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The most crucial ingredient to all of learning

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Experience

question

By learning to associate a squirt of water with an electric shock sea snail demonstrate the process of

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Classical conditioning

question

By directly experiencing g a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lighting signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates

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Classical conditioning

question

Children often associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates

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Classical conditioning

question

Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss a herring. This best illustrates.

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Operant conditioning

question

The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning.

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Pavlov

question

Who introduced the term behaviorism?

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Watson

question

Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time that she smells rubbing alcohol?

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Classical conditioning

question

A dog's salivation at the sight food dish is an:

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Unconditioned response

question

In classical conditioning, the ______________ signals the impending occurrence of _____________.

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CS; UR

question

For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS should be presented:

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Shortly before the US

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After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate a tone, he without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred.

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Extinction

question

The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called:

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Spontaneous recovery

question

Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when stimulated on other body parts. This best illustrates.

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Generalization

question

The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called:

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Spontaneous recovery

question

Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates:

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Spontaneous recovery

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Because of the discomfort and embarrassment associated with his childhood bedwetting, Andrew becomes nervous whenever he has an urge to urinate. If genital arousal subsequently makes Andrew anxious, this would best illustrate

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Generalization

question

Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also being to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates.

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Generalization

question

The tendency for a CR to be evoke by stimuli similar to the CS is called:

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Discrimination

question

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called:

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Discrimination

question

Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but to by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of

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Discrimination

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After repeatedly taking alcohol spiked with a nausea producing drug, people with alcoholism may fail to develop an aversive reaction to alcohol because they blame their nausea on the drug. this illustrates the importance of __________ in classical conditioning.

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Cognitive processes

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Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote:

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Survival

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Rats easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with:

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Novel tastes

question

Garcia and Knelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by:

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Biological predispositions

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After leaning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of:

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Generalization

question

Ever since his mother began to give Julio a gold star for keeping his bed dry all night, Julio discontinued his habit of bedwetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value.

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Operant Conditioning

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B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E.L. Thordike had called:

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Behaviorism

question

A Skinner box is a(n):

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Chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward.

question

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was:

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Skinner

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Five year old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. This teacher is using the method of:

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Shaping

question

The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called:

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Shaping

question

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as _______________ is to ________________.

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Positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer

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Escape from an aversive stimulus is a ______________ reinforcer.

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Negative

question

Money is to food as __________ is to _______________.

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Secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer

question

A trainer wants to train a chicken to a key to obtain food. If she wants the chicken to learn this trick quickly and the behavior to be resistant to extinction, she should use _________ reinforcement until the response is mastered and then follow with a period _________ reinforcement.

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Continuous; partial

question

An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a:

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Punishment

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The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to _______ as the withdrawal of pleasant stimulus is to ____________.

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Reinforcement; punishment

question

For purposes of effective child-rearing most psychologists favor the use of

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Reinforcement over punishment

question

If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their performance demonstrates:

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Latent learning

question

Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations have been called:

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Cognitive maps

question

The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps come from the studies of:

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Biological predispositions (instinctive drift)

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After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank, the pigs subsequently dropped the coins repeatedly and push them with they snouts. This best illustrates the importance of ___________ in operant conditioning.

answer

Biological predispositions

question

B.F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both:

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Shaping and immediate reinforcement

question

A learned association between a response and a stimulus is to ________ as a learned association between two stimuli is to _____________.

answer

Generalization; discrimination

question

The double blind technique is most likely to be used in evaluating the effectiveness of:

answer

Drug therapies

question

A therapist who uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic methods is said to be

answer

Eclectic

question

Who emphasized the importance of active listening in the process of psychotherapy?

answer

Sigmund Freud

question

Systematic desensitization is a form of:

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Exposure therapy

question

A therapist helps Rebecca overcome her fear of water by getting her to swim in the family's backyard pool three times a day for two consecutive weeks. the therapist's approach to helping Rebecca best illustrates.

answer

Exposure therapy

question

In a residential treatment facility for troubled youth, adolescent children revive large colored buttons when they hang up their clothes, make their beds, and come to meals on time. The children return the buttons to staff members in order to revive bedtime snacks or watch TV. This best illustrates:

answer

Operant conditioning

question

Because she mistakenly believes that the here remedy she is using will help her lose weight, Mrs. Redding is feeling a considerable reduction in her appetite. This best illustrates:

answer

Progressive relaxation

AP PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 8//9 Test Study Guide – Flashcards

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