AP Psych Modules 1,2,3 – Flashcards
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Who promoted structuralism?
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Wundt and Titchener
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Who promoted Functionalism?
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James
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How did psychology continue to develop from the 1920s through today?
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Early researchers defined psychology as "a science of mental life" In the 1920s, under the influence of John B Watson and the behaviorists, the field's focus changed to the "scientific study of observable behavior" In the 1960s, the humanistic psychologists and the cognitive psychologists revived interest in the study of mental processes Psychology is now defined as the science of behavior and mental processes.
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Early researchers defined psychology as
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"a science of mental life"
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In the 1920s, under the influence of John B Watson and the behaviorists, the field's focus changed to the
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"scientific study of observable behavior"
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By seeking to measure "atoms of the mind" who established the first psychology laboratory?
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Which philosopher proposed the nerve pathways allowed for reflexes?
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René Descartes
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Who coined the term "tabula rasa" (blank state) to help explain the impact experience has on shaping an individual?
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John Locke
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Psychology is now defined as
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the science of behavior and mental processes.
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Which of the following best describes research typical of Wilhelm Wundt's first psychology laboratory?
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measuring the reaction time between hearing a sound pressing a button
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With which of the following statements would John B. Watson most likely agree?
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Psychology should focus on observable behavior
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Empiricism
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the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
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Structuralism
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early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind
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Introspection
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looking inward -- training people to report elements of their experiences -immediate feelings, sensations, images
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Why didn't introspection work?
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it required smart verbal people it proved somewhat unreliable, results varying from person to person and experience and experience -we often don't know why we feel what we do SO structuralism died down
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Functionalism
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early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function -- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
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Experimental psychologists
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the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method
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Behaviorism
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the view that psychologists 1. should be an objective science that 2. studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1. but not with 2.
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Behaviorism supported this idea that
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you can observe and record people's behavior as they respond to different situations but you cannot observe a sensation, feeling, thought
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Freudian psychology
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emphasized the ways our unconscious thought processes and emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior
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Humanist psychology
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a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people
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Humanist psychologists focus on the ways that
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current environmental influences can nurture or limit our growth potential/importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied
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rebellion of second group of psychologists during the 1960s is known as the
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cognitive revolution
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cognitive neuroscience
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the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
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psychology
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science of behavior and mental processes
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behavior
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anything an organism does
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mental processes
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internal, subjective, experiences we infer from behavior
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The APA has formed
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56 divisions
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Psychology's specialties include:
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the basic research subfields, the applied research subfields, and the helping professions
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work settings for psychologists include
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a wide range of government agencies, industrial and business settings, clinics and counseling centers, health care institutions, schools, universities, and research organizations
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Which of the following psychologists most strongly emphasize that human behavior is powerfully influenced by the interaction between people and their physical social, political, and economic environments
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community
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which of the following psychologists would be most likely to investigate biological, psychological, cognitive, and social changes over time
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developmental
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a psychologist investigates the methods teachers use to enhance student learning. with which of the following subfields is the psychologist most likely aligned?
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educational psychology
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a psychologist works with children whose parents are divorcing. she helps them develop skills they need to cope with the situation. of the following, what kind of psychologist is most likely helping these children
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counseling
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dwayne is interested in helping people make good decisions regarding their physical well-being. dwayne should consider a career as a
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health psychologist
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basic research
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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
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developmental psychology
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a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
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educational psychology
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the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning
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personality psychology
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the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
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social psychology
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the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
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applied research
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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
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industrial-organizational (i/o) psychology
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the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
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human factors psychology
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an i/o psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use
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counseling psychology
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a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater WELL-BEING
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clinical psychology
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a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
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psychiatry
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a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy
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Martin Seligman and others have called for
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more research on human strengths and human flourishing
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Positive psychology
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the scientific study of how human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
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community psychology
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a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups
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perspective that addresses how the encoding, storing, and retrieval of information might alter our thoughts?
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cognitive
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who would most likely study the interaction of people, machines, and physical environments?
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human factors psychologist
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psychiatrists differ from psychologists in that they
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are medical doctors licensed to prescribe medication
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a humanistic psychologist working with some poets might ask which of the following questions
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how can we get them to reach their highest potential?
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betsy works in a human resources department. she plans training sessions, recruits people to work for the company, and implements techniques to boost morale around the office. beth is most likely a(n)
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industrial-organizational psychologist
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levels of analysis
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the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
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biopsychosocial approach
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an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
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psychometrics
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the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
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psychodynamic psychology
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a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders
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narture-nurture issue
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longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.
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