question

What is the difference between a habit and a custom?

answer

Habit is a repetitive act of an individual person - wearing jeans every day. Custom is a repetitive act of a group so much that it becomes characteristics of that group - college students wearing jeans every day.

question

Define folk culture:

answer

Practiced by small, homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas.

question

Define popular culture:

answer

Found in large, heterogeneous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

question

Folk culture is more likely to vary from __________ to ________ at a given time, where __________ _________ is more likely to vary from ________ to _________ at a given place.

answer

place, place, popular, culture, time, time

question

What are the elements of the origin and characteristics of folk music?

answer

- folk songs are usually composed anonymously & passed on orally - sometimes songs are modified from generation to generation -tell a story about daily activities such as farming or life events such as birth, death & marriage or environmental events such as storms & earthquakes

question

What are the elements of the origin and diffusion of popular music?

answer

- originated in the 1900's in NYCs Tin Pan Alley & eventually diffused globally during WWII through radio to American soldiers - Hip Hop also began in NYC & diffused globally through online broadcasts & music sales on the web

question

What are the hearths of today's Hip Hop music in the U.S. ?

answer

NYC, Oakland, Atlanta & other large cities in the South, Midwest & West

question

Where did Amish culture originate, and how did it diffuse to the United States?

answer

In areas of Switzerland, Germany & France. Diffused to U.S. in 1700's & 1800's because of cheap land in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois & Iowa.

question

In what ways is Amish culture distinct from the popular culture of the United States?

answer

Don't use mechanical or electrical power; still use horse & buggy and hand tools for farming. Located in isolated rural areas with distinct clothing, farming & religious practices.

question

What is happening to the Amish in the United States today?

answer

They are interregionally migrating from Pennsylvania to Kentucky in search of cheaper land due to metro areas & tourists in Pennsylvania.

question

What are the areas of larger Amish settlements in the U.S.?

answer

Portions of Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Pennsylvania & upstate New York.

question

How was soccer transformed from a folk custom into popular culture?

answer

Became an organized, formal sport in Britain in 1800's with standardized rules, professional players & paying spectators. The spread throughout Europe in late 1800's.

question

Despite their anonymous folk origins, what characteristics of organized spectator sports today characterize them as popular culture?

answer

Professional players, ability to watch in person or on TV & people who follow the sports worldwide.

question

Label popular sports with the countries in which they are most popular and with which they are best associated.

answer

Cricket (Britain & former colonies), Ice Hockey (Canada, northern Europe & Russia), Martial Arts (China), Baseball (U.S. & Japan), Lacrosse (N.E. U.S., S.E. Canada)

question

How does clothing style (in this case shoes) indicate the influence of the environment on folk culture?

answer

In arctic regions, snowshoes may be required for the ability to walk & fur-lined boots to keep warm. In wet regions, wooden shoes keep farmers from getting their feet wet.

question

List 3 different examples of food habits and the unique folk cultures each illustrates.

answer

Quick frying foods resulted in Italy as a result of fuel shortages; Stews & roasting food resulted in northern Europe as a result of abundant wood supply; Asians have adapted ways of cooking soybeans to make them edible without extensive cooking due to scarce fuel.

question

Food Taboos with Hebrews in eastern Mediterranean

answer

Animals without cloven feet because concerns for environment

question

Food Taboos with Muslims in Arabian Peninsula

answer

Pork because pigs compete with humans for food & water without offering any benefits

question

Food Taboos Hindus in India

answer

Cow because they pull plows & are needed for agricultural work

question

In what sense are building materials of folk housing unique?

answer

Building materials are influenced by the resources available in the environment.

question

What cultural institution shapes the differences in the Himalayas' local art?

answer

Religion

question

What environmental conditions (which are the same for all groups here) are NOT ensuring similar art forms in this case?

answer

Climate, landforms & vegetation

question

What are the housing styles Fred Kniffen identified with each region?

answer

- New England (4 styles) : Saltbox, Cape Cod, Two Chimney, Front Gable & Wing - Middle Atlantic (1 dominant style) : "I"-house was two stories in height, one room deep & two rooms wide (resembled the letter "I"). -Lower Chesapeake : Tidewater style was one story and one room deep with steep roof and chimneys at both ends. In wet areas, houses were raised on piers or brick foundation.

question

In contrast to folk customs, popular customs diffuse ___________________ across the Earth's surface to location with a wide variety of ________________ ________________. This diffusion depends, however, upon a group of people having a sufficiently high level of ___________________ _______________________ in order to obtain the ______________________ ___________________ associated with the popular custom.

answer

rapidly, physical conditions, economic development, material possessions

question

Consumption of large quantities of what two food products are characteristic of popular culture?

answer

Alcoholic beverages & snack foods

question

How is each of these food preferences expressed regionally, according to culture?

answer

Alcohol has low consumption in S.E. & Utah due to religion; certain types of alcohol consumed in more regions than other due to where it's produced (i.e. Tequila popular in southwest). In snack foods, southerners may prefer pork rinds because there are more hogs in the south where in the north more chips are eaten because of the abundance of potatoes (i.e. tortilla chips in Texas due to large Hispanic population).

question

In Western countries where popular culture predominates, clothing styles generally reflect _______ rather than particular ________.

answer

jobs, environments

question

What are 3 facts about clothing styles associated with popular culture?

answer

Income influences clothing; original fashions are reproduced inexpensively for chain stores; diffusion of TV exposed people in MDCs to other clothing forms.

question

_______ are an important symbol of the _______ of Western _________ __________.

answer

Jeans, diffusion, popular culture

question

What are the housing styles?

answer

Minimal Traditional, Ranch House, Split-Level, Contemporary Style, Shed Style

question

Minimal Traditional

answer

decade: 1940s-1950s; facts: One story; small & modest; for young families & vets returning from WWII

question

Ranch House

answer

decade:1950s-1960s facts: One story; long & parallel to street; took up large lot; encouraged sprawl of urban areas

question

Split-Level

answer

decades: 1950s-1970s facts: Bottom level - garage & family room; middle level - kitchen, formal living & dining rooms; top level - bedrooms

question

Contemporary Style

answer

decades: 1950s-1970s facts: Architect designed with flat, low pitched roofs

question

Shed Style

answer

decade: 1960s facts: High pitched roofs gave house geometric qualities

question

What are the Neo-eclectic styles of the 1960's and 1970's?

answer

Mansard, Neo-Tudor, Neo-French & Neo-Colonial

question

Give 2 reasons for which television is an especially significant element of culture.

answer

Most popular leisure activity in MDCs & most important tool by which knowledge of popular culture is diffused.

question

Where is television universal?

answer

N. America, Europe, eastern & southern S. America, China, Australia

question

Where is Television is Common?

answer

Middle East, southern & southeast Asia, western S. America, northern Africa

question

Where is Television is Rare?

answer

Africa - central & southern

question

Currently, where is the Internet most widely available?

answer

N. America, Europe & Australia

question

In what regions will it most likely continue to grow?

answer

Middle East, S. America, southern Asia & southeast Asia

question

What regions, then, does that leave as still relatively untouched by the Internet, in the foreseeable future?

answer

Sub-Saharan Africa

question

How and where has folk clothing styles worldwide been threatened by popular culture?

answer

African & Asian businessmen have adopted the suit of Western culture as a symbol of authority & leadership.

question

How have women in many parts of the world been helped by the spread of popular culture? How have they been hurt?

answer

Women are becoming less subservient. However, in LDCs prostitution has increased to serve men form MDCs on "sex tours".

question

What 3 countries dominate worldwide television markets? What regions does each dominate?

answer

U.S dominates Latin America. Great Britain dominates Africa. Japan dominates South & East Asia.

question

Why do developing nations view television as a new source of cultural imperialism?

answer

LDCs consider TV as a threat by MDCs to their independence because the media presents American beliefs that force out LDCs social customs.

question

What are the world's two largest newspaper organizations? What countries are they associated with?

answer

- Associated Press: U.S. - Reuters: Great Britain

question

In many parts of the world, what is the only reliable and unbiased source of news information?

answer

BBC World Service

question

How is the playing of golf and golf courses an example of a popular custom that is not generally in harmony with the local environment?

answer

Due to their large size, they are an imposition on the environment by "remaking" the environment.

question

What is a uniform landscape?

answer

Spatial expression of a popular custom in one location is similar to another.

question

How and why is this concept utilized by fast-food restaurants?

answer

Through franchises and it generates product recognition (people recognize a fast-food chain wherever they are).

question

What are the two ways in which popular customs have an adverse effect on the natural environment?

answer

Depletion of scarce natural resources & pollution of landscape

question

Define language:

answer

System of communication through speech which is a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning

question

Define official language:

answer

Language a country designates used by the government for all laws, reports & public objects such as money & road signs

question

How did English become widely diffused?

answer

Through colonial expansion by England in the 17th, 18th & 19th centuries (migration from England)

question

What 3 European people originally came together to form the English people and English language?

answer

Angles, Jutes & Saxons

question

Where did these people come from?

answer

Angles - southern Denmark; Jutes - northern Denmark; Saxons - northwest Germany

question

What 2 subsequent invasions added additional words to the evolving English language?

answer

Vikings & Normans (French)

question

Dialects are defined as "regional variations of a language" and are distinguished by 3 things. What are they?

answer

Vocabulary, spelling & pronunciation

question

Define standard language:

answer

Form of language used for official government business, education & mass communications

question

What is the standard language for of English?

answer

The standard language is British Received Pronunciation (BRP).

question

Where did it come from (3 cities)?

answer

It came from London, Cambridge & Oxford.

question

How was it diffused throughout Britain?

answer

It diffused Via the printing press which produced dictionaries & grammar books .

question

In a single word, why is American English different from that spoken in England?

answer

Isolation

question

anguage differences, as exhibited in dialects tend to be greater in _______ _________ than in _______ because...

answer

rural areas, cities; because farmers tend to be isolated from interaction with people with other dialects.

question

Why is there a relatively uniform form of English (dialect) spoken across this enormous area?

answer

Migration or mobility of Americans

question

Define language family:

answer

Collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history

question

Define language branch:

answer

Collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago (recorded history)

question

Define language group:

answer

Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin and have few differences in grammar and vocabulary

question

Iranian Group (Western)

answer

- Iran & southwest Asia - Persian (Farsi) in Iran - Pashto in Afghanistan - Kurdish used by Kurds in western Iran, northern Iraq & eastern Turkey - ALL written in Arabic

question

Indic Group (Eastern)

answer

- Languages of India, Pakistan & Bangladesh - 438 languages spoken in India - Official languages of India - Hindi & English - 22 scheduled languages - Hindi spoken many ways but only written 1 way (Devanagari)

question

How did Russian become the most important East Slavic language?

answer

With the rise of the Soviet Union to power after WWII it forced native speakers of other languages to learn Russian

question

What is the most important West Slavic language?

answer

Polish

question

Describe the controversy between Czech and Slovak languages under Czechoslovakia's government? What happened?

answer

Government tried to balance the use of both languages. This contributed to the resentment of Czechs by the Slovaks

question

Why are South Slavic languages, which were once very similar to each other, becoming increasingly different today?

answer

Due to isolation & hostility towards one another these because these countries are no longer unified under Yugoslavia

question

In the Balto-Slavic Branch: What are the 4 most contemporary Romance languages?

answer

Spanish, Portuguese, French, & Italian

question

How did Latin languages diffuse in Europe? What happened to the native languages?

answer

They were brought by Romans who conquered lands, and native languages were suppressed

question

Define Vulgar Latin:

answer

Latin that was the spoken form of the masses (populace) & not the literary form

question

Why is it that nearly 90% of Spanish & Portuguese speakers live outside of Europe?

answer

Due to the colonial activities of Spain & Portugal in Latin America

question

Why is it difficult to distinguish individual languages from dialects?

answer

Because people choose to believe their languages are distinct

question

Define creolized language:

answer

Language that results in mixing the colonizer's language with the indigenous language

question

What is the name of the (theoretical) common ancestral language of all languages discussed in this key issue of the chapter?

answer

Proto-Indo-European

question

Why is its existence difficult (impossible) to prove?

answer

It existed thousands of years before the invention of writing or recorded history

question

"Kurgan" Theory

answer

- Nomadic Warrior Thesis - Kurgans (from present day Russia) - Kurgans conquered land in Europe & southern Asia spreading Proto-Indo-European - Between 3500-2500 BC

question

Renfrew Hypothesis

answer

- Sedentary Farmer Thesis - In present day Turkey 2,000 years before the Kurgans - Diffused through Europe & southern Asia through agricultural practices

question

Indo-European Family:

answer

Spoken by 46% of world's people; includes Germanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic & Indo-Iranian

question

Sino-Tibetan Family:

answer

Spoken by 21% of world's people (mostly in China); most important language is Mandarin & is imposed by Chinese gov't; Uniform written language that has many ideograms (characters) that represent ideas

question

Austronesian Family:

answer

Spoken by 6% (mostly in S.E. Asia); specifically Indonesia; 122 active languages; most common Javanese

question

Afro-Asiatic Family:

answer

Spoken by 6% (mostly in Middle East); most spoken language is Arabic

question

Niger-Congo Family:

answer

Spoken by 6% (mostly in Africa); 95% of Sub-Saharan Africa speak the languages; Swahili is most common language & is 1st or 2nd language of the people

question

Dravidian Family:

answer

Spoken by 4% mostly in India

question

Japanese Family:

answer

Spoken by 2%; use of ideograms (characters) that represent ideas & phonetic symbols

question

Altaic Family:

answer

Spoken by 2% (mostly in Asia); most spoken language is Turkish; once written in Arabic, then Roman alphabet, then Cyrillic

question

Korean Family:

answer

Written in a system called Hankul (each letter represents a sound); words derive from Chinese & Japanese

question

Austro-Asiatic Family:

answer

Spoken by 2% (mostly in S.E. Asia); Vietnamese most spoken language & written in Roman alphabet (A,B,C, etc.)

question

Tai Kadai:

answer

Principal language spoken in Thailand & some portions of China

question

Uralic Family

answer

Languages spoken in Estonia, Finland & Hungary; 1st used 7,000 years ago by people in Ural Mountains of Russia & spread to Europe through migration

question

Nilo-Saharan Family:

answer

Northern & central Africa; only a few speakers but divided into 6 branches

question

Khoisan Family:

answer

Southwest coast of Africa; unique usage of clicking sounds; named by whites in southern Africa as "Hottentot"

question

Nigeria: Problems in a multi-linguistic state

answer

Africa's most populous country; 514 distinct languages; No national unity due to no common language; Different regions battle; To reduce tensions, gov't moved the capital from Lagos (southwest) to Abuja (central, neutral region); Example of great language & cultural diversity

question

Celtic Languages: The struggle for survival of a language family

answer

- Ireland : Irish Gaelic (1.5 mil speak it) & English - Scotland : Scottish Gaelic spoken by 1% of population; Gaelic brought by Irish - Wales : Brythonic (Welsh) spoken by 22% of population; declined in 19th century when English speakers migrated to work in coal mines - Brittany : Breton (incorporates French) spoken by 250,000 - Cornwall : Cornish became extinct in 18th century; attempting to revive it

question

Belgium: Political & linguistic divides

answer

- Belgium divided into 2 different regions (Flanders in north & Wallonia in south) - Flanders : Flemings speak Flemish (dialect of Dutch) - Wallonia : Walloons speak French - Many in Flanders want Belgium divided into 2 separate countries - Flanders would be one of Europe's richest, while Wallonia would be one of Europe's poorest

question

Issues Faced for Hebrew

answer

Has been revived after becoming nearly extinct in 4th century BC; became one of the official languages of Israel in 1948 to unify all the refugees; 4,000 new Hebrew words had to be created; modern Hebrew dictionary created

question

Issues Faced for Switzerland

answer

Peacefully exists with multiple languages; key is decentralized gov't where local authorities hold most of power; 4 official languages - German, French, Romansh & Italian; cultural diversity accepted because power is in small communities

question

Issues Faced for Basque

answer

Isolated language not attached to any language family; 1st language of people of Pyrenees mountains of northern Spain & southwest France; lack of connection to other languages reflects isolation of the Basque people

question

Issues Faced for Icelandic

answer

Related to Germanic branch of Indo-Euro family; received language from migrants from Norway; Icelandic is least changed Germanic language due to Iceland being so isolated & not coming in contact with other Germanic languages

question

Define lingua franca:

answer

Language of international communication by people with different native languages

question

Define pidgin language:

answer

Form of speech used by different native speakers that adopts simplified grammar & vocabulary of a lingua franca

question

How has expansion diffusion occurred with English?

answer

Through diffusion of vocabulary, spelling & pronunciation as well as English words fusing with other languages

AP Human Geography Chapter 4 & 5 Key Issues – Flashcards

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