Question 1

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Skinner

Question 2

To reduce the personally harmful behavior of some self-destructive children, therapists have squirted water in their faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of the water is a?

Accepted Answer

Positive Punishment

Question 3

A dog\'s salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n)?

Accepted Answer

Conditioned Response

Question 4

Escape from an aversive stimulus is a _____ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

Negative

Question 5

If you have frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

Classical Conditioning

Question 6

If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention. This best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

Operant Conditioning

Question 7

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children\'s behavior?

Accepted Answer

Bandura

Question 8

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

Accepted Answer

Observable Behavior

Question 9

By learning to associate a squirt of water with an electric shock, sea snails demonstrate the process of:

Accepted Answer

Classical Conditioning

Question 10

Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to:

Accepted Answer

Modeling

Question 11

In classical conditioning, the _____ signals the impending occurrence of the _______.

Accepted Answer

CS;US

Question 12

Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

Generalization

Question 13

A Skinner box is a(n):

Accepted Answer

Chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward.

Question 14

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called:

Accepted Answer

Discrimination

Question 15

A learned association between a response and a stimulus is to _____ as a learned association between two stimuli is to _____.

Accepted Answer

Operant Conditioning; Classical Conditioning

Question 16

For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS, should be presented:

Accepted Answer

Shortly before the US

Question 17

Promising people monetary rewards for doing what they already enjoy doing is most likely to undermine:

Accepted Answer

Intrinsic Motivation

Question 18

People have been observed to form negative attitudes toward PokÃ©mon characters who were repeatedly shown with negative words and images next to them. This best illustrates the impact of:

Accepted Answer

Classical Conditioning

Question 19

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin\'s new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 20

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

Associative Learning

Question 21

A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force himself to go into 20 elevators a day. The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the ______ of the patients fear.

Accepted Answer

Extinction

Question 22

The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to _______ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to _______.

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement; Punishment

Question 23

Laurie\'s thumb sucking has become habitual because she begins to feel less anxious whenever she sucks her thumb. This best illustrates the process of:

Accepted Answer

Operant Conditioning

Question 24

In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of:

Accepted Answer

Observational Learning

Question 25

For purpose of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the use of:

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement over punishment

Question 26

Who introduced the term behaviorism?

Accepted Answer

Watson

Question 27

Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This illustrates:

Accepted Answer

Operant Conditioning

Question 28

Dogs contained to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when stimulated on other body parts. This best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

Generalization

Question 29

After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of:

Accepted Answer

Generalization

Question 30

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a _____ schedule.

Accepted Answer

Variable - Ratio

Question 31

Learning associations between one\'s own personal actions and events is most relevant to the process of:

Accepted Answer

Operant Conditioning

Question 32

B.F. Skinner\'s work elaborated what E.L. Thorndike had called:

Accepted Answer

The Law of Effect

Question 33

Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of:

Accepted Answer

Shaping

Question 34

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ______ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Fixed-Ratio

Question 35

The law of effect was most clearly highlighted by:

Accepted Answer

Skinner\'s experiments on reinforcement

Question 36

Some of Pavlov\'s dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This illustrates the process of:

Accepted Answer

Discrimination

Question 37

According to B.F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by:

Accepted Answer

External Influences

Question 38

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a(n):

Accepted Answer

UR

Question 39

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as _______ is to ______.

Accepted Answer

Positive Reinforcer, Negative Reinforcer

Question 40

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

Classical Conditioning

Question 41

If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

Observational Learning

Question 42

Ever since his mother began to give Julio gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night, Julio discontinued his habit of bedwetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of:

Accepted Answer

Operant Conditioning

Question 43

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by:

Accepted Answer

Pavlov

Question 44

Dan and Joel, both 4 years olds, have been watching reruns of \"Superman\" on television. Joel\'s mother recently found the boys standing on the garage roof, ready to try flying. What best accounts for the boys\' behavior?

Accepted Answer

Observational Learning

Question 45

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of the music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by:

Accepted Answer

Biological Predisposition

Question 46

You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed to your eye. Blinking to the tone presented without an air puff is a(n):

Accepted Answer

CR

Question 47

Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of:

Accepted Answer

Punishment

Question 48

The most crucial ingredient in all learning is:

Accepted Answer

Experience

Question 49

The transmission of cultural fads and fashions best illustrates the impact of:

Accepted Answer

Observational Learning

Question 50

The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called:

Accepted Answer

Shaping

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