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1. Skinner used the term ___________ to refer to the way an experimenter molds simple behavior of an animal into complex behavior.

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b. shaping

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2. The smallest unit of unconditioned behavior is a

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a. motor response, such as a lever press. b. reflex.

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3. The concept of a reflex was formulated by

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d. Descartes.

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4. The muscles involved in a reflex are activated by

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b. motor neurons.

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5. In a simple reflex, a neural impulse from a sensory neuron is relayed to a motor neuron via

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d. an interneuron.

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6. Modal-action patterns are

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a. species-typical.

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7. The suckling behavior that occurs in infant mammals

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b. is an example of a modal-action pattern.

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8. In an experiment conducted by Domjan and Nash (1988), it was observed that the approach response of sexually experienced male quail to a live female was similar to that observed toward a taxidermic model of a female's head and neck. This suggests that

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c. the calls and body movements of the live female quail did not serve as sign stimuli.

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9. Given the opportunity, some species of frogs will leap toward a large, brightly-lit area, especially if the area is blue. In this example, the brightly lit blue area is

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c. a sign stimulus.

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10. A sign stimulus can be described as

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b. a restricted set of stimuli that are required to elicit a modal-action pattern.

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11. Which of the following statements regarding the role of motivational states is NOT correct?

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c. Motivational states are actually a type of sign stimuli because they can elicit modal-action patterns.

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12. The hydraulic model proposes that

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d. a motivational state can facilitate modal-action patterns, and the opportunity to perform those responses in turn reduces the motivational state.

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13. The two components of the response sequence involved in the ethological model of the discharge of a drive state are

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a. appetitive behavior and consummatory responses.

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14. Compared to consummatory responses, appetitive behavior

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b. is less stereotyped.

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15. In the sexual behavior system, the copulatory responses that serve to complete the sexual interaction

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a. are examples of consummatory responses.

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16. Unlike the typical ethological model of discharge of a drive state, Timberlake's behavior system

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d. does not follow a linear order of steps.

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17. The order of the response components in Timberlake's feeding behavior sequence is

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a. general search→focal search→food handling and ingestion.

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18. Timberlake's feeding behavior sequence begins with

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b. general search.

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19. Timberlake's feeding behavior sequence ends with

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c. food handling and ingestion

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20. Which of the following statements regarding behavior systems is NOT true?

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a. Behavior systems consist of two modes of behavior called `appetitive' and `consummatory'.

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1. According to an ecological analysis of behavior, the crow in the video was attracted to, and drank from, the glass of sherry because:

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d. sherry smells like formic acid, which elicits "anting" behavior

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2. Loeb called an automatic navigation movement toward or away from an eliciting stimulus a(n):

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b. tropism

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3. According to Spalding's work, domestic chicks were capable of pecking at seeds accurately on the 3rd day of life, but only if they had the opportunity to practice pecking at seeds on days 1 & 2.

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b. False

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4. The "zig-zag" dance of the stickle back fish is performed:

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a. by the male when it sees a female near its nest

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5. Who described the mind at birth as a "blank slate"?

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c. John Locke

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6. During the breeding season, the underside of a reproductively active male stickle back becomes:

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b. red

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7. Before ethologists do experiments on behavior, they first describe the behavior carefully. The description, or behavioral profile, of an individual animal or group is called:

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a. an anagram

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8. A colleague of Darwin who was criticized for being anthropomorphic and for depending too much on casual observation for obtaining evidence of animal intelligence was:

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c. George Romanes

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10. The philosophical position that holds that all knowledge of humans results from sensory experience is known as:

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a. empiricism or associationism

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11. An artificial stimulus which is more effective than a natural sign stimulus (or releasing stimulus) is called:

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b. a supernormal releaser

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12. A variable which the experimenter intentionally manipulates to determine whether it affects a response is called:

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c. independent variable

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13. A learned behavior change can be distinguished from a behavior change due to maturation because:

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b. learned behaviors depend heavily on experience with the environment while maturational changes depend heavily on time

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14. Tinbergen's work on parenting behavior (feeding) of herring gulls demonstrated that the sign stimulus for begging behavior was:

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d. a small spot on the bill of the parent bird

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16. The famous ethologist who studied the imprinting phenomenon in baby geese was:

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c. Konrad Lorenz

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17. Who discovered color vision in bees?

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d. Karl von Frisch

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18. The Law of Parsimony was formulated by which famous animal behaviorist:

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c. Clifford Morgan

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19. In a maze learning experiment, the number of errors made would be which kind of variable:

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d. a dependent variable

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20. What does it mean to say that two events are contiguous?

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a. they occur close together in time and/or space

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21. Ethologists believed that animals relied much more on instinct than on learned behavior to survive in nature.

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a. True

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22. Which of the following is a characteristic of the association theory of knowledge?

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E. - ABC a. a complex idea consists of the association of numerous sense impressions b. new associations are formed faster if their sense impressions can be readily contrasted c. experiencing two sense impressions close together in time is unimportant in associating the two

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23. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection suggested why similar species of animal have anatomical characteristics in common. The possibility that they might also have psychological characteristics in common has come to be known as:

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d. the mental continuity hypothesis

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24. Which is the most accurate description of natural selection?

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c. reproduction of those best able to adapt to the prevailing environment

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26. Tinbergen's work with herring gull chicks showed that they pecked more at a striped pencil than they did at a cardboard replica of the parent's bill. The pencil stimulus was called a:

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d. a supernormal releaser

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30. The tendency to attribute human psychological qualities to lower life forms is known as:

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b. anthropomorphism

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31. Learning theorists are interested in scientifically studying which type of association:

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d. both a & b

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32. The attraction of a moth to a candle flame is an example of what Loeb would call:

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b. a positive phototropism

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33. The goals of ethology were first described in a text entitled The Study of Instinct. Who was the author?

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b. Niko Tinbergen

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34. Which of the following is true:

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d. Honey bees can see blue, but probably not red

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35. Round dance

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d. Signals that food is near the hive (within 100 meters)

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36. Imprinting

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e. An emotional attachment that is accompanied by following of the stimulus

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37. Waggle dance

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a. Signals that food is far away from the hive (more than 100 meters)

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39. Critical period

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b. The right time during development to have an experience with a stimulus

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38. Development

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c. A goal of ethology

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1. In the article on spider detection, who were the participants?

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c. human infants

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2. What was the dependent variable in the article on spider detection?

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d. looking time

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3. Which image did participants in the spider study visually inspect the longest?

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a. the realistic image of a spider

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4. According to the authors of the spider study, of all the non-human animals that were potentially harmful to hominids over evolutionary history, in all likelihood none were more recurring than:

answer

b. spiders and snakes

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5. In the habituation experiment (Experiment 3) by Rakisson and Derringer (2007) predicted that habituation to real images of spiders should transfer to the all-black schematic image better than the reconﬁgured and completely scrambled spider.

answer

a. True

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6. One of the main conclusions drawn from the spider experiments was that they were the ﬁrst to show that infants may possess a mental template for an animal that was a recurrent, but avoidable, threat during evolutionary history.

answer

a. True

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