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Euglena spp.
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When viewing protists in this lab, applying a drop of __________ may be necessary to slow the movement of the organisms so they are more easily viewed.
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methyl-cellulose
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Which of the following groups will not be investigated in this week's lab? (seedless vascular plants)
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Phylum Anthophyta
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what is the function of roots?
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acquisition of minerals
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what is the function of the cuticle?
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desiccation resistance
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what is the function of phloem?
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transport of nutrients from leaves to the rest of the plant body
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what is the function of stomata?
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allows gas exchange across waxy leaf surface
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what is the function of lignin?
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provide structural support of plant
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What is the main difference between the life cycles of members of Phylum Bryophyta and Phylum Pteridophyta?
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In Phylum Bryophyta, the gametophyte generation is dominant; whereas in Phylum Pteridophyta, the sporophyte generation is dominant.
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Liverworts can reproduce asexually via fragmentation or gemmae cups. True or false?
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true
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Despite their adaptations to land, most species of plant are still aquatic. true or false?
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false
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In the phylum Anthophyta, seeds develop within the ________, which matures and ripens into a _______.
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ovary, fruit
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At the end of this lab exercise you should be able to identify the _____________ or the ____________ as the dominant portion of the life cycle among the groups.
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sporophyte, gametophyte
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When viewing the liverworts, make sure you identify the sexual structures _________ and __________ and understand the role they have in the life cycle.
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antheridia, archegonia
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Clusters of sporangia located on the underside of a fern leaf are called ____________.
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sori
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what are characteristics of the phylum bryophyte
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flagellated sperm and rhizoids
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In rice farming, the fields are flooded with Azolla (mosquito fern) between crops. Why do you suppose this is done?
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Mutualistic cyanobacteria of Azolla fix nitrogen for future crops.
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Which of the following statements regarding pollen is true?
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Pollen contains the male gametophyte.
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Which of the following structures produce pollen in members of Phylum Anthophyta?
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the anther
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The tomato you examine in the lab develops from what structure in an Angiosperm?
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ovary
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True or false? Fruits are produced by angiosperms to give nutrition to the embryo.
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false
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Which gymnosperm is often confused with a palm tree?
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cycad
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The stomata you view on the surface of the leaves are used in gas exchange and the guard cells regulate this exchange. What do you think the response of the guard cells will be if you leave the leaf under the microscope lamp for too long?
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Guard cells will lost water and the stomata will become narrow.
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All angiosperms belong to which phylum?
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Phylum Anthophyta
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The female reproductive parts of a flower are known as the ______________.
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pistil
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Which of the following was not a major evolutionary innovation of the seed plants?
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vascular tissue
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two types of gametes identical to one another
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isogametes
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+ and - gamete will fuse to produce...
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a diploid zygospore
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stigma
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a light sensitive organ that will appear reddish brown
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Supergroup Alveolata are characterized by sac-like vesicles called....
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alveoli (lie under the plasma membrane)
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Supergroup Excavata include:
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Euglena, Trypanosoma, Giardia lambia
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Supergroup Land Plants and Relatives include:
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Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Volvox, Ulva lactuca
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Supergroup Alveolata include:
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Dinoflagellates, Stentor, Paramecium
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Supergroup Stramenopila include:
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Diatoms, brown alga
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Supergroup Ameobozoa include
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Amoeba,
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Supergroup Rhizaria include:
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Radiolarians, Foraminifera
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most dinoflagellates posses heavy _________ ________ that serves as protective armor
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cellulose plates
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Dinoflagellats swim with a unique "whirling" pattern due to the presence of.......
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two perpendicular flagella
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Paramecium often exhibit ______
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taxis
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define taxis
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a directional behavior response to a stimulus
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stramenopila =
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straw like hairs that line the surface of their flagella.
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diatoms possess a cell wall made of.....
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silicon dioxide
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True or false? Diatoms rely on water to move them.
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True.
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ameobozoa have pseudopodia. T or F?
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True
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what are meristems?
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regions of continuously growing tissues and cell division
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what distinguishes land plants from algae
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development of gametangium, which prevents the embryo from drying out in the terrestrial environment
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heterotrophy is
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using organic molecules
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mixotrophy is
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using autotrophy and heterotrophy
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most land plants have a common sexual reproductive cycle called
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alternation of generations
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what happens in alternation of generations
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plants alternate between a haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte
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the sporophyte produces haploid _________ through meiosis
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spores
