B.F. Skinner: LEARNING THEORY, radical behaviorism – Flashcards
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What was B.F. Skinner's Theory called?
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Learning Theory, or Radical Behaviorism
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What is scientific behaviorism?
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Philosophy of science interpretation of behavior, but not explanation of causes DESCRIBE, NOT EXPLAIN
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What are the characteristics of science according to Skinnerian theory?
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cumulative value of empirical research search for order and lawful relationships
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What is another name for Pavlov's Classical Conditioning?
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S conditioning
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What is the US in Pavlov's Classical Conditioning?
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Unconditioned Stimulus, elicits UR (unconditioned response) the automatic response. NO LEARNING IN THIS STEP
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What is the UR in Pavlov's Classical Conditioning?
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Unconditioned Response, the automatic response that occurs with NO LEARNING to the Unconditioned Stimulus.
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What is the CS in Pavlov's Classical Conditioning?
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The Conditioned Stimulus, this is initially neutral, but when paired with US elicits the CR (conditioned response)
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What is the CR in Pavlov's Classical Conditioning?
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The Conditioned Response, what occurs when the neutral CS is paired with the US. response to CS ALWAYS THE SAME AS THE UR
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Which two things are always the same in Pavlov's Classical Conditioning?
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The UR and the CR
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What are 2 precursors to Skinner?
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E.L Thorndike: Law of effect John. B. Watson: Little Albert (died @ age 6)
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What is another name for Operant Conditioning?
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R conditioning, response conditioning
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What is Operant Conditioning measured by?
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change in rate of responding
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What is operant conditioning?
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what comes after the response is what is important, response followed by reward? MORE FREQUENT
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What is operant level?
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response prior to reinforcer
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What is shaping?
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experimenter/environment------REWARDS
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What are successive approximations?
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1. gross 2. closer 3. desired behavior you can't just expect a one and done change in behavior, need baby steps
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What is differential reinforcement?
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only reinforcing the behavior that you want to have and disregarding all of the other ones, applying extinction to the others
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What is extinction?
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discontinuing the reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior. responses weaken over time if not reinforced
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What is positive reinforcement?
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adding something to increase a behavior EX. getting a cookie for completing your chores
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What is negative reinforcement?
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taking something away to increase a behavior EX. i'm taking your phone away until you do your chores
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What is positive punishment?
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adding something to decrease a behavior EX. spanking
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What is negative punishment?
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taking something away to decrease a behavior EX. you stayed out past curfew so i'm taking your phone away.
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What is reinforcement?
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increasing the likelihood of a behavior
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What is punishment?
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decreasing the likelihood of a behavior
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Was Skinner for or against punishment?
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AGAINST, became fearful of it, it justifies pain and just teaches us what not to do CHANGE BEHAVIOR BY REWARDS!! :)
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What is a Primary Reinforcer??
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directly related to survival EX. food, water, air, sex
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What is a Secondary Reinforcer?
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this is what gets you to a primary reinforcer, paired EX. Money=can buy food (PR) Clothes, look good= Sex (PR)
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Which reinforcer is most responsible for behavior?
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Secondary Reinforcers
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What 2 things describe how often reinforcers occur?
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Continuous & Partial
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What is continuous reinforcement?
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happens all the time
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What is partial reinforcement?
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happens only sometimes
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What are the 4 schedules of reinforcement?
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fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio, and variable ratio
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What are the 2 time schedules of reinforcement?
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Fixed interval, and variable interval
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What is Fixed interval?
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TIME, every 5 minutes
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What is Variable interval?
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randomly occurs, 1st- 4 mins 2nd- 7 minutes 3rd- 56 minutes
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What are the two # schedules of reinforcement?
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Fixed ratio, and variable ratio
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What is Fixed Ratio?
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Ex. every 5th response more work more pay
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What is Variable Ratio?
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Ex. gambling HIGHEST RATE OF RESPONDING the uncertainty keeps you responding
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what has the highest rate of responding?
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Variable ratio!!!
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Was Skinner a psychotherapist?
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NO!!! behavioral therapy
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What kind of therapy did Skinner practice?
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BEHAVIORAL THERAPY behavior modification techniques pointing out consequences of behaviors.
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According to Skinner what was unhealthy personality?
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-Inappropriate behaviors (drug taking) -defective self-knowledge (justification) - self-punishment - restrained behaviors
