AP Psych Modules 1,2,3 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
How did psychology develop from its prescientific roots in early understandings of mind and body to the beginnings of modern science?
answer
Psychology traces its roots back through recorded history to India, China, the Middle East, and Europe. Buddha and Confucius focused on the power and origin of ideas. The ancient Hebrews, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle pondered whether mind and body are connected or distinct, and whether human ideas are innate or result from experience. Descartes and Locke ---> Locke described the mind as a "blank state" on which experience writes. The ideas of Bacon and Locke contributed to the development of modern empiricism
question
The ancient Hebrews, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle pondered ...
answer
whether mind and body are connected or distinct, and whether human ideas are innate or result from experience.
question
The ideas of Bacon and Locke contributed to the development of...
answer
modern empiricism
question
What are some important milestones in psychology's early development?
answer
Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological laboratory in 1879 in Germany. Two early schools of psychology were structuralism and functionalism. Structuralism, promoted by Wundt and Titchener, used self-reflection to learn about the mind's structure. Functionalism, promoted by James, explored how behavior and thinking function.
question
Who promoted structuralism?
answer
Wundt and Titchener
question
Who promoted Functionalism?
answer
James
question
How did psychology continue to develop from the 1920s through today?
answer
Early researchers defined psychology as "a science of mental life" In the 1920s, under the influence of John B Watson and the behaviorists, the field's focus changed to the "scientific study of observable behavior" In the 1960s, the humanistic psychologists and the cognitive psychologists revived interest in the study of mental processes Psychology is now defined as the science of behavior and mental processes.
question
Early researchers defined psychology as
answer
"a science of mental life"
question
In the 1920s, under the influence of John B Watson and the behaviorists, the field's focus changed to the
answer
"scientific study of observable behavior"
question
By seeking to measure "atoms of the mind" who established the first psychology laboratory?
answer
Wilhelm Wundt
question
Which philosopher proposed the nerve pathways allowed for reflexes?
answer
René Descartes
question
Who coined the term "tabula rasa" (blank state) to help explain the impact experience has on shaping an individual?
answer
John Locke
question
Psychology is now defined as
answer
the science of behavior and mental processes.
question
Which of the following best describes research typical of Wilhelm Wundt's first psychology laboratory?
answer
measuring the reaction time between hearing a sound pressing a button
question
With which of the following statements would John B. Watson most likely agree?
answer
Psychology should focus on observable behavior
question
Empiricism
answer
the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
question
Structuralism
answer
early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind
question
Introspection
answer
looking inward -- training people to report elements of their experiences -immediate feelings, sensations, images
question
Why didn't introspection work?
answer
it required smart verbal people it proved somewhat unreliable, results varying from person to person and experience and experience -we often don't know why we feel what we do SO structuralism died down
question
Functionalism
answer
early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function -- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
question
Experimental psychologists
answer
the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method
question
Behaviorism
answer
the view that psychologists 1. should be an objective science that 2. studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1. but not with 2.
question
Behaviorism supported this idea that
answer
you can observe and record people's behavior as they respond to different situations but you cannot observe a sensation, feeling, thought
question
Freudian psychology
answer
emphasized the ways our unconscious thought processes and emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior
question
Humanist psychology
answer
a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people
question
Humanist psychologists focus on the ways that
answer
current environmental influences can nurture or limit our growth potential/importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied
question
rebellion of second group of psychologists during the 1960s is known as the
answer
cognitive revolution
question
cognitive neuroscience
answer
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
question
psychology
answer
science of behavior and mental processes
question
behavior
answer
anything an organism does
question
mental processes
answer
internal, subjective, experiences we infer from behavior
question
The APA has formed
answer
56 divisions
question
Psychology's specialties include:
answer
the basic research subfields, the applied research subfields, and the helping professions
question
work settings for psychologists include
answer
a wide range of government agencies, industrial and business settings, clinics and counseling centers, health care institutions, schools, universities, and research organizations
question
Which of the following psychologists most strongly emphasize that human behavior is powerfully influenced by the interaction between people and their physical social, political, and economic environments
answer
community
question
which of the following psychologists would be most likely to investigate biological, psychological, cognitive, and social changes over time
answer
developmental
question
a psychologist investigates the methods teachers use to enhance student learning. with which of the following subfields is the psychologist most likely aligned?
answer
educational psychology
question
a psychologist works with children whose parents are divorcing. she helps them develop skills they need to cope with the situation. of the following, what kind of psychologist is most likely helping these children
answer
counseling
question
dwayne is interested in helping people make good decisions regarding their physical well-being. dwayne should consider a career as a
answer
health psychologist
question
basic research
answer
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
question
developmental psychology
answer
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
question
educational psychology
answer
the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning
question
personality psychology
answer
the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
question
social psychology
answer
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
question
applied research
answer
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
question
industrial-organizational (i/o) psychology
answer
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
question
human factors psychology
answer
an i/o psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use
question
counseling psychology
answer
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater WELL-BEING
question
clinical psychology
answer
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
question
psychiatry
answer
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy
question
Martin Seligman and others have called for
answer
more research on human strengths and human flourishing
question
Positive psychology
answer
the scientific study of how human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
question
community psychology
answer
a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups
question
perspective that addresses how the encoding, storing, and retrieval of information might alter our thoughts?
answer
cognitive
question
who would most likely study the interaction of people, machines, and physical environments?
answer
human factors psychologist
question
psychiatrists differ from psychologists in that they
answer
are medical doctors licensed to prescribe medication
question
a humanistic psychologist working with some poets might ask which of the following questions
answer
how can we get them to reach their highest potential?
question
betsy works in a human resources department. she plans training sessions, recruits people to work for the company, and implements techniques to boost morale around the office. beth is most likely a(n)
answer
industrial-organizational psychologist
question
levels of analysis
answer
the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
question
biopsychosocial approach
answer
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
question
psychometrics
answer
the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
question
psychodynamic psychology
answer
a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders
question
narture-nurture issue
answer
longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.
